디젤-열분해유 유상액을 사용하는 직접분사식 디젤 엔진의 엔진성능 및 배기특성에 관한 연구

이석환 ( Seok Hwan Lee ),김호승 ( Ho Seung Kim ),김태영 ( Tae Young Kim ),우세종 ( Se Jong Woo ),강건용 ( Kern Yong Kang ) 한국분무공학회 2014 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Pyrolysis oil (PO), also known as Bio crude oil (BCO), has the potential to displace significant amounts of fuels that are currently derived from petroleum sources. PO has been regarded as an alternative fuel for petroleum fuels to be used in diesel engine. However, the use of PO in a diesel engine requires modifications due to low energy density, high water contents, low acidity, and high viscosity of the PO. One of the easiest way to adopt PO to diesel engine without modifications is emulsification of PO with the fuels that has higher cetane number. However, PO that has high amount of polar chemicals is immiscible with non polar hydrocarbons of diesel. Thus, to stabilize a homogeneous phase of diesel-PO blends, a proper surfactant should be used. In this study, a DI diesel engine operated with diesel and diesel-PO emulsions was experimentally investigated. Performance and gaseous & particle emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by diesel-PO emulsions were examined. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible with the emulsions and engine output power was comparable to diesel operation.

Investigation of Soot Formation in Diesel-GTL Fuel Blends under Quiescent Conditions

U. B. AZIMOV,E. A. ROZIBOYEV,김기성,정동수,이용규,윤정의 한국자동차공학회 2008 International journal of automotive technology Vol.9 No.5

In this study, a visual investigation of sprays and flames is performed, and soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends is studied in a specially designed quiescent constant-volume chamber under various ambient gas temperatures and O2 concentrations. Similar to the case of soot formation during diesel fuel combustion, the sooting zone during the mixingcontrolled combustion of Diesel-GTL blends is located in the leading portion of the jet boundaries. Auto-ignition delay and soot concentration decrease with an increase of GTL content in the fuel blend. Soot also decreases with lower O2 concentration, higher injection pressure, and lower ambient gas temperature. The lack of soot formation at lower O2 concentrations and lower temperatures suggests that Diesel-GTL fuel blends can be successfully utilized in low-temperature diesel combustion technologies that are currently being developed. Furthermore, this mixing controlled combustion method with Diesel-GTL blends can be used to modulate various engine operation parameters, and therefore to simultaneously reduce the formation of soot and NOx within a wide range of diesel engine loads. In this study, a visual investigation of sprays and flames is performed, and soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends is studied in a specially designed quiescent constant-volume chamber under various ambient gas temperatures and O2 concentrations. Similar to the case of soot formation during diesel fuel combustion, the sooting zone during the mixingcontrolled combustion of Diesel-GTL blends is located in the leading portion of the jet boundaries. Auto-ignition delay and soot concentration decrease with an increase of GTL content in the fuel blend. Soot also decreases with lower O2 concentration, higher injection pressure, and lower ambient gas temperature. The lack of soot formation at lower O2 concentrations and lower temperatures suggests that Diesel-GTL fuel blends can be successfully utilized in low-temperature diesel combustion technologies that are currently being developed. Furthermore, this mixing controlled combustion method with Diesel-GTL blends can be used to modulate various engine operation parameters, and therefore to simultaneously reduce the formation of soot and NOx within a wide range of diesel engine loads.

RGB/HSV Method 를 이용한 Diesel-water emulsion 의 배기배출물 특성 연구

김민호 ( Minho Kim ),우승철 ( Seungchul Woo ),김동우 ( Dongwoo Kim ),이기형 ( Kihyung Lee ) 한국액체미립화학회 2016 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.-

As the global warming and energy consumption increases, the diesel engine which had high thermal efficiency came into the spotlight again. However, the reduction of NOx and PM are still to be solved. Therefore, this study was applied to the diesel-water emulsified fuel (DE), which can simultaneously reduce NOx and PM, and the possibility of its application to conventional diesel engines was evaluated from the fundamental characteristics of diesel-water emulsified fuel. First of all, to examine the basic characteristics of DE depending on the type, content, and manufacturing time of surfactants, five surfactants were selected and a certain manufacturing ratio and time was given as a boundary condition. The produced DEs were evaluated in terms of water droplet size inside of the DE and stability. Before the four types of fuel in total (DE10/20 per two surfactants) were applied to diesel engines, an experiment was conducted as the preliminary step to examine the fuel characteristics such as injection quantity, injection rate, and spray behavior in the diesel fuel supply system. The DEs were applied to actual diesel engines and their combustion, emission, and fuel consumption characteristics were compared with those of diesel. In the experiment, the injection timing maintained the same with diesel. It was observed that all DEs involved the increase of injection quantity due to the low calorific value. In the low-load condition, ignition delay occurred, and as the load increased, ignition was advanced because of low ambient temperature due to the evaporative latent heat of water. Coefficient of variation (COV) of all DEs was stable as low as 2.0% and the combustion duration was shorter than that of diesel. NOx and PM generation rates of DEs were far lower than those of diesel, and so was THC probably because of the favorable function of the micro-explosion and evaporative latent heat. The value of CO, however, was higher because of the low CO oxidation rate. In the combustion visualization experiment where the macroscopic observation and digital image analysis were implemented, the micro-explosion phenomenon was observed. The attempt to predict PM generation rate failed due to the flame color, but the result of predicting NOx generation rate was persuasive enough to grasp the tendency. This study focuses on the use of diesel-water emulsified (DE) fuel to reduce NOx and PM emissions and evaluates its application to conventional diesel engines based on the fundamental characteristics of DE fuel. DE fuels were applied to actual diesel engines, and their combustion, emission, and fuel consumption characteristics were compared with those of diesel fuel. The injection time was the same in all experiments. The coefficient of variation (COV) of all DE fuels was stable at a value as low as 2.0%, and the combustion duration was shorter than that of diesel fuel. The NOx and PM generation rates of DE fuels were considerably lower than those of diesel fuel because of the beneficial effects of the micro-explosion and evaporative latent heat.

기계식 디젤엔진의 디젤-천연가스 혼소화를 통한 디젤 대체율 향상 연구

심주현(JuHyen Sim),곽용환(Yonghwan Kwak),고춘식(Chunsik Ko),이욱재(Okjae Lee),이상민(Sangmin Lee),이창언(Chang-Eon Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2012 No.11

An experimental study was performed to provide the effect of PM reduction and the improvement of diesel alternative ratio utilizing diesel-natural gas dual-fuel combustion mode in a retrofit 3.4-liter diesel engine. In order to achieve the same power as the original diesel engine, engine control unit (ECU) of the dual-fuel engine was calibrated. During this calibration, the amount of diesel fuel injection was fixed same as the amount in the idle state for all engine load conditions and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel injection was adjusted to increase power based on the power in idling state. LNG fuel was injected by a single point injection at the inlet of intake air manifold. As a result, diesel alternative ratio was improved in overall through making up the characteristic of lower diesel fuel consumption in comparison with mechanical diesel engine. Diesel alternative ratio was calculated from the experimental data acquired from full load test. It was found that the maximum value of diesel alternative ratio was about 96%. Finally PM emission experiment was performed in C1-8 mode cycle and it was shown PM emission was extremely reduced down to 7.42*10<SUP>-7</SUP> g/kWh comparing with mechanical diesel engine. From these results we believe our dual-fuel engine could meet Tier-4 regulations.

BTL 디젤 생산을 위한 F-T 디젤의 연료적 특성 연구

김재곤,전철환,임의순,정충섭,이상봉,이윤제,강명진 한국유화학회 2012 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.29 No.3

최근 정부는 국가 온실가스를 효율적으로 감축시켜 국제적인 기후변화에 대응하기 위하여 여러 부문에서 기술개발을 진행 중에 있다. 이를 달성하기 위하여 정부는 화석연료를 대체하고 이산화탄소를 감축시키는 수단으로 바이오연료를 저탄소와 탄소중립자원으로 검토하고 있는 실정이다. 일반적으로, 목질계로부터 생산된 2세대 바이오연료는 수송부문에서 기존 화석연료를 대체하고 온실가스를 감축하는데 큰 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 이유로 정부는 목질계 기반 바이오매스 액화연료(biomass-to-liquid fuel)에 대해 파일럿 수준으로 기술개발 중에 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오매스액화연료 생산을 위한 동일공정으로 합성된 F-T(Fischer-Tropsch) 디젤의 연료적 특성을 연구하였다. 합성 F-T 디젤은 자동차용 경유에 단독 또는 혼합하여 사용할 수 있는 장점으로 인해 자동차용 경유엔진에 사용될 수 있다. 그 이유는 합성 F-T 디젤이 자동차용 경유와 비슷한 물리적 특성을 가지기 때문이다. 본 연구에 사용된 F-T 디젤은 Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) 공정을 이용하여 저온(240℃)에서 철 촉매를 가지고 합성되었다. 합성 F-T 디젤은 n-파라핀과 iso-파라핀을 함유하고, 등유와 경유 성분을 가진 C12~C23+ 분포로 이루어졌다. 합성 F-T 디젤은 합성 F-T 연료부터 증류를 통해 분리된 합성 F-T 디젤은 자동차용 경유에 비해 세탄가가 높으며, 방향족화합물은 매우 낮고, 황함량는 초저황(sulfur free) 수준으로 평가되었다. 또한 합성 F-T 디젤은 자동차용 경유와 비교하여 황과 방향족 화합물의 함량이 낮기 때문에 윤활성이 열악함을 보였다. In order to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the South Korean government has announced a special platform of technologies as part of an effort to minimize global climate change. To further this effort, the Korean government has pledged to increase low-carbon and carbon neutral resources for biofuel derived from biomass to replace fossil and to decrease levels of carbon dioxide. In general, second generation biofuel produced form woody biomass is expected to be an effective avenue for reducing fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in road transport. It is important that under the new Korean initiative, pilot scale studies evolve practices to produce biomass-to-liquid (BTL) fuel. This study reports the quality characteristics of F-T(Fischer-Tropsch) diesel for production of BTL fuel. Synthetic F-Tdiesel fuel can be used in automotive diesel engines, pure or blended with automotive diesel, due to its similar physical properties to diesel. F-T diesel fuel was synthesized by Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process with syngas(H2/CO), Fe basedcatalyst in low temperature condition(240℃). Synthetic F-T diesel with diesel compositions after distillation process is consisted of C12~C23+ mixture as a kerosine, diesel compositions of n-paraffin and iso-paraffin compounds. Synthetic F-T diesel investigated a very high cetane number, low aromatic composition and sulfur free level compared to automotive diesel. Synthetic F-T diesel also show The wear scar of synthetic F-T diesel show poor lubricity due to low content of sulfur and aromatic compounds compared to automotive diesel.

BTL 디젤의 혼합비율에 따른 경유의 품질특성

김재곤(Jae-Kon Kim),전철환(Cheol-Hwan Jeon),임의순(Eui Soon Yim),정충섭(Choong-sub Jung),이상봉(Sangbong Lee),이윤제(YunJe Lee),강명진(Myung-Jin Kang) 한국자동차공학회 2011 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2011 No.11

Biomas-To-Liqufied(BTL) can be used for conventional diesel engines, pure or blended with conventional diesel due to its similar physical properties to diesel. BTL fuel was first produced by Fischer-Trosch(F-T) process with syngas(H₂/CO), Fe based catalyst in low temperature condition(240 ℃) in Korea. BTL with diesel compositions after distillation process is consisted of C12 ~ C23+ mixture as a kerosine, diesel compositions of n-paraffin and iso-paraff in compounds. Especially, it showed higher content n-paraffin in products compared with iso-paraffin products. BTL with diesel compositions showed a very high cetane number(54.6), low aromatic content(4.1 w/w.%) and sulfur free level(1.7 ㎎/㎏). This study was focused on quality characteristics of BTL diesel blends to use transport fuel in Korea. The BTL diesel were blended the different volume ratios (BTL D5(5 vol.% BTL diesel - 95 vol.% diesel), BTL D10, BTL D20, BTL D30, BTL D40, BTL D50 and BTL D100. Seven BTL diesel blends were analyzed by following the Korean standards, a test specification for conventional diesel for automotive fuel compared to base diesel. The specification of six BTL blends was within the limit by the Korean standards except density item.

진(Jeans) 브랜드 <디젤(Diesel)>의 광고와 패션쇼 그리고 퓨전문화

최준홍(Choi, Junhong) 글로벌문화콘텐츠학회 2010 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.4

본 연구는 현대사회에서 패션브랜드가 가져야 하는 정체성과 퓨전문화시대의 패션유행의 방향성 재고에 대한 논의를 위해 청바지를 그 대상으로 선정했다. 또한 많은 청바지 브랜드 중 문화를 커뮤니케이션의 주된 수단으로 활용하며 반(反)패션적인 마케팅을 실시하고 있는 진(jeans)브랜드 디젤(diesel)을 분석의 대상으로 삼았다. 논문이 설정한 주제의 연구를 위해 디젤의 광고커뮤니케이션과 패션쇼를 중점적으로 분석하였다. 먼저 광고커뮤니케이션은 1990년대부터 2000년대까지의 사례 중 문화를 활용한 형태를 역사적사건의 패러디, 사회 환경 캠페인, 정치적 캠페인 문화혼종화 등의 유형으로 분류하여 분석을 실시했다. 각각의 광고는 청바지 자체의 유혹적인 이미지를 부각하기 보다는 우리가 만들어낸 역사, 사회적 현상, 환경, 정치적 상황을 그들만의 독특한 기법을 통해 우리가 한번쯤은 생각해봐야 할 시사적인 메시지로 가공하여 전달하고 있다. 또한 서로 다른 문화를 혼합하는 방식을 사용하여 제3의 문화 혼종적인 이미지를 만들어내어 문화 다양성에 근거한 시선으로 세계와 소통하고 있으며, 직접적인 상품의 홍보보다는 광고가 만들어 낸 메시지를 통해 상품 가치를 부여하고 있다. 이러한 성향의 주제가 공연의 성격을 가지는 패션쇼에서 어떻게 표현되는가를 알아보기 위해 디젤 패션쇼의 제작에 사용된 주제를 분석하였다. 문화적 요소를 활용하여 만들어진 해당 시즌의 광고주제는 현장성과 동시성을 가지는 패션쇼를 위해 광고의 주제는 시간과 공간을 설정할 수 있는 주제로 변형되었으며, 세부적인 문화요소를 첨가한 이야기의 전개로 심화되었다. 본 연구는 문화를 활용한 실질적인 광고 및 패션쇼의 사례를 통해 패션브랜드의 커뮤니케이션 기법을 분석했으며, 유행의 전파에 있어서 강압적이고 획일적인 방법보다는 문화다양성에 근거한 커뮤니케이션의 방법을 지닐 수 있다는 패션의 긍정적인 면을 발견 했다. 더불어 패션의 분야에서 문화콘텐츠로 활용된 문화를 살펴볼 수 있었다. 결론적으로 본 논문을 통해 이야기하고자 하는 것은 유행의 전파에 있어서 문화다양성에 근거한 커뮤니케이션이 중요하며, 지구상의 모든 문화는 경계와 우열이 없으며 이것을 이해하고 포용하는 퓨전문화적인 사고에 의해 스스로의 이미지를 만드는 것이 21세기의 패션브랜드가 가져야하는 정체성과 패션유행의 방향성이 된다는 것이다. This research chooses jeans as a medium to discuss the significance of fashion brands identities and the direction of fashion trends in cross-cultural societies. Hence, this research focuses on jean brand Diesel to analyze the identity and trend of the fashion brand among many other jean brands. Unlike other jean brands, Diesel makes the best use of culture as its main communication means which transcends a fashion marketing norm of other jean brands. For more comprehensive analysis on the proposed topic, the author stresses on advertisement campaigns and fashion show cases of Diesel. First, advertisement campaigns that utilizes cultural exemplifications from 1990 s to 2000 s are analyzes and categorized into four different types : parodies of historical events, campaigns of socio-environment, and politic and mixtures of culture. Other brands’ advertisement campaigns that flaunt enticing images of their jeans, in contract Diesel chooses historical, social, environmental, and political situations and use its unique techniques to fabricate them into critical messages that people are bound to consider at least once in their life time. Moreover, Diesel mixes different cultures to create new cross-cultural images which promote Diesel’s idea of cultural diversity to the mass. Rather than directly marketing its products, Diesel conversely utilizes the messages of the advertisement campaigns to add the value to its products. Secondly, to investigate how its propensity is expressed in a fashion show as a form of performance, the themes of Diesel s fashion shows are analyzes with the following these elements of fashion, Utilizing cultural elements, the relevant season’s advertisement theme is transformed into a theme that is able to set up time and space in order to create a fashion show with locality and simultaneity. The theme deepens to unfolding of a story that contains detailed cultural elements. Furthermore, such theme becomes the element that provides dramatic effects to the fashion show, and creates various dramas at the scene. Consequently, it maximizes the advertisement campaign’s messages, and conveys them to the audience. The major significances of this research are analyzing communication methods of the fashion brand through cases of actual advertisement campaigns and fashion shows that utilize various cultures, and realizing the positive aspects of fashion through communication methods based upon cultural diversity rather than forceful and uniform methods of propagating trends. This research is also noteworthy in an aspect that it shows different cultures that are selected for the subject of cultural contents in the fashion industry. In conclusion, the author suggests that communication based on cultural diversity is critical to propagate trends. The research also stresses that there are no boundaries and superiority among different cultures, and creating images through understanding such creed and embracing cross-cultural mind set should be the base of identity and direction of fashion brands in 21st century.

Rhizosphere Microbial Activity During Phytoremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil

KIM, JAISOO,KANG, SEUNG-HEE,MIN, KYUNG-AH,CHO, KYUNG-SUK,LEE, IN-SOOK Taylor Francis 2006 Journal of environmental science and health. Part Vol.41 No.11

<P>To know microbial activity and diesel-removal efficiency influencing through plant roots, we examined the effect of the rhizosphere on phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils by alfalfa (<I>Medicago sativa</I> L.). Pots were treated with and without diesel and allowed to stabilize for 7 weeks, at which time four experimental/control groups were prepared: (1) planted diesel-contaminated soil, (2) unplanted diesel-contaminated soil, (3) planted uncontaminated soil, and (4) unplanted uncontaminated soil. Samples of rhizosphere and bulk soils were separately taken from all planted pots. After 7 weeks of alfalfa growth from seeds, the removal efficiencies in rhizosphere and bulk soil samples were 82.5% and 36.5∼ 59.4%, respectively. The total microbial activity was highest in diesel-contaminated rhizosphere soils. Significantly more culturable soil bacteria and hydrocarbon-degraders were found in diesel-contaminated rhizosphere soil versus unplanted and uncontaminated bulk soil, with a greater increase seen in hydrocarbon-degraders (172-fold) versus general soil bacteria (14-fold). DGGE (Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis) analysis revealed that the bacterial community structure was most highly influenced by the combined presence of diesel contamination and plant roots (39.13% similarity compared to the control), but that diesel contamination alone had a higher influence (42.31% similarity compared to the control) than the rhizosphere (50.00% similarity compared to the control). Sequence analysis and BLAST searches revealed that all samples were dominated by members of <I>α -</I>, <I>&ggr; -</I>, <I>&dgr; -</I> and <I>&epsis; -proteobacteria</I>, and <I>Chloroflexi</I>. The rhizosphere samples additionally contained novel dominant members of <I>α -proteobacteria</I> and <I>Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides</I>, while the diesel samples contained additional dominant <I>α -proteobacteria</I> and the rhizosphere plus diesel samples contained other <I>&epsis; -proteobacteria</I>. Collectively, these findings indicate that the presence of plant roots (i.e., a rhizosphere) had a greater effect on bacterial activity in diesel contamination than did the absence of diesel contamination, whereas diesel contamination had a greater effect on bacterial community structure. These novel findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of phytoremediation.</P>

목질계 열분해유-바이오 디젤 유상액을 사용하는 직접분사식 디젤 엔진의 엔진성능 및 배기특성에 관한 연구

이석환 ( Seok Hwan Lee ) 한국분무공학회 2012 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The vast stores of biomass available in the worldwide have the potential to displace significant amounts of fuels that are currently derived from petroleum sources. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of possible paths by which we can convert biomass to higher value products. The wood pyrolysis oil (WPO), also known as the bio crude oil (BCO), has been regarded as an alternative fuel for petroleum fuels to be used in diesel engine. However, the use of WPO in a diesel engine requires modifications due to low energy density, high water contents, low acidity, and high viscosity of the WPO. One of the easiest way to adopt WPO to diesel engine without modifications is emulsification of WPO with diesel or bio diesel. In this study, a DI diesel engine operated with diesel, bio diesel (BD), WPO/BD emulsion was experimentally investigated. Performance and gaseous & particle emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by WPO/BD emulsion were examined. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible with emulsion and engine output power was comparable to diesel and bio diesel operation.

Green technology and performance consequences of an eco-friendly substance on a 4-stroke diesel engine at standard injection timing and compression ratio

P. Mohamed Shameer,K. Ramesh 대한기계학회 2017 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.31 No.3

This study experimentally focuses on finding the optimum blend ratio for Direct injection (D.I) diesel engine fuelled with mahua oildiesel and n-butanol- diesel without any modifications in the engine. Test fuels were prepared by choosing 8 different concentrations as B10 (10 % Biodiesel and 90 % Diesel), B20 (20 % Biodiesel and 80 % Diesel), B30 (30 % Biodiesel and 70 % Diesel), B40 (40 % Biodiesel and 60 % Diesel), BU10 (10 % n-butanol and 90 % Diesel), BU20 (20 % n-butanol and 80 % Diesel), BU30 (30 % n-butanol and 70 % Diesel), BU40 (40 % n-butanol and 60 % Diesel). Experiments were performed at constant speed and variable loads at standard injection timing of 23 Crank angle degree BTDC and standard compression ratio of 16.5:1 to determine the engine performance indicators and exhaust gas emissions such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, soot content and oxides of nitrogen. The optimum blend ratio for mahua biodiesel- diesel blend and n-butanol- diesel blend were determined and compared on eco-friendly and economical basis to gain the suitable substitute fuel. The result showed that Mahua biodiesel blend is eco-friendly and economically apt alternative fuel for diesel.