WRF/HYSPLIT 모델을 이용한 고리원전 인근 국지바람 패턴에 따른 방사성물질 대기확산 특성

안혜연 ( Hye Yeon An ),강윤희 ( Yoon Hee Kang ),송상근 ( Sang Keun Song ),방진희 ( Jin Hee Bang ),김유근 ( Yoo Keun Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The characteristics of atmospheric dispersion of radioactive material (i.e. 137Cs) related to local wind patterns around the Kori nuclear power plant (KNPP) were studied using WRF/HYSPLIT model. The cluster analysis using observed winds from 28 weather stations during a year (2012) was performed in order to obtain representative local wind patterns. The cluster analysis identified eight local wind patterns (P1, P2, P3, P4-1, P4-2, P4-3, P4-4, P4-5) over the KNPP region. P1, P2 and P3 accounted for 14.5%, 27.0% and 14.5%, respectively. Both P1 and P2 are related to westerly/northwesterly synoptic flows in winter and P3 includes the Changma or typhoons days. The simulations of P1, P2 and P3 with high wind velocities and constant wind directions show that 137Cs emitted from the KNPP during 0900~1400 LST (Local Standard Time) are dispersed to the east sea, southeast sea and southwestern inland, respectively. On the other hands, 5 sub-category of P4 have various local wind distributions under weak synoptic forcing and accounted for less than 10% of all. While the simulated 137Cs for P4-2 is dispersed to southwest inland due to northeasterly flows, 137Cs dispersed northward for the other patterns. The simulated average 137Cs concentrations of each local wind pattern are 564.1~1076.3 Bqm-3. The highest average concentration appeared P4-4 due to dispersion in a narrow zone and weak wind environment. On the other hands, the lowest average concentration appeared P1 and P2 due to rapid dispersion to the sea. The simulated 137Cs concentrations and dispersion locations of each local wind pattern are different according to the local wind conditions.

폭약 질량과 형상에 따른 텅스텐 충격자의 분산 패턴 시뮬레이션

사공재(Jae Sakong),우성충(Sung-Choong Woo),배용운(Yong-Woon Bae),최연진(Yeoun-Jin Choi),차정필(Jung-Phil Cha),가인한(In-Han Ga),김태원(Tae-Won Kim) 대한기계학회 2014 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.38 No.12

Near miss 방식 대응체의 충격자 분산 패턴은 위협체의 무력화에 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 near miss 방식 대응체의 원통형 텅스텐 충격자가 폭발에 의하여 분산될 경우 그 패턴을 수치해석적으로 분석하였다. 폭약의 질량과 형상을 충격자의 분산 패턴에 영향을 미치는 인자로 고려하였으며 두 가지 형상 모델 즉, 상부와 하부가 동일한 두께를 갖는 평행 형상과 상부 및 하부 두께가 각기 다른 테이퍼 형상으로 설정하였다. 해석 결과, 분산된 충격자는 임의 공간의 2 차원 평면상에서 고리 모양을 형성하였으며 폭약 형태가 동일한 경우 폭약 질량이 증가함에 따라 화망 면적은 증가하고, 아울러 테이퍼형상 폭약의 경우, 평행 형상의 폭약에 비해 큰 화망 면적이 형성됨을 확인하였다. 화망 면적과 충격자분산 밀도 평가를 바탕으로 near miss 방식 대응체의 충격자 분산 패턴 제어를 위해서는 물리적 특성, 즉 폭약의 질량뿐 만 아니라 형상 또한 주요 설계 요소가 됨을 알 수 있었다. The dispersion pattern of a near miss neutralizer has a great effect on the disablement of a threatening projectile. This study numerically investigated the dispersion pattern of cylindrical tungsten impactors by an explosion in the near miss neutralizer. The mass and shape of the explosive were considered as influencing factors on the dispersion pattern. The explosives were set using two shape models: a parallel shape with the same upper and lower thicknesses and a tapered shape with different upper and lower thicknesses. In the simulation results, the dispersed impactors formed a ring-shaped pattern on a two-dimensional plane in an arbitrary space. In addition, the fire net area increased with the explosive mass when the explosive shapes were identical. In particular, the tapered shape explosive formed a larger fire net area than the parallel shape explosive. Based on the analysis of the fire net area along with the dispersion density, both the explosive mass and shape representing the physical characteristics should be considered for controlling the dispersion pattern of impactors in a near miss neutralizer.

Quantitative Assessments and Spatial Pattern Analyses of Weed Seed Banks of Arable Peat in Selangor, Malaysia

바키 빈 바카,권용웅,훼니 옹 뉵 인,Bakar, Baki Bin,Kwon, Yong-Woong,Yin, Fenny Wong Nyuk 한국잡초학회 1997 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.17 No.3

말레이지아 Selangor지역(地域)의 부식질 경지토양(耕地土壤)의 토심(土深) 0-25cm에 매립(埋立)되어있는 잡초종자(雜草種子)들의 종류(種類)와 분포특성(分布特性)을 조사분석(調査分析)하였으며, 이를 지상(地上)에 자라고 있는 잡초식생조사결과(雜草植生調査結果)와 관련시켜 고찰한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 경지토양(耕地土壤)에 매립(埋立)되어 있는 잡초종자(雜草種子)는 14과(科)에 속하는 45종(種)의 잡초(雜草)가 식별되었으며, 그중 24종(種)이 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草)이었고, 화본과(禾本科) 12종(種), 사초과(莎草科) 9종(種)으로 지상(地上)에 자라고 있던 19과(科) 31종(種)과는 다소 달랐다. 2. 매립종자수(埋立種子數)는 $8.14{\times}10^7$/ha 토심(土深)25cm 수준이었으며, 초종별(草種別)로 매립종자수(埋立種子數)에 큰 차이(差異)를 보였는데 매립종자수(埋立種子數)에서 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草) 53.2%, 화본과잡초(禾本科雜草)31.2%, 사초과잡초(莎草科雜草) 15.6%로 구성(構成)되어 있었다. 3. 매립종자수(埋立種子數)(종자수(種子數)ha 토심(土深) 25cm)가 많은 10 순위(順位) 초종(草種)은 Cleome rutidesperma($2.347{\times}10^7$), Heteropogon contortus($5.64{\times}10^6$), Paspalum commersonii(4$4.64{\times}10^6$, Amaranthus gracilis ($3.60{\times}10^6$), Bracharia reptans($3.30{\times}10^6$), Fimbrysylis miliacea($2.64{\times}10^6$), Eleusine indica ($2.32{\times}10^6$, Murdannia nudiflora($2.08{\times}10^6$, Ageratum conyzoides($1.92{\times}10^6$), 및 Mimosa pudica($1.92{\times}10^6$)이었다. 4. 매립종자수(埋立種子數)의 토심별(土深別) 분포(分布)는 표토(表土) 0-10cm에 69%, 10-15cm에 17.9%, 15-20cm에 8.6%, 20-25cm에 4.0%로서 표층(表層)에 현저히 많이 분포(分布)하였다. 5. 토중(土中) 매립종자수면(埋立種子數面)에서의 우점종(優點種)은 지면생육중(地面生育中)의 우점도(優點度)와 달라서 매립종자수(埋立種子數)가 제일 많은 C. rutidesperma는 지상(地上)에서 우점도(優點度) 6순위(順位) 이었고 지상(地上)에서 우점도(優點度) 2, 4순위(順位)이었던 M. nudiflora와 A. conyzoides가 매립종자수(埋立種子數)에서 각각 8, 9순위(順位)이었으며 그 밖에는 우점도(優點度) 10순위내(順位內)에서 서로 관련되지 않았다. 6. 매립종자(埋立種子)들의 지리적(地理的) 위치분포(位置分布)에 관하여 분산/평균비(分散)/平均比), Lloyd의 평균군집도(平均群集度), Lloyd의 집중성(集中性) 분석(分析)을 한 결과 평균군집도(平均群集度)가 Cyperus iria 등 5초종(草種)은 1.244수준인데 대하여 Cleome rutidosperma는 9,607.7이었고, 우점도(優點度)는 Aeschynomene indica의 5.1 에서 Bracharia reptans의 188.5까지 초종별(草種別)로 다양한 차이(差異)를 보였다. Collated data from the 1995-1996 field surveys of weed seeds buried in the plough layer of peat soil in Selangor district were analysed to assess species-dominance and spatial pattern of distribution of weed seeds based on selected quantitative indices and index of dispersion. Forty five species within 14 families were recorded of which 24 were broadleaves, 12 grasses and 9 sedges. They comprised ca. 53.2, 31.2 and 15.6%, respectively based on total population counts. Total seed population was ca. $8.14{\times}10^7$ seeds/ha within the fast 25cm soil depth. Wide variabilities in population counts were registered among species ranging from < $7.0{\times}10^4$ seeds/ha for Amaranthus gracilis to ca. $5.64{\times}10^6$ seeds/ha for Heteropogon contortus. Seeds of Cleome rutidesperma was the most abundant(ca. $2.347{\times}10^7$ seeds/ha). Difference in seed population counts may be attributed to inherent variation in fecundity, population fluxes, their spatial distribution patterns and the agronomic practices prevailing in the areas of survey. The profile distribution of soil seed banks was skewed within the first 0 - 10cm depth, comprising ca. 69% of the total seed counts. Seed counts in the 10 - 15, 15 - 20 and 20 - 25cm soil profiles were in the order of 17.9, 8.6 and 4.0% of the total populations, respectively. Weed seeds of all species displayed different degree of aggregated pattern of distribution with variance-to-mean ratios of > 1 and Lloyd's mean crowding($m^*$) values from 1.244 for Cyperus iria, Phyllanthus debilis, Phyllanthus urinaria, Scirpus grosses and urinaria lagopodiodes to 9607.7 for Cleome rutidosperma. Lloyd's patch indices(Ip) ranging from 5.1 for Aeschynomene indica to 188.5 for Bracharia reptans were registered. Differences in the VMR, $m^*$ and Ip values among species suggested inter-alia inherent variabilities in their disposal capacity from seed source and different agronomic practices prevailing in the areas surveyed.

Spatial analysis of climatic and dispersion characteristics of Xylella fastidiosa outbreak by insect vectors

Yoon Sunhee,Lee Wang-Hee 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.1

Xylella fastidiosa is a pathogen that causes fatal plant diseases and damage to horticultural crops. Establishing the basic parameters is necessary to assess the risk of disease outbreaks as there are concerns about the spread of X. fastidiosa. This is done by analyzing the climatic characteristics and distribution patterns of X. fastidiosa and related insect vectors. In this study, we aimed to derive the common climatic characteristics of X. fastidiosa and three major insect vectors by using a statistical density function for four climatic factors. In addition, the distance between the occurrence areas was calculated spatiotemporally and classified into natural and anthropogenic spread. The optimal climatic conditions identified for X. fastidiosa and the insect vectors were similar, suggesting a high potential for X. fastidiosa spread when both occur in a neighborhood area. X. fastidiosa spread mostly depends on anthropogenic pathways, but natural spread by insect vectors could increase. This study provides necessary insights for the risk assessment of X. fastidiosa spread based on climate similarity and spread patterns.

Impact of seasonal vertical stratification on the dispersion patterns of dredging plumes off the south coast of Korea

Seo, Jun Young,Ha, Ho Kyung,Im, Jungho,Hwang, Jin Hwan,Choi, Sun Min,Won, Nam-Il,Kim, Youngsung Elsevier 2018 Marine geology Vol.395 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Simultaneous satellite and ship-borne surveys have been conducted to investigate the dispersion patterns of dredging plumes off the south coast of Korea in two contrasting seasons (spring and autumn). The distribution of total suspended solid (TSS) derived from sequential satellite imagery showed that the dredging plumes in spring developed over longer distances along the surface current than those in autumn. In spring, the deep and strong stratified condition in the water column contributed to the increase in radius of plume dispersion along the water surface. In autumn, the shallow and vertically well-mixed (or un-stratified) condition in the water column enhanced sinking of suspended dredged materials. This difference is due to the Brunt-Väisälä frequency being higher in spring (0.0183s<SUP>−1</SUP>) than in autumn (0.0123s<SUP>−1</SUP>). Although the sediment-laden overflow significantly increased TSS near the surface during the dredging period, the TSS contribution to water column stratification was only 2.3−5.6% of the thermohaline contribution. Therefore, the seasonal variation of thermohaline density is the main factor determining the dispersion patterns of dredging plumes in the study area.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Dredging plumes in spring developed over longer distances along the surface current than those in autumn. </LI> <LI> Suspended sediment contribution from dredging to water column stability is only 2.3–5.6% of thermohaline contribution. </LI> <LI> Seasonal variation of thermohaline density is the main factor determining the dispersion patterns of dredging plumes. </LI> </UL> </P>

민통선 지역 폐 군생활관 주변 식물의 입지별 귀화율 연구

오충현 ( Choong Hyeon Oh ),김용훈 ( Yong Hoon Kim ),이호영 ( Ho Young Lee ),반수홍 ( Su Hong Ban ) 한국환경복원녹화기술학회 2009 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.12 No.5

This study was conducted to supply basic data for restoration and management of forests in Civilian Control Zone, with surveying naturalized plants around abandoned military camps. The total study sites are 72 abandoned military camps, from Gosung in east region to Paju in west region of Civilian Control Zone. The naturalized index of total area is 12.6%, and naturalized index of east and middle regions are 12.1% and 8.4%. But its index of west region is 15.9%. These results are due to geographical characteristics. The east and middle regions are in steep mountainous districts, and so but west region is flat district, and so naturalized plants was imported by only army. But west region is in flat districts, and so imported method of naturalized plants is very various. The main naturalized plants are Ambrosia trifida and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior in Civilian Control Zone. The main dispersion pattern of naturalized plants are gravity dispersion pattern (D4) and wind and water dispersion pattern (D1). The all naturalized plants are photophilic plants in survey sites. And so, if abandoned military camps are recovered to forests, the naturalized plants are disappeared because of the change of sunlight condition. So it is necessary to manage and recover forests, even if that area is Civilian Control Zone.

Ambulatory dispersal of the susceptible and propargite-resistant strains of Tetranychus urticae and its influence on pesticide resistance dynamics

Riaz Shah,Sue P. Worner 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.1

The distribution of resistant individuals is determined by the amount of movement between populations. Thedifferential rate of dispersal of a susceptible and a pesticide-resistant strain could influence the resistance dynamicsunder field conditions. The dispersal rate and dispersal efficiency of the susceptible and propargiteresistantstrains of Tetranychus urticae were measured in separate-release and mixed-release experiments. Thediffusion coefficient (D) of both strains did not differ significantly (P > 0.344) and an estimate of the asymptoticrate of advance (2√rD) (for one generation) was estimated at 0.1047 and 0.0930 cm per degree day for thesusceptible and propargite-resistant strains, respectively. The dispersal efficiency of the two strains differedsignificantly (P < 0.005) as more susceptible mites than propargite-resistant mites crossed into specified zonesmore quickly after 290 and 366 degree days. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of susceptible adults,immatures and eggs were found in the outer most zone of an arena as compared to that of the propargiteresistantmites. The bioassay of the two strains showed a similar pattern of the spread of the adult females acrossthe specified zones in the mixed-release experiment. The relatively lower dispersive tendency of the propargiteresistantT. urticae and the smaller proportion of adult females exhibiting that behaviour increase the chances ofdeveloping resistant ‘hotspots’ in field specially after an acaricide application.

산포이론에 의한 제주방언의 구개음화 분석

조성문 同德女子大學校 2013 人文科學硏究 Vol.20 No.-

이 연구의 목적은 제주방언의 구개음화 현상에 대한 변이를 산포이론을 적용해서 새로운 해석을 하는 것이다. 산포이론은 음성학적 분석 방법을 최적성이론에 적용시킨 이론이다. 제주방언의 구개음화에는 ㄷ, ㄱ, ㅎ의 구개음화가 존재하는데, 그 각각이 어떠한 변이를 보이는지 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 제주방언은 음운론적으로 중앙방언과는 많인 차이를 보이고 있었다. 그러나 최근에 들어서서 제주방언만의 특성을 점점 잃어가고 있다. 젋은 세대의 언어에서 그러한 변화가 나타나고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주제방언의 이러한 특성을 구개음화의 변이 양상을 통해 고찰해 보고, 산포이론이 제시하고 있는 대조의 수를 최대화하려는 경향에서 그 원인을 찾아 패턴 평가의 방법으로 설명하고자 한다. This paper provides a new account on the palatalization of Jeju dialect. For this purpose, we employ the frameworks of Optimality Theory and Dispersion Theory(Flemming 1995). The palatalization of Jeju dialect has changed to /t/ palatalization from /t/, /k/, /h/ palatalization. Also, the point of change are definitely different in age. But for the change of palatalization, articulation place of consonants increase to bilabial, palatal, velar, glottal. Here I propose a pattern evaluation procedure for explaining the consequence of palatalization change. Finally, I show that the change of palatalization can be better described by dividing it into two stages and that each stage requires a different constraint ranking accounting for its change more precisely.

말레이지아 세랑고지역 부식질토양경지 잡초식생의 정량생태분석

바키 빈 바카,훼니 옹 뉵 인,권용웅,Bakar, Baki Bin,Wong Nyuk Yin, Fenny,Kwon, Yong-Woong 한국잡초학회 1997 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.17 No.4

Collated data from the 1995-1996 floristic surveys of weeds of arable peat in Selangor district were analysed to assess composition and dominance and spatial distribution pattern based on quantitative and dispersion indices. Forty eight weed species belonging to 19 families of which 31 were broad leaves, 10 grasses and 7 sedges were sampled and these ware translated as 77.8 and 15% of the total cover, respectively, The respective important values were 71.11 and 18%. Ten species in the onder of dominance were Fimbristylis acuminata, Murdannia nudiflora, Hedyotis corymbosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Asystasia gangetica, Cleome rutidosperma, Cyperus sphacelatus, Lindernia crustacea, Ludwigia hyssopifolia of spatial distribution based on variance-to-mean ratios, Llouds mean crowding or Lloyds patchiness indices. Other species were either random or regular in their spatial distribution. Differences in species-dominance and spatial distribution pattern may be attributed to inherent variations in patchiness and fecundity schedules of each weed species, crops, cropping patterns and agronomic practices prevailing in the area. 말레이지아 Selangor지역(地域)의 부식질 경지토양(耕地土壤)에 분포(分布)하고 있는 경지(耕地)의 잡초식생(雜草植生)을 조사하고 정량적 생태분석을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 이 지역(地域) 경지잡초(耕地雜草) 종조성(種組成)은 19과(科)에 속하는 31종(種)의 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草), 10종(種)의 화본과(禾本科) 잡초(雜草), 7종(種)의 사초과(莎草科) 잡초(雜草)로 이루어졌고, 잡초(雜草)의 식생피도(植生被度)에서 각각 77. 8. 15%를 점유하였으며, 이들의 중요도(重要度)는 각각 71, 11, 18%이었다. 2. 이 지역(地域) 경지잡초(耕地雜草)중 10종(種)의 우점종(優點種)은 우점도(優點度) 순위(順位)에서 Fimbristylis acuminata, Murdannia nudiflora, Hedyotis corymbosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Asystasia gangetica, Cleome rutidosperma, Cyperus sphacelatus, Lindernia crustacea, Ludwigia hyssopiflora 및 Ludwigia perennis이었다. 3. 이상과 같은 초종간(草種間) 우점도(優點度) 및 공간분포유형(空間分布類型)의 차이(差異)는 각 초종(草種) 본래(本來)의 종자생산성(鐘子生産性) 및 번식습성(繁殖習性)과 군집성(群集性)의 차이(差異)와 이 지역(地域) 경지(耕地)의 작물종류(作物種類), 작부체계(作付體系) 및 경종방법(耕種方法)과 제초관행(除草慣行)의 차이(差異)에 기인하는 것으로 생각한다.

Wind dependent dispersion pattern classification in the pollination of genetically modified maize

서우강,김태극,허민성,김동수,진홍성 호남수학회 2019 호남수학학술지 Vol.41 No.4

Extended elementary cellular automata (EECA) is used to analyze the pattern of genetically modified (GM) gene dispersion to wild genes. Pollination of GM maize mainly occurs by wind. Wind direction was set to two directions left to right and up to down on the cells. Sixteen cases were analyzed to show six kinds of classes of pattern for sixteen iterations. Wind directions were fixed for the simulations to see the effect of the GM maize dispersion by the wind.