자기조절력과 해석수준이 지연할인율에 미치는 효과

신유주,김교헌 한국건강심리학회 2018 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.23 No.1

People are stand at the crossroads of choice between the consequences that can occur in everyday inter temporal. A lot of people tend to prefer the immediate rewards, even if the rewards are lager for the future. Each of individuals has different delay discount rates, people who take count of the higher discount rates for future rewards undervalue present value of the future rewards and judge it has a less influence that the effects of future reward due to the current choice. They select the problematic behavior, such as smoking, addiction, eating problem and impulse buying because of excessive discounts for future rewards. This research aimed at investigating the effects of self-regulatory strength and construal level on delay discounting. First, targeting 54 individuals who are male or female in university students and students on a leave of absence in the age of 20s. We set the cover story "Influence of the preference for money" after that, we make them write down a self control scale(SCS) and selected each 27 individuals in the top 25% and 27 individuals in the bottom 25% of full score, among people who decided to participate in this experiment. For this, the researcher planned a design between subjects 2(high self-regulatory strength, low self-regulatory strength) × 2(high construal level, low construal level), and used behavior task Delay discounting task(DDT) to measure delay discount rates and presumed individual's delay discount, accepting responses (which have been) selected by participants. As the analysis result, significant difference appeared in the discount rates of self-regulatory strength and construal level. Also, delay discount was lower when high construal level has been manipulated and was higher when low constual level has been manipulated, in group of low self-regulatory strength, whereas there were no relevant difference according to construal level, in group of high self-regulatory strength. These results propose self-regulatory strength's correlation between deficiency and high delay discount, and impress the importance of induction to high construal level is helpful for reducing delay discount. According to the study, we could expect that induction to futuristic temporal preference may be prevent effect to message delivery in clinical setting regarded as self control failure. 사람들은 일상적으로 미래에 발생할 수 있는 결과들 사이 선택의 갈림길에 서 있다. 많은 이들이 비록 미래의 보상이 더 큰 것이라 할지라도 즉각적인 보상을 선호하는 경향이 있다. 본 연구는 자기조절과 해석수준이 지연할인율에 미치는 효과에 대해 실험적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 먼저, 국내 4년제 대학교 재학생 및 휴학생인 20대 남녀 54명을 대상으로 ‘생활양식이 돈에 대한 선호에 미치는 영향’ 이라는 커버스토리를 설정 후 자기조절 척도(Self-Control Scale: SCS)를 실시하였다. 실험 참여에 동의한 참여자를 대상으로 보고된 전체 점수의 상위 25%에 해당하는 27명과 하위 25%에 해당하는 27명을 선발하였으며 실험설계는 2(자기조절 고, 자기조절 저) × 2(상위해석수준, 하위해석수준)로 피험자 간 설계를 하였다. 지연할인율 측정을 위하여 컴퓨터를 통해 행동과제인 Delay Discounting Task(DDT)를 활용하였으며 참여자가 선택한 응답으로 참여자 개인의 지연할인율을 추정하였다. 그 결과, 자기조절과 해석수준에 따른 지연할인율에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 자기조절이 낮은 집단에서 상위해석수준을 조작하였을 때 지연할인율이 낮아졌으며 하위해석수준을 조작하였을 때 지연할인율이 높아지는 결과를 보인 반면, 자기조절이 높은 집단에서는 해석수준에 따른 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 자기조절의 결핍과 높은 지연할인율이 연관되어 있음과 상위해석수준으로 유도하는 것이 지연할인율을 낮추는 데 도움이 된다는 것을 제안한다. 이 연구를 통해 자기조절의 실패로 간주되어지는 임상장면에서 해석수준 조작을 통한 미래지향적인 시간선호 유도가 예방 메시지 전달 효과를 기대할 수 있다.

시간의 유한성에 대한 인식이 지연된 소비에 대한 가치평가에 미치는 영향

김병규 ( Kim Byung Kyu ) 한국소비자학회 2018 소비자학연구 Vol.29 No.1

시간은 무한하게 존재하지만 한 사람에게 가용한 시간은 그 사람의 수명으로 제한된다. 평소 사람들이 자신에게 주어진 시간의 유한성을 늘 인식하지는 않지만, 일단 인식되면 사람들의 의사결정에 다양한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 시간의 유한성은 소비자 의사결정에 대한 연구에서 중요한 변인이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 시간의 유한성에 대한 인식이 지연된 소비에 대한 가치평가에 미치는 영향을 살펴본다. 소비자들은 지금 당장 소비가 가능한 재화뿐만 아니라 미래에 소비할 재화에 대해서도 평가하고 선택한다. 그런데 당장 소비 가능한 재화와 비교하여 미래에 소비할 수 있는 재화의 가치는 낮게 평가되는 경향이 있다. 이를 지연된 소비에 대한 가치경시 혹은 지연할인이라고 부른다. 본 연구는 소비자가 자신의 삶에서 남아있는 시간이 유한하다는 것을 인식하면 그렇지 않은 경우와 비교하여 지연된 소비의 가치를 더 낮게 평가한다는 것을 보여주고자 한다. 특히, 본 연구는 이와 같은 효과의 원인을 시간의 유한성 인식이 시간지각에 미치는 영향에서 찾는다. 시간의 유한성을 인식하면 소비자들은 동일한 시간을 주관적으로 더 길게 인식한다. 그 결과, 시간의 유한성을 인식한 소비자들은 그렇지 않은 소비자와 비교하여 지연된 소비가 상대적으로 더 지연된 것처럼 느끼게 된다. 따라서 이들은 지연된 소비의 가치를 더 낮게 평가하게 되는 것이다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 가설들을 두 개의 실험실 실험을 통해서 검증한다. Although physical time is infinite, time available to consumers is limited by their lifespan. In this research, we examine whether heightening scarcity of time influences consumers’ time perception as well as their valuation of delayed consumptions. Compared to immediate consumptions, delayed consumptions look less attractive. In other words, the value of delayed consumptions is discounted. Because consumers’ tendency to discount delayed consumptions is associated with various problematic behaviors, it is important to study factors influencing discounting and their underlying processes. In this research, we show that consumers who are reminded of the scarcity of time perceive the same duration to be subjectively longer than those who are not. We further examine the implications of this effect on the discounting of delayed consumptions. Specifically, using a delay discounting task, we demonstrate that consumers with heightened scarcity of time discount the value of delayed monetary outcomes more heavily because waiting time until the receipt of delayed rewards looks subjectively longer. We show these effects through two laboratory experiments.

The Delay Discounting and Aggression of Patients with Alcohol-Fuelled Violence

임승우,고영건 한국임상심리학회 2017 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.36 No.1

To determine the factors that differentiate between the violent alcoholic group and non-violent alcoholic group, impulsivity and aggression are examined. In measuring impulsivity, delay discounting—referring to the devaluation of future outcomes— is believed to explain the behavioral tendencies of aggressive alcoholics. Participants consisted of 82 male inpatients in an alcohol abuse clinic, as well as 30 male non-patients as control subjects. To examine the relationship between alcoholism, aggression, and impulsivity, Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS), Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), and delay discounting task were used. The study’s results showed that BIS can be sensitive in differentiating the ‘trait’ aspect of impulsivity between alcoholics and non-alcoholics. However, the delay discounting task showed an effectiveness in the differentiation of the ‘behavioral’ aspect of impulsivity, and in this case, the distinction between those who display alcohol-fuelled violence and those who do not. More specifically, the rate of discounting was higher for the violent alcoholic group than the non-violent alcoholic group, suggesting that a further study examining the behavioral aspect of impulsivity could lead to a better understanding and treatment of those who display a more aggressive tendency while under the influence of alcohol.

손을 움켜쥐면 경제적 선택에 대한 인내심이 높아질까?: 체화된 자기 조절이 지연 보상 선택에 미치는 효과

한승희,차운아 한국소비자·광고심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 소비자·광고 Vol.15 No.1

Based on the theory of embodied cognition, this study investigated the effect of bodily posture associated with self-regulation on economic decisions involving delayed rewards. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: Firming condition where participants were asked to clasp a pen firmly against their palm and no-firming condition where participants were asked to hold pen loosely between their index and middle fingers. While maintaining the respective bodily posture, participants were then asked to make a series of monetary decision, which involves choices between smaller, immediate rewards (SIR) and larger, delayed rewards (LDR). The results demonstrated that, compared to those in the no-firming condition, participants in the firming condition were more likely to discount the value of delayed rewards in a lesser degree and choose larger, delayed rewards (LDR) instead of smaller, immediate rewards (SIR). The effect, however, was significant only when the size of LDR was small. The implication of this finding was discussed. 본 연구는 체화된 인지(embodied cognition) 이론에 근거하여 의지와 자기 조절과 관련된 신체적 동작인 손을 움켜쥐는 동작이 실제 경제적 선택에서의 인내심을 높이는 데에도 영향을 미칠 수 있는지를 실험을 통하여 검증하였다. 참가자들은 손으로 펜을 힘주어 움켜쥐는 동작과 펜을 느슨하게 쥐는 동작의 두 가지 자기 조절 동작 중 하나를 유지한 상태에서 적은 금액이지만 당장 수령 가능한 보상(Smaller, Immediate Rewards: SIR)과 상대적으로 큰 금액이지만 일정한 기간 이후에야 수령 가능한 보상(Larger, Delayed Rewards: LDR) 중 하나를 선택하는 일련의 지연 할인 과제를 수행하였다. 실험 결과 지연 보상 금액의 크기 조건과 자기 조절 동작 조건 간의 유의미한 상호작용이 나타났다. 지연 보상의 금액 크기가 적은 25,000-35,000원 조건에서 손을 움켜쥐는 동작은 참가자들의 지연에 따른 보상 가치의 할인 정도를 감소시켜 즉각적 보상보다는 지연 보상을 선택하는 확률을 높이는 것으로 나타났다.

인터넷 중독 성향과 사용유형에 따른 충동성과 플로우 경험의 차이

김지경,곽호완,장문선,구본훈 한국임상심리학회 2012 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.31 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine differences of impulsivity and flow experience according to internet addiction and internet usage type. A total of 486 undergraduate students participated in this study. They were asked to complete questionnaires concerned with the Internet addiction scale_(K-scale); 38 subjects were selected for inclusion in the ‘addiction group’, and 38 subjects were included in the ‘normal control group’. In the lab, subjects were given an Experiential Discounting task, BIS-11 scale, and Flow experience scale. The results showed significant correlation between delay discounting task and BIS-11, and, when two tasks were used together, explanation power regarding internet addiction increased. We also examined the differences according to the internet addiction and usage type. The results indicated that there was interaction between internet addiction and usage type on delay discounting task. Subjects in the Internet addiction group showed a lower indifference point and AUC value, indicating that they were impulsive and have difficulty in gratification of delay. Game group in normal controls was also impulsive. However, no interaction between internet addiction tendency and usage type was observed on the self-reported scale. Finally, we examined flow experience. The results indicated a difference in total score according to internet addiction, whereas no difference was observed according to usage type and there was no interaction effect. These results suggest that subjects in the normal control group can also show behavioral impulsivity according to usage type and show different aspects according to characteristic of impulsivity tasks. Also, web-surfing type as well as game type showed significant flow experience in the internet addiction group. Finally, more implications and limitations were discussed.

건강행동 준수에 대한 계획된 행동이론 모형 검증: 낙관적 편향 및 지연할인 인식의조절효과를 중심으로

서경현 한국건강심리학회 2020 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.25 No.5

This study verified a theory of planned behavior (TPB) model to predict the adherence of health behavior and identified the role of the optimistic bias or delay discounting in that model. Subjects were 357 Korean male and female adults whose ages ranged from 18 to 76. The TPB factors and their optimistic bias were measured by modified items used in the previous studies, and some items were developed to measure delay discounting. An alternative TPB model, including a direct path from attitude to behavior and a direct path from the perceived behavioral control to behavior was validated for the adherence of health behavior. This model was found to be moderated by optimistic bias and delay discounting each. Findings of this study should provide useful information and knowledge for future research and for medical or health professionals who wanting to improve the adherence of health behavior of people. 본 연구에서는 건강행동 준수를 예측할 수 있는 계획된 행동이론(TPB) 모형을 검증하고, 그 모형에서 낙관적 편향과 지연할인 인식의 역할을 확인하였다. 연구 참여자들은 357명의 남녀 성인이었으며, 연령은 18세에서 76세까지 분포되어 있었다. 계획된 행동이론 변인들과 낙관적 편향은 선행연구들에서 사용된 문항들을 연구 목적에 맞게 수정하고 보완하여 측정하였으며, 지연할인 인식도 건강행동을 준수했을 때 나나타나는 효과가 지연되어 나타날 것이라고 인식하는 정도를 묻는 문항들로 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 태도와 행동 간의 직접 경로와 지각된 행동통제력과 행동 간의 직접 경로가 포함된 경쟁모형이 건강행동 준수에 대한 계획된 행동이론 모형으로 채택되었다. 그리고 이 모형은 각각 낙관적 편향과 지연할인 인식에 의해 조절되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 건강행동 준수에 관한 추후 연구를 위한 지식과 국민의 건강을 증진하고자 하는 의료인이나 건강전문가를 위한 유용한 임상적 정보를 제공한다.

Effect of emotional arousal on inter-temporal decision-making: an fMRI study

Sohn, Jin-Hun,Kim, Hyo-Eun,Sohn, Sunju,Seok, Ji-Woo,Choi, Damee,Watanuki, Shigeki BioMed Central 2015 Journal of Physiological Anthropology Vol.34 No.1

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Previous research has shown that emotion can significantly impact decision-making in humans. The current study examined whether or not and how situationally induced emotion influences people to make inter-temporal choices.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Affective pictures were used as experiment stimuli to provoke emotion, immediately followed by subjects’ performance of a delay-discounting task to measure impulsivity during functional magnetic resonance imaging.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Results demonstrate a subsequent process of increased impulsive decision-making following a prior exposure to both high positive and negative arousal stimuli, compared to the experiment subjects’ experiences with neutral stimuli. Findings indicate that increased impulsive decision-making behaviors can occur with high arousal and can be characterized by decreased activities in the cognitive control regions such as prefronto-parietal regions.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>These results suggest that ‘stabilization of high emotional arousal’ may facilitate a reduction of impulsive decision-making and implementation of longer term goals.</P>

명품과 배경음악이 충동적 의사결정에 미치는 영향

장성진 ( Seongjin Jang ),한광희 ( Kwanghee Han ) 한국감성과학회 2017 감성과학 Vol.20 No.1

In this study, we figured out that music modes and item types could affect people`s urged decision making through a k-value which results from a delay discounting`s hyperbolic function. Generally, high k-value is related to impulsive decision making. Concretely, there was a significant interaction between items and music. For the luxury item, the k-value was higher while listening to major music than minor. However, for the non-luxury item condition the k-value difference was not significant between two pieces of music. Moreover, we expected mood could be manipulated after listening to the music and mediate a difference of tendency. We used first movement as an allegro and second as an andante of Mozart piano concerto No.5 D-major and No.20 D-minor for stimuli. As a result, mode and tempo`s main effects were not significant. Nevertheless, there was a significant two-way interaction. To put it concretely, the k-value of major condition was marginally higher than minor condition on allegro. However, the k-value of major condition was significantly lower than minor condition on andante. Also, depressed degree difference was significant but it was not significant as a mediator. Set depressed degree as a predict variable and future time span as a mediator, further research found future time perception partially mediated the effect that depressed degree affects impulsivity.

충동성 측정도구로서 지연 디스카운팅 과제 (Delay Discounting Task)의 상대적 유용성 평가

최부열,정경미 한국임상심리학회 2011 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.30 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Delay Discounting Task, one of the behavioral tasks that measure impulsivity. Self-management ability was used as a dependent variable for the impulsive behavior. First, the difference in the performance of delay discounting task between the high-level and low-level self-management ability groups was explored. Second, correlations among the delay discounting task, a self-report questionnaire, and self-management ability were investigated. Finally, through controlling a self-report questionnaire measure, the independent influence of the delay discounting task on self-management ability was examined. Participants were 74 undergraduate students attending a self-management course at the university. Individuals performed a self-management project during a semester of the course and submitted a report including all related behaviors at the end of the semester. The report was evaluated and used as a dependent variable. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) was used as a self-report questionnaire measure. Results showed that the low-level self-management ability group reported significantly lower value in delay discounting task than the high-level group; this reflected a higher level of impulsivity for the low-level group. Both BIS-11 and the delay discounting task were significantly correlated with self-management ability, yet the correlation between BIS-11 and the delay discounting task was not significant. Furthermore, significant effect of the delay discounting task on the self- management ability was found even after controlling gender and BIS-11. These results implied that the delay discounting task was a useful measure that indicated impulsivity-related behaviors differently than the self-report. This suggests the need to utilize two different measures when evaluating impulsivity. More implications and limitations are discussed.

청소년의 충동성과 스마트폰 중독 간의 관계: 지연 할인 과제의 활용 가능성 탐색

신성만,송용수,김정진,오준성 한국건강심리학회 2018 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.23 No.2

This study aims to investigate the possible application of the delay discounting task, a behavioral task that measures impulsiveness, on the relationship between impulsiveness and smartphone addiction among adolescents. The relative utility of the delay discounting task was also examined and compared to the utility of a self-report questionnaire. In order to do this, it was necessary to examine whether there were differences in the values of delay discounting by smartphone addiction level. The correlation between the delay discounting task, the self-report questionnaire of impulsiveness, and smartphone addiction were also investigated. Lastly, the independent explanation power of the delay discounting task on smartphone addiction was examined. The self-report surveys and the delay discounting tasks were conducted with 342 male and female adolescents in four middle schools and six high schools in an urban city in the southern part of Korea. As a result, students in the group with the highest level of smartphone addiction showed statistically significant higher values in the delay discounting task. This indicated they have higher impulsiveness than the group of students with a low level of smartphone addiction. In addition, both the delay discounting task and the self-report questionnaire showed a statistically significant correlation with smartphone addiction, although the correlation between the two instruments was not statistically significant. Finally, the delay discounting task significantly predicted the smartphone addiction while controlling the smartphone using time and the variables of the self-report questionnaire. These results show that the delay discounting task is an appropriate tool for measuring impulsiveness related to smartphone addiction. Limitations and implications for future research on the delay discounting task are discussed. 본 연구는 청소년의 충동성과 스마트폰 중독 간의 관계에서 충동성 측정을 위한 행동과제 도구인 지연 할인 과제(MCQ)의 활용 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 또한 기존에 충동성을 측정하는 자기보고식 설문 도구(BIS-11)와의 상대적 유용성도 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 스마트폰 중독 수준에 따라 지연 할인 값에 차이가 있는지 확인하였으며 지연 할인 과제 및 자기보고식으로 측정된 충동성, 스마트폰 중독 간의 상관 관계를 탐색하였다. 끝으로 스마트폰 중독에 대한 지연 할인 과제의 독립적인 설명력을 살펴보았다. P시 소재 중학교 4곳과 고등학교 6곳에 재학 중인 남여 청소년 342명에게 자기보고식 설문조사 및 지연 할인 과제를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 스마트폰 중독 수준이 높은 집단이 낮은 집단에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 지연 할인 값을 보고하여 더 높은 충동성을 보여주었다. 지연 할인 과제와 자기보고식 설문 모두 스마트폰 중독과 유의한 상관을 보였으나 두 도구 간의 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 또한, 스마트폰 사용 시간 및 자기보고식 설문 변인과 독립적으로 지연 할인 과제가 스마트폰 중독을 유의미하게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 지연 할인 과제가 스마트폰 중독에서의 충동성을 측정하는 데 유용한 도구임을 나타낸다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 스마트폰 중독에 있어 충동성 측정 시 지연 할인 과제를 사용할 수 있음을 제안하였고 한계점 및 추후 제언을 논의하였다.