컨테이너선 대형화에 따른 부산항의 대응 방안

원승환 ( Seung Hwan Won ),조성우 ( Sung Woo Cho ),이주호 ( Joo Ho Lee ) 한국해운물류학회(구 한국해운학회) 2015 해운물류연구 Vol.31 No.2

부산항은 해상운송에 대한 접근성이 매우 우수하지만 중국 항만의 위협에 따른 최근의 환경 변화에 대응하기 위해 인프라, 장비, 운영 등의 측면에서 종합적인 대응 전략이 필요하다. 본 연구는 컨테이너선의 대형화에 초점을 맞춘 부산항의 대응 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 먼저 선박 대형화가 항만에 미치는 영향을 정리한다. 선박이 대형화됨에 따라서 보다 깊은 수심의 확보, 선석 길이의 증가, 하역장비 사양의 변화, 하역 생산성의 향상 등이 요구된다. 이어서 최근 부산항에 입항하였던 선박 자료를 조사하여 부산항의 대형 선박 입항 현황을 파악하고 미래의 상황을 추정한다. 또한 부산항의 현재 선박 수용 환경을 토대로 선박 대형화가 보다 가속화될 미래에 대형선박을 수용 가능할지를 분석한다. 이상의 분석을 기반으로 컨테이너선 대형화에 따른 부산항의 대응 방안으로 입출항 해협 및 안벽전면의 수심 확보를 통한 접안 조건의 개선, 선박 길이의 증가에 따른 선석의 재배치, 선폭 증가에 따른 하역장비 사양의 변화, 선박의 평균 처리량 증가에 대비한 생산성의 혁신 등이 제시된다. As the size of trade between countries increased, there are rapid changes in the logistics environment concerning ports. The world container handling volume in 2013 is 642 million TEUs, which grew by 80 percent compared to 360 million TEUs in 2004. It is forecasted to reach 840 million TEUs in 2018, which grew by over 2 times compared to the amount in 2004. Due to this, the marine transportation industry has made Mega-Carrier appear through mergers and acquisitions between shipping lines to expand market dominance, and they are continuing to make enormous investments for securing mega ships over 10,000 TEUs in order to strengthen the competitiveness in shipping cost. According to such changes in the shipping environment, large ports in the world are engaging in fierce competition for hub ports by continents in order to attract mega fleet, and this is leading to the trend of strengthening port competitiveness through the securing and operation of efficient port facilities. In other words, the world’s leading ports such as Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Busan, Rotterdam, and Hamburg are not only developing large-sized terminals but also investing highly productive handling equipment for the efficiency of port operation. By the requirements of shipbuilders and shipping companies, very large container ships are becoming a reality, and 20,000 to 30,000 TEUs or more ultra large vessels are also expected a few years after. In these situations, the world’s major ports are faced with important challenges. The provision of container terminal infrastructure has to be enhanced to reduce the time that vessels need to stay in port. It is imperative for container ports and individual terminals to be efficient in order to survive in today’s competitive environment. Busan Port has a very excellent accessibility to international intermodal transportation network but is facing a serious threat from the rapid growth of Chinese Ports. Now Busan Port needs the total counter-strategies considering infrastructure, equipment, and operation. The objective of this research is to propose the counter-strategies of Busan Port against growing container vessel size. In order to achieve the objective, we firstly summarize the effects of growing container vessel size on ports. The enlargement of vessels requires deeper water level, longer berth length, bigger container handling equipment, and higher handling productivity. Second, we analyze the calling situation of large container vessels at Busan Port by investigating the historical data of vessels which recently called at Busan Port, and also estimate the future status of Busan Port. Third, we also analyze the calling acceptability of large container vessels at Busan Port in the future based on the current calling conditions of Busan Port. Finally, we suggest the counter-strategies of Busan Port against the expansion of container vessel size based on the results of analyses: the improvement of berthing condition through keeping deeper water level of sea route and quay inside the ports, the rearrangement of berths according to longer vessel length, the specification acceptance of container handling equipment according to wider vessel width, and the innovative improvement of productivity against increasing the average handling amounts of vessels.

Comparative Efficiency of Container Ports in Vietnam and Korea

Ly, Pham Thi Hoai,Ahn, Ki-Myung,Ryoo, Dong-Keun Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2018 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.42 No.2

Currently, there are very few papers that have examined the efficiency of Vietnamese ports. Of those that have, some of them take into account only a few container ports in Northern Vietnam. Others focus on comparing all types of ports in Vietnam with regard to the differences in efficiency scores when applying different methods to evaluate efficiency. However, there is no paper that specifically analyzes the efficiency of Vietnamese container ports throughout the country or that compares Vietnamese container ports with those of other countries in terms of efficiency. In order to provide more accurate and interesting information for container port authorities, in this study, 21 major Vietnamese container ports and seven major Korean container ports are selected and examined with regard to their levels of efficiency in 2016 using data envelopment analysis (DEA). This paper applies both constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS) to explore the differences among overall technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency of the selected container ports. This study also indicate slacks and sets projections for inefficient ports.

Comparative Efficiency of Container Ports in Vietnam and Korea

Pham Thi Hoai Ly,Ki-Myung Ahn,Dong-Keun Ryoo 한국항해항만학회 2018 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.42 No.2

Currently, there are very few papers that have examined the efficiency of Vietnamese ports. Of those that have, some of them take into account only a few container ports in Northern Vietnam. Others focus on comparing all types of ports in Vietnam with regard to the differences in efficiency scores when applying different methods to evaluate efficiency. However, there is no paper that specifically analyzes the efficiency of Vietnamese container ports throughout the country or that compares Vietnamese container ports with those of other countries in terms of efficiency. In order to provide more accurate and interesting information for container port authorities, in this study, 21 major Vietnamese container ports and seven major Korean container ports are selected and examined with regard to their levels of efficiency in 2016 using data envelopment analysis (DEA). This paper applies both constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS) to explore the differences among overall technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency of the selected container ports. This study also indicate slacks and sets projections for inefficient ports.

Preparation of dry ports for a competitive environment in the container seaport system: A process benchmarking approach

J. JEEVAN,NHM. SALLEH,K.B LOKE,A.H. SAHARUDDIN 국제이네비해양경제학회 2017 International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Vol.7 No.1

The significant exodus of containers inland due to the container revolution has increased the salience of inland terminals for efficient freight distribution. Further, the migration of containers gradually inland has forced seaports to depend on these inland terminals to determine their competitiveness and offer a mechanism for competitive freight price to the consumer. The performance of dry ports need to be improved along with the dynamic nature of maritime business, to efficiently fulfil the demand all the key players in the container seaport system, provide economies of scale and scope to their respective clients and enhances the importance of inland networks to improve and consistently elongate the competitiveness of container seaports. Predicated to these importance, this paper aims to enhance dry port performance by adapting a process benchmarking strategy among the Malaysian dry ports. Prior to the adaptation of the process benchmarking approach, a grounded theory had been conducted as a method of analysis among the key players of the Malaysian container seaport system in order to provide essential inputs for the benchmarking. Through this paper, the outcome shows all four Malaysian dry ports need to improve their transportation infrastructure and operation facilities, container planning strategy, competition, location and externalities in order to assist all the key players in the container seaport system efficiently and effectively.

부산시의 컨테이너세 징수에 관한 연구

김공원(K.W. Kim),곽규석(K.S. Kwak),김근섭(G.S. Kim) 한국항해항만학회 2002 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.1 No.-

Busan Port which is the representative social overhead capital facilities for international trade of goods has been the driving force for economic development in Korea. Therefore, the central government should play the major role in building a rear road to Busan Port in order that it may function as a mojor port of Northeastern Asia through the systemization of mutual assistance among connected facilities, completely equipped with port-related facilities befitting to the principal port of imports and exports. In this study, the validity of container tax is being examined, analyzing container tax which is considered as an obstacle to the development of Busan Port and its purpose, and grasping the present conditions by the realistic speculation on container tax issues and its abolition. First, the port rear road as a social overhead capital facilities, which connects port and expressway, should be considered as part of port, and port is social overhead capital invested by government. Second, the Busan City imposes on container tax. As a result, a shipper and a ship-ping company are paying a double charge by paying container tax with port dues. Third, someone argues that port rear road is constructed as container truck generates much traffic, but it is unreasonable to conclude that container truck is seed of traffic jam because according to traffic survey of Busan City, container truck occupies only 1.45% of total traffic. Forth, it has bad influence upon the competitiveness of Busan Port as Northeastern logistics base, as other ports who are competing with Busan Port like Singapore, Hong kong, Kobe make their competitiveness strong by decreasing the cost of port dues.

군산항 유치가능 수출입 컨테이너화물 추정 연구

박형창(Hyoung-Chang Park) 한국항만경제학회 2008 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

전라북도에서 발생하는 수출입 컨테이너화물 264,120TEU 중에서 군산항에서는 6.60%만이 처리되고 나머지는 광양항과(55.90%) 부산항(34.15%), 기타항(4.45% )에서 94.40%가 타항만에서 처리되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 군산항에서 처리하는 수출입 컨테이너화물은 31,715TEU로 전국항만 대비 0.20%를 처리하고 있으며, 중국의 상해항과 청도항의 수출입 컨테이너화물이 전체 26,912TEU로 군산항 전체 수출입 컨테이너화물 처리물량의 80.15%의 비중을 차지하고 있다. 이와같이 전라북도에서 발생되는 수출입 컨테이너화물의 50%만 군산항을 이용해도 약 130,000TEU을 유치할수 있을 것으로 추정된다. 최적권역을 이용하지 않고 타항만으로 유출입되는 l,947,069TEU 수출입 컨테이너 화물의 약 10%만 군산항으로 유치한다면 약 190,000TEU의 물동량 증대를 가져올수 있을 것으로 추정되며, 이중 중국의 상해항과 청도항의 수출입 컨테이너화물 중 최적권역을 이용하지 않은 타항만을 이용하는 수출입 컨테이너화물은 총 383,184TEU로 이중 약 10%만 군산항으로 유치하면 약 38,000TEU의 컨테이너화물을 유치할 수 있을 것으로 추정된다. Container cargos for import and export of Jeollabukdo are handled at Gunsan port, which just hold 6.60% of the total amount 264,120 TEU. The rest of them reaching 94.40%, are handled at Gwangyang port(55.90%), Busan port(34.15%) and others(4.45%). Container cargos for import and export handled at Gunsan port are 31,715 TEU that hold only 0.20% of all cargos in Korea. On the other hand, container cargos for import and export handled at Shanghai and Qingdao port are 26,912 TEU which hold 80.15% of the total handling container cargos at Gunsan port. If 50% of container cargos produced in Jeollabukdo are handled at Gunsan port, the total handling container cargos will be 130,000 TEU. And if the container cargos reaching 1,947,069 TEU which are using other ports can be attracted to Gunsan port, it is expected that around 190,000 TEU will be increased in the quantity of goods. The total container cargos of Shanghai and Qingdao port not handled by the nearest ports are 383,184 TED. If Jeollabukdo attract around 10% of those cargos into Gunsan port, about 38,000 TEU container cargos will be handled at Gunsan port.

부산시의 컨테이너세 징수에 관한 연구

김공원(Kong-Won Kim),곽규석(Kyu-Suk Kwak),김근섭(Geun-Sub Kim) 한국항해항만학회 2002 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.26 No.2

부산항은 우리나라의 대표적인 사회간접자본시설로서 국가경제발전의 견인차 역할을 수행해 왔다. 그러므로 항만관련시설들의 상호보완적인 시스템화를 통하여 부산항을 세계 제일의 물류기지로 발전시켜 향후 동북아 물류중심항으로의 기능을 원만히 수행할 수 있도록 정부가 부산항 항만배후도로의 시설주체가 되어야 한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 부산항의 발전을 저해하는 컨테이너세의 문제점과 폐지에 관한 현실적인 접근을 통해 컨테이너세와 그 용도에 관한 분석 및 현황파악을 바탕으로 컨테이너세의 타당성 여부를 검토하여 다음과 같이 정리하였다. 첫째, 항만에서 역외 고속도로까지를 연결하는 항만배후도로는 항만의 일부분이므로 정부가 시설투자의 주체가 되어야 한다. 둘째, 컨테이너세를 징수함으로써 화주와 선사는 수출입 물류비와 함께 컨테이너세를 추가적으로 지불하여 상당한 비용적 부담을 안고 있다. 셋째, 공컨테이너 또는 환적컨테이너의 수출입 비중은 상당히 높아, 부산시 교통체증을 유발하는 요인으로 작용하고 있으나, 부과대상에서 제외되고 있어 컨테이너세 부과대상의 형평성에 크게 어긋나고 있다. 넷째, 동북아 물류허브항만이 되기 위하여 중국, 대만, 일본의 경쟁항만들은 항만비용의 절감을 통해 경쟁력을 향상시키고 있는 반면, 부산항은 컨테이너세라는 추가적인 세금을 부과함으로써 가격 경쟁력의 약화를 가져와 동북아 물류허브항만으로 육성하기 위한 전략에 큰 차질을 빚고 있다. Busan Port which is the representative social overhead capital facilities for international trade of goods has been the driving force for economic development in Korea. Therefore, the central government should play the major role in building a rear road to Busan Port in order that it may function as a mojor port of Northeastern Asia through the systemization of mutual assistance among connected facilities, completely equipped with port-related facilities befitting to the principal port of imports and exports. In this study, the validity of container tax is being examined, analyzing container tax which is considered as an obstacle to the development of Busan Port and its purpose, and grasping the present conditions by the realistic speculation on container tax issues and its abolition. First, the port rear road as a social overhead capital facilities, which connects port and expressway, should be considered as part of port, and port is social overhead capital invested by government. Second, the Busan City imposes taxes on container. As result, a shipper and a shipping company are paying a double charge by paying container tax with port dues. Third, Empty container and Tranship container are the factor of Busan city traffic jam but their was excluded from container tax. This is deviate from equilibrium of the tax object. Forth, it has bad influence upon the competitiveness of Busan Port as Northeastern logistics base, as other ports who are competing with Busan Port like China, Taiwan, Japan’s port make their competitiveness strong by decreasing the cost of port dues.

인천항 컨테이너부두의 효율화 방안에 관한 연구

윤호(Yoon Ho) 한국전자상거래학회 2006 전자상거래학회지 Vol.7 No.4

  인천항은 인천공항과 더불어 지정학적으로 대중국 및 북방교역의 전초기지로서의 주요역할과 북중국의 경제성장과 항만개발 등 주변여건 변화에 대응키 위해서라도 인천항을 지역 거점항으로 육성해야 할 필요성이 절실히 요구된다.<BR>  따라서 본 논문은 컨테이너부두의 운영실태를 분석하고 그에 따른 효율적 방안을 제시하는 것이 목적인데, 그 연구 결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인천항 컨테이너부두의 시설확충과 운영의 효율화이다. 둘째, 인천항의 기능을 재정립할 필요성이 요구된다. 셋째, 인천항 컨테이너부두의 하역에 대한 생산성을 향상시키는 것이다. 넷째, 인천항은 강력한 포트세일즈가 요구된다. 포트세일즈의 효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 대상의 선택과 전략에 대한 다양화가 요구된다. 다섯째, 인천항은 선사 및 화물유치를 위해 가격전략과 각종 인센티브 제도의 도입이 필요하다.<BR>  결론적으로 인천항이 동북아 물류 중심항으로 발전하는 것은 선택적 사항이 아닌 반드시 실현시켜야 할 시대적 과제이다.   In order to defeat and win against competitions the port must have differences and distinguishing traits in comparison to the other ports. The purpose of this thesis is to report the current situation and management of the Incheon container port and find the most effective way and means for it.<BR>  The result of the study is as followed.<BR>  Firstly, there needs to be an enhancement in the facilities of the Incheon container port and the choicest method to manage it.<BR>  Secondly, The role and function of the Incheon container port needs to be reestablished.<BR>  Thirdly, There needs to be modification and improvement for the loading and unloading in the Incheon container port. Because of deterioration in equipments the productivity of the Incheon container port has decreased and aggravated. Thus, modernization and alteration in facilities and equipments will improve the productivity of loading and unloading.<BR>  Fourthly, The need for powerful port sales in the Incheon container port is not only encouraged but required. To maximize the effect of port sales, diversity in the choices and strategies for the customers are needed.<BR>  Fifthly, For the Incheon container port to receive and be related with cargo and ship companies, it needs to have strategies for the prices and apply several incentive policies.<BR>  Finally, Incheon container port becoming the hub-port for the physical distribution of the Northeast Asia is not a choice but a task and stipulation which must be completed.

한-중 컨테이너항만 수출입물동량의 구조적 변화에 관한 연구

유염봉(Liu, Yan-Feng),이충배(Lee, Choong-Bae) 한국물류학회 2019 물류학회지 Vol.29 No.2

지난 수십 년간 한중 경제관계의 진전과 더불어 양국간 컨테이너 물동량은 지속적으로 증가하여 왔으며, 양국의 각 항만의 물동량은 교역관계 및 지리적 요인으로 인해 커다란 변동성을 보여왔다. 이러한 항만간 물동량의 변동성은 항만물류업체에게는 비즈니스 관점에서 그리고 항만정책당국자들에게는 항만 정책 등에서 의사결정에 중요한 요소이다. 컨테이너물동량의 증감은 항만의 경쟁력을 의미하며, 항만 경쟁력은 물동량의 이동과 유치에 중요한 요인이 된다. 따라서 항만물동량의 구조적 변동성 분석은 항만물류연구에서 중요한 과제중 하나이다. 본 연구는 한중간 항만 물동량의 구조적 변동성에 대한 추이를 분석하여 항만운영 및 정책에 시사점을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 우리나라의 대표적인 컨테이너 항만과 중국 항만들간 물동량의 변동성과 추이를 HHI지수, 변이할당효과, 입지계수를 분석하고 이를 BCG매트릭스에 포지셔닝하고 이를 토대로 컨테이너 화물유치 전략을 제시하였다. 분석 결과 우리나라의 대중국 컨테이너 화물의 집중도는 점차 하락하였다. 우리나라의 대표적인 컨테이너 항만인 부산항과 광양항으로의 컨테이너 화물공급원으로서의 중국 항만들은 대부분 대형 항만들에서 상대적 비중(LQ계수)이 높고 정(+)의 변동성(변이할당량)을 나타내고 있다. 그러나 인천항의 경우는 규모뿐만 아니라 지리적 근접성이 항만의 물동량 비중과 증가율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. With the progress of Korea-China economic relations, the container trade volume between the two countries has been steadily increasing during last several decades. The trends of container cargo volume between international ports are an important factor for port and logistics companies as well as port authorities. Development of container cargo volume is closely related to the competitiveness of port, on the other hands port competitiveness is one of the most significant determinants for movement of cargo volume. Therefore, structural volatility analysis of port throughput flow between country’s ports is an important issue in port logistics research. This study aims to present the implications for port operation and policy by analyzing the trends of structural volatility of container trade volume between Korea and China during 2003∼2017. For this purpose, it is analyzed the volatility and trends of the container trade volume between ports of the two countries. Several analysis methods such as HHI index, shift-share analysis and location quotient are employed for the BCG matrix analysis, which present the port strategies for attracting container cargoes for Korean container ports. According to the results of the research, the concentration of container cargo from Chinese ports to Korean ports has gradually decreased. Most of Chinese ports as supplying sources of container cargo for Busan, Incheon and Gwangyang port have a high relative proportion (LQ coefficient) in large ports and a high growth rate (shift-share effects). On the other hand, the port of Incheon has a high proportion of the container cargo and growth rate in Chinese ports with geographical proximity in addition to scale of port.

Measurement of Port Service Quality in Container Transport Logistics Using Importance –Performance Analysis: A Case of Busan Port

Min-Ho Ha,Ki-Myung Ahn 한국항해항만학회 2017 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.41 No.5

This study aims to propose an assessment tool of port service quality (PSQ) in the context of container transport logistics (CTLs), by taking the perspectives from port users. The CTLs defined in this study are the relevant activities of serving the physical flows of a container box from a point of origin via a container port to a point of destination. To address the ports’ role in collaboration between its channel members in CTLs, the PSQ measures for all port user groups (i.e. common PSQ measures) are selected based on the relevant CTLs activities involved by port, and its users within terminal/port area as well as throughout the CTLs chain. An importance-performance analysis (IPA) is applied as a diagnostic tool to analyse the status quo of Busan Port in CTLs contexts, by comparing the importance and performance (IP) scores against each individual CTLs criterion. The findings from the IPA reveal that port managers and policy makers at the Busan Port should concentrate on six PSQ measures (i.e. SR1, SR4, ITS1, VAS1, VAS4, ICI3) to enhance PSQ in CTLs. However, four measures (i.e. ITS2, ITS3, ITS4, VAS2) are identified as a possible overkill, indicating an area of inefficiency where a remedial action of the cost-cutting decision is necessary. On the other hand, the Busan port shows an outstanding performance on four measures such as SR2, SR3, ICI1 and ICI2. The measures are not only important but also high performance. The study findings provide managerial guidance to port managers in Busan Port, in view of searching for managerial and operational strategies for sustainable port growth.