Novel Heterogeneous Carbohydrase Reaction Systems for the Direct Conversion of Insoluble Carbohydrates : Reaction Characteristics and their Applications

Park, Dong Chan,Lee, Yong Hyun 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 1999 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.9 No.1

Most carbohydrates exist in nature in an insoluble state, which reduces their susceptibility towards various carbohydrases. Accordingly, they require intensive pretreatment for structural modification to enhance an enzyme reaction. The direct conversion of insoluble carbohydrates has distinct advantages for special types of reaction, especially exo-type carbohydrase; however, its application is limited due to structural constraints. This paper introduces two novel heterogeneous enzyme reaction systems for direct conversion of insoluble carbohydrates; one is an attrition coupled enzyme reaction system containing attrition-milling media for enhancing the enzyme reaction, and the other is a heterogeneous enzyme reaction system using extruded starch as an insoluble substrate. The direct conversion of typically insoluble carbohydrates, including cellulose, starch, and chitin with their corresponding carbohydrases, including cellulase, amylase, chitinase, and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase, was carried out using two proposed enzyme reaction systems. The conceptual features of the systems, their reaction characteristics and mechanism, and the industrial applications of the various carbohydrates are analyzed in this review.

Effects of Phytase and Carbohydrases Supplementation to Diet with a Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Rapeseed Meal and Cottonseed Meal on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Pigs

Shim, Y.H.,Chae, B.J.,Lee, J.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.9

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{(R)}$) supplementation in combination with carbohydrases (composed of enzymes targeted to soybean meal (SBM) dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{(R)}$) to corn-soybean meal based diet (CSD) and complex diet (CD) with a partial replacement of SBM with rape seed meal (RSM) and cotton seed meal (CSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 168 growing pigs averaging $13.18{\pm}1.77kg$ of initial body weight was arranged as a $2{\times}2$ factorial design with main effects of diet types (corn-SBM based diet (CSD) and complex diets (CD; 5% of SBM was replaced with 2.5% of RSM and 2.5% of CSM in diet for phase I (0 to 3 weeks) and 6% of SBM was replaced with 3% of RSM and 3% of CSM in diet for phase II (4 to 7 weeks))) and enzyme supplementation (none and 0.1% of phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% of carbohydrases). The diet with enzyme application were formulated to have a 0.18% unit lower aP than diets without enzyme application. Each treatment had three replicates with 14 pigs per replicate. To determine supplementation effect of phytase and carbohydrases on ileal amino acid digestibility of SBM, RSM and CSM, a total of 18 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; $13.52{\pm}1.24kg$) were assigned to six dietary treatments in the present study. Dietary treatments in metabolic trial included 1) SBM diet, 2) SBM diet+with enzymes (phytase (500 FTU/kg) and carbohydrases at 0.1%, respectively), 3) CSM diet, 4) CSM diet+enzymes, 5) RSM diet and 6) RSM diet+enzymes. During whole experimental period (0 to 7 wks), there was no difference in growth performance between diets (CSD and CD). However, dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved gain/feed ratio (G:F) of growing pigs. During the phase II (4-7 weeks), dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved all fecal nutrient digestibilities (Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)). Dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation improved significantly overall ileal amino acid digestibilities of SBM, RSM and CSM based diets (p<0.05). The simultaneous inclusion of phytase and carbohydrases in both of CSD and CD reduced feed cost per kg body weight gain (FCG). Also, results suggest that 2.5 to 3% of RSM and CSM, respectively, might be used as a protein source in growing pig diets without having an adverse effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility and simultaneous phytase and carbohydrases addition improves nutritional value of SBM, RSM and CSM by improving ileal amino acid digestibilities.

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrases on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Characteristics in Finishing Pigs

( Keun Hyoung Kim ),( Jin Ho Cho ),( In Ho Kim ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.4

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary carbohydrases on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 90 pigs[(Landrace × Yorkshire)×Duroc](initial BW=56.15±1.26kg) were used for a 35 d feeding trial. The dietary treatments included: 1) CON(control diet), 2) MIX(CON+mixture with α-galactosidase and β-mannanase 0.05%) and 3) MAN(CON+β-mannanase 0.05%). There were six replications per treatment with five pigs per pen. The average daily gain(ADG) in MIX was higher than in CON(p<0.05). No significant differences were noted in the average daily feed intake(ADFI) and feed efficiency(G:F) among dietary treatments(p>0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter(DM) and energy(E) in MIX increased(p<0.05) relative to CON and MAN. The ATTD of nitrogen(N) in MIX was higher(p<0.05) than in CON. No differences in red blood cells(RBC), white blood cells(WBC), lymphocytes and IgG concentrations were observed among dietary treatments(p>0.05). In conclusion, the addition of the mixture of carbohydrases(α- galactosidase and β-mannanase 0.05%) increased ADG and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs.

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrases on Fecal Microbiome Composition of Lactating Sows and Their Piglets

Lee, Jeong Jae,Song, Minho,Kyoung, Hyunjin,Park, Kyeong Il,Ryu, Sangdon,Kim, Younghoon,Shin, Minhye The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnol 2022 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.32 No.6

Corn-soybean meal diets are commonly used in the pork industry as a primary source of energy and protein. However, such a diet generally contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which present a challenge in finding ways to improve their availability and digestibility. Dietary multi-carbohydrases (MCs) have been proposed as an efficient approach to utilize NSPs, and can result in improved growth performance and host intestinal fitness. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MC in lactation diets on gut microbiota composition of lactating sows and their litters. The experimental design contained two dietary treatments, a diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON), and CON supplemented with 0.01% multigrain carbohydrases (MCs). Sow and piglet fecal samples were collected on days 7 and 28 after farrowing. Based on the results from 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, MC led to changes in species diversity and altered the microbial compositions in lactating sows and their piglets. Specifically, the MC treatment induced an increase in the proportions of Lactobacillus in piglets. Clostridium and Spirochaetaceae showed a significantly reduced proportion in MC-treated sows at day 28. Our results support the beneficial effects of dietary carbohydrases and their link with improved production due to better host fitness outcomes and gut microbiota composition.

Effects of Levels of Crude Fiber on Growth Performances and Intestinal Carbohydrases of Domestic Goslings

Hsu, J.C.,Chen, L.I.,Yu, B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.10

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary crude fiber levels on the growth and intestinal carbohydrases of goslings. Thirty-two, 2 week old female White Roman goslings were divided into four groups of 4 goslings with 2 replicates. Diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, containing 40, 80, 120 or 160 g/kg crude fiber. At the end of the 4 weeks of the experimental period, all goslings were sacrificed and the carbohydrases activities were measured. Feed intake was significantly higher in the 120 and 160 g/kg crude fiber groups over that in the 40 and 80 g/kg groups (p<0.05). The average daily gosling weight gain significantly increased with increasing crude fiber levels from 40 to 120 g/kg. However, both the daily gain and feed conversion of the 160 g/kg crude fiber diet group decreased significantly. Amylase, maltase and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activities in the duodenum significantly decreased as the dietary crude fiber level increased. The maltase and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activities in the jejunum-ileum showed a similar trend with those in the duodenum. By increasing the levels of crude fiber, cellulase activity in the caecum content significantly increased. There was, however, an adverse effect on the amylase activity.

Effects of Carbohydrase Supplement on Lactation Performance of Primiparous Sows Fed Corn-Soybean Meal Based Lactation Diet

Ji, F.,Kim, S.W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.4

The experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing diets of lactating first parity sows with a mixture of carbohydrases (CS) improves lactation performance and second parity reproductive performance. The CS used in this study contained 7 units/g of $\alpha$-1,6-galactosidase, 22 units/g of $\beta$-1,4-mannanase, $\beta$-1,4-mannosidase and trace amounts of other enzymes. Twenty primiparous sows (Newsham Hybrid) were allotted to either the control group (no CS supplement) or the CS group (0.1% CS supplement) and fed the experimental diets during 21 d lactation period. Sows and nursing pigs were weighed at birth and weekly until weaning. Days of weaning-to-estrus were recorded. Sows had free access to feed and water. Feed intake of sows was measured daily. During the second parity gestation and lactation, all the sows were fed the same gestation and lactation diets and their reproductive performance was measured. During the second parity, there were 14 sows (7 sows per group) remained productive. For the first lactation, maternal body weight loss of the CS group was smaller (p<0.05) than that of the control group. There was no difference in litter weight gain between two groups. Voluntary feed intake of sows did not differ between the two groups. Days of weaning-to-estrus of the CS group were smaller (p<0.05) than those of the control group. In the second parity, there was no difference in the reproductive performance between the two groups. In conclusion, supplementing CS in the diet of lactating sows during the first parity decreased body weight loss and days of weaning-to-estrus of sows. However, these effects of the CS supplementation in the first parity were not successfully carried over to the second parity.

고압 효소 액화 장치를 이용한 백년초 점질물 분해 공정의 최적화

임성빈(Sungbin Im),이형재(Hyungjae Lee),심재용(Jae-Yong Shim),김태락(Tae-Rahk Kim),김대옥(Dae-Ok Kim) 한국생물공학회 2015 KSBB Journal Vol.30 No.2

This study aimed to develop and optimize a demucilaging process of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OFI) fruit to increase its usability as functional food ingredient and food additive. Viscozyme and Novozym 33095 as multienzyme complex having a broad spectrum of carbohydrases and pectolytic enzymes, respectively, were used in enzymatic dissolution along with high hydrostatic pressure liquefaction. To optimize the liquefaction process using high hydrostatic pressure liquefying extractor, response surface methodology with 3-factor central composite design was employed with reaction factors such as temperatures (25, 32, 40, 48, and 55oC), pressures (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 MPa), and times (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min). At optimum conditions (25oC, 100 MPa, and 58.275 min) for high hydrostatic pressure liquefaction process, the processed OFI fruit juice was predicted to have viscosity at 2.917 poise, partly due to the release of free sugars such as fructose and glucose detected using HPLC-ELSA system. The results above suggests that the OFI fruit juice with decreased viscosity may be used for various manufacturing processes of food, beverage, ice cream, and cosmetics.

Effects of a Microbial Enzyme Supplementation on the Performance of Laying Hens Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Wheat

Um, J.S.,Ahn, S.H.,Paik, I.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.6

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a microbial enzyme (Roxazyme-$G^{(R)}$), a multicarbohydrases preparation, supplementation to the wheat-based layer diets. Diets were formulated to include different levels of wheat replacing yellow corn on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis. The energy value of wheat in the enzyme supplemented diets was adjusted (spec-modified) to have 5% more ME than the wheat in diets without enzyme. A total of 864 Hy-$Line^{(R)}$ brown layers were assigned to 4 dietary treatments: 10% wheat (T1), 25% wheat (T2), 25% wheat (spec-modified)+ 0.01 % Roxazyme-$G^{(R)}$ (T3), and all wheat (spec-modified)+0.01% Roxazyme-$G^{(R)}$ (T4). Hen-day egg productions of T1 and T4 were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that of T2 but not different from T3. Hen-housed egg production of T4 was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than those of T1 and T3 but not different from T2. Egg weights of T1 and T2 were significantly (p < 0.0 1) greater than that of T4. Feed consumption of T2 was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio (feed/egg mass) was not significantly different among treatments. Eggshell thickness of T1 was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than other treatments but ratio of broken eggs was not significantly different among treatments. Haugh unit of T4 was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that of T2. Egg yolk color was significantly (p < 0.01) influenced by treatments in which enzyme treatment potentiated the yolk pigmentation. It was concluded that a multi-carbohydrases supplementation enables complete replacement of yellow com with wheat without loss of productivity and major egg quality parameters.

Biochemical characterization of digestive proteases and carbohydrases of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Parvin Razavi Tabatabaei,,Vahid Hosseininaveh,Seyed Hossein Goldansaz,Khalil Talebi 한국응용곤충학회 2011 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.14 No.2

Digestive proteinases and carbohydrases of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) larvae were investigated using appropriate substrates and inhibitors. Midgut pH in larvae was determined to be slightly alkaline. Midgut extracts showed optimum activity for proteolysis of hemoglobin at pH 9–12. Midgut proteinases also hydrolyzed the synthetic substrates of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase at pH 8–11. Maximum digestive α-amylase activity was also observed at pH 8–11. However, optimum activity for α- and β-glucosidase occurred at pH 5–8. Alpha- and β-galactosidases optimum activities occurred at pH 5 and pH 6, respectively. Inhibitors of serine proteases were effective on midgut serine proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin proteases). Zymogram analyses revealed at least five bands of total proteolytic activity in the larval midgut. Proteasespecific zymogram analyses revealed at least four, two, and one isozymes for trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, and elastase-like activities respectively. Two α-amylase isozymes were found in the midgut of fifth instar larvae and in the whole bodies of 1st through 5th instar larvae. Zymogram studies also revealed the presence of one and two bands of activity for β- and α-glucosidase, respectively. Recycling of α-amylase and proteases in the larval midgut was not complete. At least one isozyme of trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and α-amylase were not recycled and were observed in the larval hindgut.

Multi-carbohydrase application into energy and amino acid deficient broiler diets: A strategy to enhance performance of broiler chickens

( Samiru Sudharaka Wickramasuriya ),( Shemil Priyan Macelline ),( Hyun Min Cho ),( Jun Seon Hong ),( Rob Patterson ),( Jung Min Heo ) 한국축산학회 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.6

The effect of Multi-Carbohydrase (MC) supplementation on growth performance, visceral organ weights, blood metabolites, jejunum morphology, nutrient digestibility, and carcass parameters of broiler chickens fed nutrient-deficient corn soybean-meal based diets containing high levels of non-starch polysaccharides from wheat and wheat by-products was investigated. A total of 378 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment (nine birds per pen). Dietary treatments were as follows: (1) positive control (PC; commercial standard diet); (2) negative control 1 (NC-1; PC-120 kcal/kg metabolizable energy); (3) NC-2 (PC-3% standardized ileal digestibility [SID] amino acids). The remaining four dietary treatments were formulated with the addition of MC (MC; Superzyme-CS™) into two negative controls along with two supplementation levels of MC (i.e., 0.025% and 0.05%, respectively). Improved body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) were observed in broiler chickens fed a reduced energy diet supplemented with MC compared to birds fed NC-1 diet from days 1-35. Additionally, birds fed a reduced energy diet with 0.05% MC showed comparable (p > 0.05) growth performance with birds fed PC for 35-day post-hatch. Furthermore, the addition of MC into reduced amino acid diets improved (p < 0.05) growth performance. Broiler chickens fed MC supplemented nutrient-deficient diets showed a greater (p < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio than birds fed diets without MC on days 21 and 35. Similarly, improved (p < 0.05) nutrient digestibility was observed in birds fed reduced energy diets supplemented with MC compared to birds fed NC-1 on days 21 and 35. Our results suggest that MC supplementation into reduced energy or reduced amino acid diets containing wheat and wheat by-products has the potential to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility while maintaining healthier gut morphology in broiler chickens from 1 to 35 days of age.