2021년 개정 「자연환경보전법」에 따른 자연환경복원제도 도입의 의의와 한계

박종원 한국환경법학회 2022 環境法 硏究 Vol.44 No.2

The Revised Natural Environment Conservation Act of 2021 introduced provisions regarding the natural environment restoration project, including its definition, preparation of priority list, establishment and approval of the natural environment restoration project plan, recommendation and cost support, and so on. This article analyzes its main contents, examines its legal significance and limitations, and suggests several legislative alternatives. First, the Act introduced restoration of the structure and function of the natural environment as a key element of the term “Natural Environment Restoration Project.” However, there is a limitation, which is that it is only valid for projects implemented under the Act. The Act excludes projects implemented by other agencies under other Acts from the scope of “Natural Environment Restoration Project.” The legal definition of “Natural Environment Restoration” or “Ecological Restoration” should be provided by law. Second, the basic principles are only applicable to the “Natural Environment Restoration Project” implemented or recommended by the Minister of Environment under the act. The principles should be set up to be applicable to all types of ecological restoration projects, regardless of the department in charge. Third, the natural environment subject to restoration is a mixture of various types of ecosystems and landscapes. Natural environment restoration embraces forest restoration, wetland restoration, lake restoration, river restoration, landscape restoration, and so on. Ecological restoration projects are currently implemented under the auspices of individual acts, each of which applies to only one type of ecosystem, such as rivers, wetlands, and forests. This must be a considerable obstacle to the effective promotion of ecological restoration. Integrated approach should be introduced. Fourth, although the Natural Environment Conservation Act, which has relatively more provisions regarding ecological restoration, addresses some procedures of ecological restoration, including the establishment and approval of the natural environment restoration project, details such as the criteria for approval are unclear, and compliance with the procedure is not legally enforced but rather subject to a recommendation or a cost support requirement. Substantive requirements for setting the strategy, method, and criteria should be developed and adopted. The qualification requirements for those conducting ecological restoration projects should be incorporated into law so that persons with ecological expertise in characteristics of the ecosystem in question can participate in each stage of the project. Fifth, a top-down approach from national or local governments without the cooperation of other stakeholders has legal and practical limitations. The wider participation of various stakeholders, including local communities, NGOs, and experts, is necessary from the planning stage to the post-management stage of an ecological restoration project. Institutional mechanisms should be established to ensure the participation of various stakeholders, such as by establishing a committee or entering into voluntary agreements with community residents or landowners. Sixth, local governments face financial issues when promoting ecological restoration projects alone. The establishment of a fund to restore damaged ecosystems should be taken into account. In order to support ecological restoration projects, some of which may need to be initiated urgently and others of which may be long-term schemes, a stable financial ground and flexible management of the fund are indispensable. Moreover, the Act should be revised so that the project operator can acquire or use the lands necessary for the implementation of an ecological restoration project and justly compensate the landowners for their loss. Amending the current laws, each of which focuses on a different type of ecosystem, poses difficul... 이 글은 2021년 개정 「자연환경보전법」에 따른 자연환경복원제도의 주요내용을 분석하고, 자연환경복원 관련법제에 대하여 종래부터 지적되어 온 문제점과 한계에 비추어 개정법상의 자연환경복원제도가 갖는 의의와 한계를 진단하고, 앞으로의 입법과제를 제시하고 있다. 개정법이 종래의 자연환경복원 관련 법제가 가진 여러 문제점을 인식하고 이를 극복하기 위한 일정한 제도적 장치를 도입하였다는 점에서 진일보한 것으로 평가할 수 있으나, 종래부터 지적되어 오던 문제점 가운데 다수가 여전히 해소되고 있지 못하다. 유럽집행위원회가 얼마 전 제안한 자연복원에 관한 규칙안을 비롯하여 주요 외국의 입법동향을 주시하면서, 앞으로 지속적으로 그 문제점과 한계를 극복하기 위한 입법적 노력을 게을리해서는 안 될 것이다. 첫째, ‘자연환경복원사업’이 아니라 ‘자연환경복원’ 또는 ‘생태계복원’ 그 자체의 개념을 법적으로 정의하여야 한다. 둘째, 자연환경복원의 기본원칙은 환경부는 물론 범부처를 횡단하는 것이어야 할 것이며, 제도적으로 구현될 수 있어야 한다. 셋째, 산림, 습지, 호소, 하천, 해양 등 모든 생태계는 유기적으로 연결되어 있음을 고려하여 통합적인 자연환경복원이 이루어질 수 있는 제도적 기반을 구축하여야 한다. 넷째, 자연환경복원사업계획의 수립, 사업의 시행, 유지・관리 등 각 단계에 걸쳐서 절차적 통제뿐만 아니라 복원의 목표, 기준, 절차, 전문인력 등에 관한 실체적 통제가 가능하여야 한다. 다섯째, 국가, 지방자치단체뿐만 아니라 지역주민, 시민단체, 전문가, 토지소유자 등이 자연환경복원사업계획의 수립, 사업 시행은 물론 사업 완료 후의 유지・관리 단계에 이르기까지 전 과정에 걸쳐 참여할 수 있는 협력적 거버넌스 체계를 구축하여야 한다. 여섯째, 기금의 설치 등 자연환경복원사업에 소요되는 재원확보수단을 강구하여야 하며, 자연환경복원사업의 시행이나 사후관리 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 재산권 제한, 토지의 수용이나 사용 및 그에 대한 손실보상 등에 관한 법적 근거도 마련되어야 할 것이다. 이들 입법과제를 제대로 풀어나가기 위해서는 「자연환경보전법」을 지속적으로 발전시켜 나가는 방안 외에도, 가칭 ‘자연환경복원법’과 같은 부처횡단적인 단일법 제정을 위한 입법전략을 지속적으로 모색하고 함께 고민하여야 할 것이다.

해양의 사회ㆍ생태복원에 관한 법정책적 연구

최석문,박종원 한국환경법학회 2023 環境法 硏究 Vol.45 No.3

이 글은 해양생태계의 훼손 또는 파괴로 인하여 해양이 인류에게 제공하는 생태계서비스가 현저한 저하가 나타나고 있는 시점에서, 사회・생태복원의 이론적 논의를 기초로 인간 사회와 해양생태계가 함께 공존하기 위한 법정책적 방안을 제시하고자 작성되었다. 이를 위하여 사회・생태복원의 개념과 특성을 분석하고, 국내 해양생태계 복원정책을 진단・평가한 후 해외 해양생태계 복원정책의 동향과 시사점을 도출하여 해양의 사회・생태복원을 위한 법정책적 과제를 제시하였다. 사회・생태복원은 사회・생태시스템 이론에 따라 인간 사회와 자연 생태계가 하나의 시스템 속에서 서로 복잡하게 연결되어 상호작용하고 있다는 것을 전제로 양자의 리질리언스(Resilience) 리질리언스는 1973년에 생태학자인 홀링(C.S. Holling)이 최초로 학술 용어로 사용하였다. 그는 리질리언스를 변화나 교란을 흡수하는 생태계의 수용력으로 정의내렸다. 이후 학자들은 리질리언스를 공학적 리질리언스(engineering resilience)와 생태적 리질리언스(ecological resilience)으로 구분하여 사용하다가 최근에는 사회・생태를 포괄한 사회・생태 리질리언스(social ecologcial resilience)로 확장하여 사용하고 있다. 이에 따르면 리질리언스란 자기 조직화할 수 있고 학습을 통한 적응 능력이 있어 교란을 흡수할 수 있는 시스템의 능력이라고 정의할 수 있다. 전진형, 리질리언스 개념의 등장과 확장, 환경과조경, 339호, 2016, 116면. 를 유지・확보할 수 있도록 하는 것을 말한다. 이를 법제도와 정책적인 측면에서 구현하기 위해서는 다양성과 연결성의 확보, 느린 변수와 피드백의 고려, 지속적인 학습과 지역사회 참여 제고, 다중심거버넌스 구축 등 리질리언스의 특성을 구체화하는 것이 필요하다. UN과 EU는 물론 미국, 호주 등 주요 국가에서는 인간사회와 생태를 연계하는 복원목표 설정, 지역사회 관련 지식 정보 통합, 이해관계자 중심의 폭넓은 거버넌스 구축, 육상과 해양생태계를 통합한 복원계획 수립, 다양한 복원사업의 연속적・전주기적 시행 등을 통해 사회・생태복원의 특성을 구체화하는 방식으로 해양생태계 복원정책을 추진하고 있다. 이에 반하여 우리나라는 갯벌복원, 바다숲 조성, 해양생태계 서식처 기능 개선 및 복원 등으로 구분하여 복원사업을 분절적으로 추진하고 있으며, 생태 중심의 복원 목표 설정, 국가 조사에 의존한 정보 수집, 정부 주도의 사업추진체계, 개별법에 따른 복원계획의 분산 및 연계성 결여, 단편적・사후적 복원 사업 시행 등의 한계점이 나타나고 있다. 따라서 국내 해양생태계 복원정책이 사회・생태복원 개념을 수용하여 개선되기 위해서는 해양의 사회・생태복원 목표 설정, 해양생태계 복원 정보의 통합관리, 해양시민 참여 생태지역 거버넌스 구축, 해양생태계 복원 주류화 정책 계획 수립, 다양한 복원사업의 전주기적 시행이 필요하다. 특히 이 글에서 제시한 법정책적 과제가 적극적으로 검토되어 소극적으로 추진되고 있는 해양생태계 복원정책이 활성화될 수 있는 계기가 되기를 기대한다. This article was written to present a legal policy for the coexistence of human society and marine ecosystem based on the discourses of social-ecological restoration at a time when the ecosystem service provided by the ocean to mankind is significantly deteriorating due to damage or destruction of the marine ecosystem. To this end, the concept and characteristics of social-ecological restoration were analyzed, the domestic marine ecosystem restoration policy was diagnosed and evaluated, and the trends and implications of overseas marine ecosystem restoration policies were derived to present legal challenges for marine social-ecological restoration. Social-ecological restoration refers to maintaining and securing the resilience of both on the premise that human society and natural ecosystem are intricately connected and interacting with each other in one system according to social-ecological system theory. In order to implement this in terms of legal systems and policies, it is necessary to embody the characteristics of resilience, such as securing diversity and connectivity, considering slow variables and feedback, continuous learning and community participation, and establishing polycentric governance. Major countries such as the United States and Australia, as well as the United Nations and the EU, are promoting marine ecosystem restoration policies in a way that embodies the characteristics of social-ecological restoration by setting restoration goals linking human society and ecosystem, integrating knowledge and information related to local communities, establishing broad stakeholder-centered governance, establishing restoration plans integrating land and marine ecosystems, and continuing and implementing various restoration projects. On the other hand, Korea is pushing for restoration projects in sections by dividing them into tidal flat restoration, sea forest creation, marine ecosystem habitat function improvement and restoration, and there are limitations such as setting ecological restoration goals, collecting information dependent on national surveys, government-led project promotion systems, lack of distribution and linkage of restoration plans under individual laws, and implementation of fragmentary and post-restoration projects. Therefore, for Korea's marine ecosystem restoration policy to be improved by accepting the concept of social-ecological restoration, it is necessary to set goals for marine social-ecological restoration, integrate management of marine ecosystem restoration information, establish governance of ecological areas participating in marine citizens, establish a policy plan for mainstreaming marine ecosystem restoration, and implement various restoration projects in a full cycle. In particular, it is hoped that the legal policy presented in this article will be actively reviewed and the marine ecosystem restoration policy, which is being promoted passively, will be activated.

Application of Landscape Ecology to Ecological Restoration

Hong, Sun-Kee,Kang, Ho-jeong,Kim, Eun-Shik,Kim, Jae-Geun,Kim, Chang-Hoe,Lee, Eun-Ju,Lee, Jae-Chun,Lee, Jeom-Sook,Choung, Yeon-sook,Choung, Heung-Lak,Ihm, Byun-Sun The Ecological Society of Korea 2004 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.27 No.5

To date, restoration ecology has focused on local areas, particularly small-scale ecosystems. As such, restoration ecology has been applied to areas with clear boundaries, such as roads, abandoned mines, wetlands, and forest ecosystems. However, those involved in these restoration efforts, due to their tendency to implement comprehensive plans to change the landscape structure, and their mismanagement of the restoration process, have more often than not wound up weakening the ecological functions of surrounding ecosystems, and in further degrading the ecosystem which they were trying to restore. To resolve these problems and restore a comparatively large-scale region, methods to assess the impact of such restoration efforts on surrounding ecosystems must be developed. These include expanding the scale of restoration efforts; in other words, moving from the local to the landscape scale. As a conclusion, practice of ecological restoration is increasingly moving towards landscape scale in order to deal with these problems.

백두대간 생태 복원을 위한 시민참여 프로그램 개발과 적용

김찬국(Kim Chankook),안동만(Ahn Tong Mahn),김인호(Kim In Ho),이재영(Le Jae Young),김성진(Kim Sung Jin),채혜성(Chae Hye Sung),이영(Lee Young),이재원(Lee Jae Won),김민우(Kim Min Woo),신민종(Shin Min Jong),박효인(Park Hyo In),조경준(Cho K 한국환경교육학회 2010 環境 敎育 Vol.23 No.2

Ecological restoration aims to reverse the degradation of ecosystems that occurred as humans have affected landscapes. This study was conducted in part of a larger project to develop participatory ecological restoration procedures for disturbed areas in Baigdoodaegahn which is a major mountain range in the Korean Peninsula. The case of alpine farmland at Kangwon-do was selected to apply the theoretical framework of participatory restoration since the nutrient contents in alpine solid under vegetable cultivation degrade water quality in the watershed while farmers in the region are economically struggling due to imports of vegetables from China. The reciprocal model of restoration was applied to cope with interactions between human and ecosystem needs in ecological restoration. A series of environmental education and eco-tourism programs were developed and incorporated into the participatory restoration project to rebuild social-cultural aspects of the community as well as to restore the biophysically disturbed area while meeting both ecological needs and human needs. This study suggests that participatory projects will be more successful when experts support the local residents and citizens in restoration process, when leadership are developed through social learning, and when ecological, financial and social factors of restoration are integratedly considered.

연구논문(硏究論文) : DMZ 주변 훼손지의 생태복원 평가지표 개발

이상훈 ( Sang Hoon Lee ),이상혁 ( Sang Hyuk Lee ),이솔애 ( Sol Ae Lee ),최재용 ( Jae Yong Choi ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2015 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.18 No.1

DMZ is considered as an ecologically sensitive landscape and one of the highest biodiversity regions in the Republic of Korea. There have been, albeit the significant value, increased interests in developing this region for a variety of purposes including tourism and commemorative events. As this region has been already facing a range of problems derived from previous development, natural disaster and invasive species, the necessity for active management of ecological health within this region has been increased, which weighs the importance of executing ecological restoration. The objective of this study was to develop evaluation indices as an effective management means of properly evaluating ecological restoration and sustainably maintaining the restored conditions on a long-term scale. Through literature review existing evaluation indices related to restoration were collected, and then the most suitable indices were selected based upon two interviews and one questionnaire survey targeting experts in the relevant field to ecological restoration. They were categorized by two major division and their subclasses (Ecological base - vegetation structure & composition, habitat characteristics, soil environment; landscape ecology - connectivity, landscape patch, boundary & surrounding) and 40 indices. These indices were considered helpful to comprehensively evaluate ecological restoration on degraded environments within ecologically sensitive areas, and sustainably manage target areas by employing a long-term monitoring approach. As this result played a meaningful role in providing the fundamentals of evaluating ecological restoration, it should develop a suitable evaluation system through further research.

탄소중립 및 국토환경 회복을 위한 녹색복원 종합계획의 4가지 전략적 접근

손승우,이상혁,김병석,이길상,최희선 한국환경복원기술학회 2024 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.27 No.2

To achieve carbon neutrality and restore the national environment, there is growing interest in policies to transform national land areas into green space, such as expanding nature-based solutions, increasing biodiversity, and improving ecosystem service functions. In addition to complying with international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, it is necessary to expand green spaces to achieve the 2050 Carbon Neutrality goal, which can be achieved by restoring the damaged land in an ecological way. However, it is challenging to implement green restoration in a systematic and active way due to conflicts of interest among landowners and lack of institutional support and advanced technology. Therefore, this study aims to develop a strategy to expand green restoration and implement it smoothly and systematically. This study examined the current status of green restoration in South Korea by investigating green restoration laws and systems and overseas trends, and by surveying the perceptions of 1,000 people selected from a pool of the public. The results of this study show that it is difficult to implement the green restoration efficiently because the laws related to restoration are scattered. According to the relevant legal plans, the perception and direction of restoration is to pursue a sustainable national land environment, allow people to benefit from nature, improve the quality of life, and nurture related industries and human resources. In the international community, it is mentioned that green restoration contributes to achieving the 2050 Carbon Neutrality goal, revitalizing green industries, developing and applying advanced technologies, maintaining consistency in restoration-related policies, expanding citizens' access to green spaces, and adopting nature-based solutions. Both experts and the public are aware of the seriousness of the damage to the natural environment and prefer restoration with human use rather than focusing on natural recovery. It is expected that this study will contribute to the future direction of green restoration and the implementation of tasks for the sustainable restoration of the national land environment and the zero-carbon era.

탈근대 도시의 ‘자연TM’: 포스트휴먼 관점에서 본 청계천의 생태복원 담론

김애령 한국환경철학회 2016 환경철학 Vol.0 No.22

Cheonggyecheon was restored in 47 years since it was covered in the process of rapid modernization and urbanization of Seoul. The process of the restoration of Cheonggyecheon was either supported or criticized within the boundaries of ecological restoration discourse. The restoration plan of Cheonggyecheon broke away from the modern paradigm of development and speed, and promoted within a post-modern paradigm of ‘sustainable development’ and ‘eco-friendly city’ by the policy makers. However, advocates of ecology criticized that the ‘ecology restoration’ that Seoul city claimed was a camouflage of the capital profits that city redevelopment would bring, insisted for a ‘true ecological restoration’. This debate highlighted on the possibility of artificial restoration of “nature” within a metropolis like Seoul. This paper analyzes the ecology restoration discourse surfaced during the process of Cheonggyecheon restoration. Through the analysis I will discuss that the debate on the ecological restoration of Cheonggyecheon was a dichotomy between ‘nature’ and ‘human work/artificiality(人爲)’, and assert that in order to reestablish the meaning of nature in a post-modern city this dichotomy must be reconsidered.. For my argument I will refer to Donna Haraway and suggest the idea of ‘NatureTM ’. ‘NatureTM ’ is a concept that demonstrates the reality after the dichotomy of life and artifact, organism and machine, nature and technology have been imploded, and means nature as socially engineered commodification. Therefore, this concept would become a valuable tool in analyzing the meaning of Cheonggyecheon restoration in a critical posthuman point of view. 급격한 근대화와 도시화 과정에서 복개되었던 서울 도심의 청계천은 47년 만에 복원되었다. 청계천복원은 생태계 복원이라는 담론 틀 안에서 지지되거나 비판받았다. 청계천복원 계획은 당시 정책입안자들에 의해 개발과 속도라는 근대적 패러다임에서 벗어나 ‘지속가능한 발전’, ‘친환경 도시’라는 탈근대적 패러다임으로의 전환으로 선전되었다. 그러나 생태주의자들은 서울시 정책이 주장하는 ‘생태복원’은 도심재개발이라는 자본의 이익을 감추기 위한 빈말에 불과하다고 비판하면서, ‘진정한 생태복원’을 주장했다. 이 논쟁은 결국 서울과 같은 거대도시 안에서 ‘자연’을 인공적 기술을 통해 복원하는 것이 가능한지 여부를 주요 쟁점으로 했다. 이 글은 청계천복원 과정에 대두된 생태복원 담론을 분석 한다. 그 분석을 통해 청계천의 생태복원을 둘러싼 논쟁은 ‘자연’ 대 ‘인위(人爲)’라는 이분법 안에 놓여있었다고 보고, 탈근대 도시에서 자연의 의미를 재정립하기 위해서는 이 이분법이 재고되어야 한다고 주장할 것이다. 이 주장을 근거 짓기 위해 - 해러웨이(Donna Haraway)를 참조하여 - ‘자연TM’이라는 개념을 제시한다. ‘자연TM’은 생명과 인공물, 유기체와 기계, 자연과 기술의 이분법이 내파된 이후의 현실을 드러내는 개념으로서, 사회공학적으로 상품화된 자연을 의미한다. 따라서 이 개념은 복원 청계천의 의미를 비판적 관점에서 분석하는 유용한 도구가 될 것이다.

하천생태계의 건전성 복원을 위한 법적 과제

박종원 ( Park Jong Won ) 한국환경법학회 2021 環境法 硏究 Vol.43 No.1

이 글은 ‘4대강 살리기 사업’에 대한 반성적 시각에서, 그리고 2018년과 2020년 두 차례에 걸친 「정부조직법」 개정과 「물관리기본법」의 제정·시행 등으로 본격화되고 있는 통합물관리 시대의 도래를 기회로 삼아, 하천생태계 복원에 관한 현행 법제의 문제점과 한계를 되짚어보고 이를 극복하기 위한 입법론을 제시하고 있다. 이를 위하여 하천생태계 복원에 관한 현행 법제의 주요내용과 문제점을 분석하고, 미국의 관련 법령과 사례를 살펴본 후, 주요 쟁점별로 입법적 개선방안을 제시하고 있다. 「정부조직법」 개정이 종래부터 지적되고 있는 하천생태계복원의 문제점과 한계를 해소하고 보다 체계적으로 제도설계를 할 수 있는 좋은 기회를 제공하고 있음이 틀림은 없다. 그러나 지금과 같이 「하천법」상의 국토교통부장관을 환경부 장관으로 바꾸어 쓰는 것만으로는 그 문제점과 한계가 결코 해소될 수 없다. 「물환경보전법」과 「하천법」 등의 개정은 물론 관련 조항을 연계하고 그 정합성을 갖추기 위한 입법적 노력이 필요하다. 첫째, 하천생태계복원의 개념이 법적으로 정의되어야 하며, 생태계의 기능 회복과 건전성 회복이 그 핵심적 개념표지가 되어야 한다. 둘째, 하천생태계복원의 기본이념과 원칙이 법정화되어야 하며, 이것이 국가물관리기본계획, 국가물환경관리기본계획, 하천기본계획, 그리고 수생태계복원계획으로 연계되고 구체화될 수 있어야 한다. 셋째, 누가 복원사업을 실시하든 법령상의 일정한 기준대로 복원계획을 수립하여야 하며, 그 절차 가운데 지역주민, 시민단체, 전문가 등이 주도적으로 참여할 수 있어야 한다. 넷째, 수생태계 현황 조사 및 건강성 평가나 수생태계 연속성 조사 등의 결과를 토대로 하천생태계복원이 시급히 요구되는 복원대상 지역목록을 작성·공표하도록 함으로써, 복원사업의 추진이나 비용지원 등에 관한 판단기준으로 삼아야 한다. 다섯째, 훼손 상태가 심각한 것으로 판단되거나 우선복원대상 하천생태계목록상 일정 순위 이내에 포함된 하천에 대해서는 수생태계복원계획의 수립을 의무화하고, 복원계획의 승인을 위한 요건으로 복원목표의 설정에서부터 설계, 복원사업의 시행, 사후모니터링 및 사후관리 등 각 단계에 관한 기준이 보다 구체화되어야 한다. 나아가 사업단계에서의 정기적인 보고, 사업완료 이후의 추진실적 제출과 평가, 사후모니터링과 사후관리에 관한 점검 등을 제도화하고, 그 실적평가나 점검 결과에 따라 비용지원, 시정명령 등이 가능하도록 함으로써 그 실효적인 이행을 확보하여야 한다. 여섯째, 국가하천이든 지방하천이든 그 생태계는 연결되어 있는 것이므로 복원사업의 재원을 지방보조금에 의존할 것이 아니라 국가 차원에서 그 비용을 지원할 수 있는 근거를 마련하여야 하며, 하천생태계의 훼손에 보다 직접적으로 관여해온 원인자에 대한 부담금 등을 복원사업의 재원으로 할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 이상의 개선점 중 다수는 「물환경보전법」 개정을 통하여 달성가능하나, 「하천법」이나 「물관리기본법」의 개정도 수반되어야 한다. 하천생태계복원의 기본이념이나 원칙이 관련 계획으로 적정하게 연계될 수 있기 위해서는 「물관리기본법」 개정을 통하여 「하천법」상의 하천기본계획 등이 국가물관리기본계획과의 부합 여부에 대한 심의대상으로 명시되어야 할 것이며, 「하천법」상 하천관리청이 하천기본계획을 수립함에 있어서 복원지구 등을 지정하는 경우 우선복원대상 하천생태계목록을 고려하도록 의무화할 필요가 있다. 또한, 「하천법」에는 하천기본계획상의 복원지구 등의 지정에 관한 사항만을 남기고, 복원계획 수립 및 시행에 관한 사항은 「물환경보전법」으로 일원화하는 방안이 적극 고려되어야 한다. Reflecting on the failure of the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, and welcoming the era of integrated water management, this article presents a legislative solution to restore the health of the river ecosystem. To achieve this, this article examined the problems and limitations under the current legal system. It also analyzed some laws and programs on the restoration of the aquatic ecosystem in the United States, aiming to obtain some lessons from them. The revised Government Organization Act of 2020 certainly provides a good opportunity to solve the chronic problems and limitations of the legal system of river ecosystem restoration. However, merely replacing the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport with the Minister of Environment under the current River Act can never address these issues. More legislative efforts are required to link related provisions of the Water Environment Conservation Act, the River Act, the Framework Act on Water Management, and so on and ensure their mutual consistency. Based on these analyses, this article suggests several legislative alternatives to improve the legal system of river ecosystem restoration. First, the concept of river ecosystem restoration should be legally defined with the restoration of the ecological function and health as key elements. Second, the basic ideas and fundamental principles of river ecosystem restoration should be incorporated into the law, which can be linked and embedded in several related administrative plans, including the National Water Management Master Plan, the National Water Environment Management Master Plan, the Basic River Plans, and the Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Plans. Third, no matter who conducts the restoration project, the restoration plan should be established in accordance with legal criteria, and opportunities for participating in each stage of the restoration project should be guaranteed to interested parties, including the local community, NGOs, and experts. Fourth, based on the results of the current status and health assessment of aquatic ecosystems, or the examination of the continuity of aquatic ecosystems, the priority list of sites for restoration should be prepared and published and should be used as the basis for determining whether to implement the restoration project or provide financial support for it. Fifth, for sites whose ecosystems have been degraded severely or which are highly ranked in the priority list, it should be mandatory to establish their restoration plans and the requirements for their approval should be further specified, including the criteria on setting goals, designing and conducting the project, postmonitoring, and postmanagement. Furthermore, regular reporting at the stage of conducting the project, performance evaluations after project completion, and postmonitoring and postmanagement inspection should be institutionalized. And the results of the evaluation or inspection can be used as a basis whether or how much to provide financial support for the project and whether to issue the correction order to ensure effective enforcement. Sixth, the law should state that the national government can provide financial support to the restoration project, whether it is performed on a national or regional river, as all rivers are ecologically connected and interact with one another. Also, charges incurred by persons who have been more directly involved in the ecological degradation of the river ecosystem should be used as financial resources for conducting the restoration project. Many of these solutions can be achieved by revising the Water Environment Conservation Act, but the revisions of the River Act and the Framework Act on Water Management should also be included. For the fundamental principles of river ecosystem restoration to be properly linked to relevant plans, the Basic River Plan under the River Act should be reviewed whether it conforms to the National Water Management Master Plan. The river management agency must also be required to consider the priority list when it designates restoration sites under the Basic River Plan. In addition, it should be positively considered that the River Act shall address only the designation of restoration sites under the Basic River Plan, and the stage of establish the restoration plan and subsequent steps shall be covered by the Water Environment Conservation Act.

매노천에서 생태적수질정화비오톱(SSB)으로 창출된 생태어도 및 홍수터 배후습지의 생태계 복원과 생태적 수질정화효과

변찬우,김용민 한국환경영향평가학회 2017 환경영향평가 Vol.26 No.6

This study monitored the changes before and after restoration of ecological stream focusing on the places which are applied Sustainable Structured wetland Biotop (SSB) system and ecological Fish-way for restoration of Maeno stream. A total of 11 species and 191 individuals of fishes were founded out which were not verified inhabitation before restoration at SSB wetlands. Especially, it was could identified that micro habitat and healthy Fish-way was created because the restored target species, Microphysogobio yaluensis and Iksookimia koreensis were identified that habitation was monitored in SSB wetland. Amphibian have been restored to a number of Rana nigromaculata found in and around wetlands at the time of the third survey, which is highly active after restoration. Specified endangered species class 1 and natural monuments designated by the Ministry of Environment, Lutra lutra lutra, as a Mammalian, uses the wetlands and ecological Fishway as habitat areas, and the his habitat is restored. In the case of Flora, vascular plants emerging in the survey area were increased to 7 and 13 species before restoration and 15 and 19 species directly after restoration, and 22 species and 33 species after restoration. Vegetation after restoration was found to be a basic producer of various ecosystems and a plant community that contributes to the purification of water quality such as Phragmites japonica communities. As the result of water quality monitoring, the average of treatment efficiencies were BOD 64.3%, T-N 47.2%, T-P 80.7%. Successful treatment of the nonpoint pullution source, which is a limiting factor to disturb the ecosystem, creatively restored the target species in the water quality class I, II. 본 연구는 매노천 생태하천복원을 위한 생태적수질정화비오톱 시스템과 생태어도(Fish-way) 등의 적용 대상지를 중심으로 생태하천 복원 전·후를 모니터링하였다. 어류는 복원전 서식이 확인되지 않았던 생태적수질정화비오톱 습지에서 총 11종 191개체가 창출복원된 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 복원목표종인 돌마자와 참종개가 생태적수질정화비오톱 습지에서 서식함이 모니터링되어, 미소서식처와 건전한Fish-way가 창출되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 양서류는 복원후 활동성이 높은 3차 조사시기에 습지와 그주변에서 다수의 참개구리 서식으로 복원되었음이 확인되었다. 포유류는 수달이 습지와 Fish-way를 서식영역으로 활용하는 것이 확인되어 환경부 멸종위기 제1급이자 천연기념물인 수달 서식지가 복원된 것으로 조사되었다. 식물상의 경우 조사지역에 출현하는 관속식물은 복원 전 총 7과 13종, 복원직후 15과19종, 복원후 총 22과 33종으로 증가되었다. 복원후 식생은 달뿌리풀 군락 등의 다양한 생태계의 기초생산자이자 수질정화에 기여하는 식재종인 정수식물군락이 형성된 것으로 조사되었다. 수질 모니터링 결과, 평균적으로 BOD 64.3%, T-N 47.2%, T-P 80.7%의 처리효율을 나타내었다. 생태계를 교란하는 제한요인(limiting factor)이 되는 비점오염원이 성공적으로 처리됨으로써 I, II등급수질에 서식하는 목표종이창출적으로 복원되었다.

동강유역 생태·경관보전지역 내 매수토지 생태복원사업 인식도 연구

이란,구본학,Li, Lan,Koo, Bon-Hak 한국환경복원기술학회 2017 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.20 No.4

A protected area means a space designated and protected by law from development pressure and environmental pressure. It is mainly designated to protect specific ecosystems, natural landscapes, and cultural resources from irrational development (or damage), and involves policies of the public sector such as central and local governments. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has conducted conservation and restoration projects for preserving natural ecosystems and genetic resources. In order to conserve the ecosystem in the protected area, national and public organizations purchase private land and use it ecologically; in addition, ecological restoration project is carried out for the purpose of creating waterside ecological belt or preserving ecosystem. Land acquisition refers to the land where highly influenced by the water quality and need to restore, and purchased by negotiating with the landlord. Although the nation and public institution carried out ecosystem restoration project for partial purchase land in order to conserve ecosystem, it is below the expected effect due to lack of comprehensive management system and have some problems in restoration project and unification of management institutions. Land acquisition in Donggang River Basin Ecological Conservation area is initiated in 2005 for creating income of local residents and ecological restoration. However, the lack of overall management and awareness resulted in poor vegetation growth and poor response by local residents due to terrain exposure. As such, there is insufficient research on the current situation and systematic integrated management although the number of land acquisition is increasing year after year. Futhermore, overall recognition and follow-up monitoring of eco-restoration are still inadequate. Therefore, the survey on the awareness of the purchase land ecosystem restoration project is necessary for the efficient restoration project and establishment of the management strategy for land acquisition in the future. Therefore, in this study, we provide fundamental materials on further research projects by carrying out research on the awareness of ecological restoration projects in the Donggang River basin ecological preservation area.