Single and double branched organic dyes based on carbazole and red-absorbing cationic indolium for p-type dye-sensitized solar cells: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation

Bao, Le Quoc,Ho, Phuong,Chitumalla, Ramesh Kumar,Jang, Joonkyung,Thogiti, Suresh,Kim, Jae Hong Elsevier 2018 Dyes and pigments Vol.149 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A series of novel single and double branched carbazole-based red-absorbing cationic dyes without (CSI and CDI) and with (CST and CDT) a thiophene spacer have been synthesized for p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (<I>p</I>-DSSCs). The introduction of the red-absorbing cationic acceptor/thiophene spacer led to the broadening and bathochromic shift of the absorption maxima from an onset of 600 nm for CSI to 800 nm for CDT as well as improved molar absorptivity. The introduction of the double branching/thiophene spacer lowered the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of CDI, CST, and CDT, making their potentials more positive than that of CSI. Among these, the double branched CDI exhibited the highest conversion efficiency of 0.112%. Furthermore, all of the dyes examined outperformed the standard C343 dye (0.062%), measured under similar fabrication conditions. Despite the decreased photovoltaic performance as a result of the introduction of the thiophene spacer, overall, the double branched dyes exhibited better interfacial charge transfer that led to higher J<SUB>SC</SUB> and V<SUB>OC</SUB> values compared to those of singly branched dyes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that double branched dyes have much lower charge transfer resistance and increased hole lifetime than single branched dyes. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations were performed to theoretically characterize the optical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized dyes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Red absorbing indolium-based single and di-branched (DB) dyes were synthesized. </LI> <LI> The result shows that DB dyes exhibited higher efficiency than single branched dyes. </LI> <LI> EIS calculations indicate that DB dyes exhibit good charge transfer properties. </LI> <LI> Also showed increased hole-lifetime than single branched dyes. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Doule branched dyes showed better interfacial charge transfer and hole lifetime over single branched dyes leading to enhanced photovoltaic performance.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Oxidation Dyes on Meta-Aramid Knitted Fabric

김영도,이종민,이정진 한국섬유공학회 2023 Fibers and polymers Vol.24 No.10

Oxidation dyes are typically used as permanent hair dyes. When dye intermediates are applied, they produce oxidation dyes through oxidation and addition reactions during dyeing process. Owing to the small size of the dye intermediates, they can penetrate into hairs or fibers easily. In this study, three oxidation dye intermediates (p-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, and N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) were applied for dyeing of meta-aramid knitted fabric. Color yields (K/S values) of meta-aramid fabric dyed with oxidation dyes were highly dependent upon dyeing temperature, dyebath pH, and concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation dyes exhibited good build-up property when dyed at high temperature (110–130 °C), but showed poor build-up in the low temperature dyeing method (40 °C, 12 h). The dyed meta-aramid fabric exhibited brown, gray, pink, purple, and black hues. Wash fastness of meta-aramid fabric from high temperature dyeing was moderate to very good and that from low temperature dyeing was poor to moderate. Lightfastness was moderate with 4 rating for high temperature dyed meta-aramid fabric but it was very poor in the low temperature dyeing.

Dyeing Properties of Nylon, PET, and N/P Mixture Fabric with Reactive-disperse Dyes Having a Sulfatoethylsulfone Group

Kim, Sung-Dong,Choi, Yeon-Ji,Lee, Hyo-Young,Lee, Jong-Lyel 한국섬유공학회 2012 FIBERS AND POLYMERS Vol.13 No.2

The dyeing and color fastness properties of two reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulfatoethylsulfone group on nylon, PET and N/P mixture fabrics were examined. The rate of dyeing on nylon fabric was greatly dependent upon dye bath pH. The final dye uptakes at all pH, however, were as high as 97 %. Color strength of the dyed nylon fabric linearly increased up to 0.5 %owf and then slowed down over 1 %owf dyeing. Washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed nylon fabric were excellent, but grade of light fastness was moderate. Dyeability of the reactive-disperse dyes on PET fabric was not much affected by pH, and K/S values of PET fabric dyed at pH 5-8 were lower than those of nylon fabric at all pH examined. Build-up and color fastnesses properties on PET fabric showed the same tendency with nylon fabric. The rate of dyeing of the reactive-disperse dyes on nylon fabric was faster than on PET fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in the same dye pot, resulting in higher color strength of nylon than PET. The reactive-disperse dyes were found to be adequate to the one-bath, one-step dyeing of N/P mixture fabric when applied at pH 5 and $120^{\circ}C$.

해도형 초극세 나일론 편성물의 산성 염료 종류에 따른 염색 및 견뢰도

조항성,심의진,Cho, Hang Sung,Shim, Euijin 한국염색가공학회 2022 韓國染色加工學會誌 Vol.34 No.3

In this study, the dyeability of 0.06-denier-per-filament (dpf) ultrafine sea-island-type nylon knitted fabric was investigated and compared with that of 1.0-dpf general nylon with respect to four types of dyes. In particular, leveling, milling, half-milling, and metal-complex dyes were compared at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, and 8.0% on-weight-fabric (o.w.f). In each case, staining was performed at 100 ℃. The dyeabilities of the materials were compared in terms of the depth of color as defined by the ratio of the absorption coefficient (K) to the scattering coefficient (S). Results indicated generally low K/S values for both the 0.06-dpf ultrafine sea-island-type nylon and 1.0-dpf general nylon. In terms of the dye type, the milling and half-milling dyes exhibited K/S values of ≥20 for all colors of yellow, red, and blue for the 0.06-dpf ultrafine yarn sea-island-type nylon, which were superior to those of the other dye types. Hence, the milling and half-milling dyes are considered more suitable than the other dyes. Further, a comparison of dye fastness and compatibility revealed that the half-milling dye was the most suitable dye for the 0.06-dpf ultrafine sea-island-type nylon.

Review of the Development of Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

남상훈,부진효,Kyu Hwan Lee,유정훈 한국진공학회 2019 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.28 No.6

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted considerable attention over the last 25 years owing to their potential for the low-cost conversion of photovoltaic energy. The most important DSSC component is the sensitizer dye, which is largely responsible for light harvesting and charge separation. Although tremendous research efforts have been focused on dye development, many challenges remain and a deeper understanding of the design rules for DSSC sensitizers is required to obtain efficient and long-term stable DSSCs. State-of-the-art DSSCs based on single sensitizers have reached power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of >11.5 % for ruthenium dyes, >13 % for porphyrin dyes, and >14 % for metal-free organic dyes. However, the highest efficiency officially recognized by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is only 11.9 %, achieved by the Sharp Co., Japan, in 2013. Furthermore, there has been a lack of significant milestones in active commercialization, particularly with respect to exploiting the near-infrared region for higher PCEs and greater device durability. While ruthenium-based dyes have some disadvantages for practical application in DSSCs, both porphyrin and metal-free organic dyes have attracted considerable interest. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the rational design of ruthenium dyes, porphyrin dyes, metal-free organic dyes, and natural dyes for use in DSSCs.

2SK-2 Molecular Tuning of D-π-A Organic Dyes for High Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

( Vinich Promarak ) 한국공업화학회 2017 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2017 No.1

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has emerged as one of the most attractive photovoltaic devices because it offers the possibility of low-cost conversion of photoenergy. Ruthenium complex and porphyrin dyes are currently the most efficient dyes. These dyes, however, are costly and hard to prepare in high yields, which have led to the evolution of metal-free organic dyes. Organic dyes exhibit not only higher extinction coefficient, but simple preparation, structure modification and purification procedure with a low cost. In this talk, an improvement of the performance of the organic dyes as sensitizers for DSSC by fine tuning the dye chemical structures will be presented. A series of organic dipolar compounds with different molecular configurations of D-D-π-A, D(dendron)-π-A, D-π-A-π-A, D-π (D)-A, D-π-A-π(D)-A bearing triarylamine, carbazole and carbazole dendrons as donor moiety were designed, synthesized and investigated. The relationships between structure of these dyes and properties and cell performances will be drawn and discussed. The choice of π-linker, auxiliary acceptor and terminal acceptor are found to be crucial in designing of the dye. Some of these dyes show power conversion efficiencies surpass that of the Ru-based device measured under similar conditions, indicating a high potential candidate for a commercial use.

천연 염료의 염색 특성에 관한 연구(II)-매염제와 혼합 염색을 이용한 색상 다양화-

임경율,전택진,윤기종,엄성일 한국섬유공학회 2001 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.38 No.11

To obtain a full range of colors on cotton, wool and silk fabrics with natural dyes, mordanting and combination dyeing were carried out. Tannic acid and metal compounds containing copper, tin, iron, nickel, chrome and alum were used as mordanting agents. Palmatin, red wood and natural indigo dyes were used as the three primary colors for combination dyeing. After mordanting, the colors of fabrics dyed with natural dyes changed. In combination dyeing of palmatin/red wood and palmatin/natural indigo, the two component natural dyes showed good miscibility in dye bath and various colors were obtained according to the content of dyes used. In combination dyeing of red wood and natural indigo, the various colors were not obtained due to gelation in dyebath. This problem could be solved by dyeing with indigo, mordanting then dyeing with red wood. Violet color was obtained by alum mordanting and gromwell dyeing. The expansion of color range of natural dyes by mordanting and combination dyeing has been demonstrated.

Relationship between the porosity of the nanostructured TiO₂ electrode and Dye Loading for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

황성진(Hwang, Seongjin),정현상(Jung, Hyunsang),전재승(Jeon, Jaeseung),김형순(Kim, Hyungsun) 한국신재생에너지학회 2010 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.06

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) show great promise as an inexpensive alternative to conventional p-n junction solar cells. Investigations into the various factors influencing the photovoltaic efficiency have recently been intensified. The conventional absorber electrode in DSSC is composed of compacted or sintered TiO₂ nanopowder that carries an anchored organic dye. The absorbance of incident light in the DSC is realized by specifically engineered dye molecules placed on the semiconductor electrode surface (TiO₂). The dye absorbs light at wavelengths up to about 920nm, the energy of the exited state of the molecule should be about 1.35eV above the electronic ground state corresponding to the ideal band gap of a single band gap solar cell. The dye molecules ar adhered onto the nanostrutured TiO₂ electrode by immersing the sintered electrode into a dye solution, typically 3mM in alcohol, for a long enough period to fully impregnate the electrode. However, the concentrations of the dye is slightly changed due to the evaporation of the alcohol. The dye is more expensive than other materials in DSSC and related to the efficiency of DSSC. Therefore, the concentrations of the dye should be carefully measured. In this study, we investigated to the dye loading on fired TiO₂ powder as a function of temperature by the TG-DTA and the dye solution by UV-visible spectroscopy after the impregnation process. The dye loading is related to the porosity of the nanostructured TiO₂ electrode.

Indoline dyes with various acceptors for dye-sensitized solar cells

Kim, Joo Young,Kim, Yong Hwa,Kim, Young Sik Elsevier 2011 Current Applied Physics Vol.11 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Owing to higher molar extinction coefficients, indoline dye sensitizers for DSSCs have been received much attention. In this study, four indoline dyes of D102, D131, D149 and Ddmc were designed with different acceptors and investigated theoretically by using DFT and TDDFT calculations. The calculated molecular orbital energies and structures are in good agreement with the experimental results. From the analyses for electronic and optical properties, it is found that the anchoring group of the dye should be close to its LUMO and have higher electron population for higher conversion efficiency as DSSC device. We suggest that newly designed Ddmc dye would be a good candidate as a dye sensitizer of DSSCs for its higher absorptivity as well as the proximity of the anchoring group to the LUMO of the dye.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Four indoline dyes of D102, D131, D149 and Ddmc were designed with different acceptors. ► They were investigated theoretically by using DFT and TDDFT calculations. ► We find that the anchoring group of a dye should be close to its LUMO and have higher electron population for higher conversion efficiency as DSSC device. ► Newly designed Ddmc dye would be a good candidate as a dye sensitizer of DSSCs for its higher absorptivity and the proximity of the anchoring group to the LUMO of the dye.</P>

반응염료염액에서의 키틴의 염료흡착성능

이전숙,유혜자,이혜자,김정희 한국의류학회 2002 한국의류학회지 Vol.26 No.2

In order to decolorize the reactive dye wastewater, we investigated the dye-adsorption ability of chitin, which was natural polymer obtained from shrimp shell. Chitin particle(less than 25μm) was prepared from shrimp shells in the processes of decalcification in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and deproteination in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The particle size of chitin was controlled to less than 25μm. Three types of the reactive dyes-C.I. Reactive Red 120, C.I. Reactive red 241 and CL Reactive Black 5-were used. Dye adsorption ability of chitin was investigated by dipping the particle in the dyebaths of concentration of 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.05% for various periods of time(1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160minutes). The influence of addition of salt(Na_2SO_4) and alkali to the dyebaths on dye-absorption was also investigated. We obtained the following results for the dye-absorption ability of chitin in the dyebaths of three types of reactive dyes. 1) The amount of dye uptake by chitin was increased by addition of salt to the dyebaths. 2) As the concentration of alkali became higher than 3g/l, the amount of dye uptake by chitin was increased. Chitin showed good dye-adsorption ability, when the alkali concentration was high. 3) Chitin showed equal dye uptake in the three types of dyebaths when the dye concentration was 0.01%. Over 90% of dyestuffs was adsorbed from the dyebaths in ten minutes. When the dye concentration was higher, better adsorption ability was showed in a dye bath of Reactive black 5 than in the others. When the dye concentration was 0.03%, 90% of Reactive red 120 and Reactive red 241 was adsorbed in 40 minutes and the same of Reactive black 5 in 10 minutes. When the dye concentration was 0.05%, 90% of Reactive red 120 was adsorbed in 80 minutes, and Reactive black 5 in 10 minutes.