The Effect of Wet Pad and Forced Ventilation House on the Reproductive Performance of Boar

Chiang, S.H.,Hsia, L.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.1

There were two trials involved in the experiment. Trial 1: the trial was conducted on two Taiwan Sugar Corporation (TSC) pig farms. One was located in the north of Taiwan and the other was located in the south. Both farms had wet pad and forced ventilation (WPFV) and conventional open design (COD) boar and sow houses. There were 12 Duroc boars, age ranging from 12-24 months. Half of them (6 boars) were raised in a WPFV pig house, and the other half were kept in a COD house. Semen was collected at 5-day intervals from May $1^{st}$ to the end of October. Sixteen sows (2-8 parity) were served by artificial insemination each week from the beginning of May to the end of Oct. These sows were checked for heat from 18 days to 25 days after insemination. Trial 2: there were four MPFV boar houses involved in the test. Two houses were located in the north of Taiwan, and the other two houses were located in the south. The test was conducted from January 2000 to December 2001. The total number of serviced sows by MPFV-housed boars was 35,105 head and for COD-housed boars 103,065 head. The results showed that the total semen volume, density of sperm, total sperm per ejaculate, sperm motility and morphological abnormality were significantly better (p<0.01) for boar raised in WPFV house than for COD houses. Average sperm motility in June and July was lower than for the other months. Morphological abnormality was higher during May, June and July. Although the results did not reach a significant level, the average value showed that the total volume of boar semen was higher in the north than for the south. The total semen volume production of boar raised in WPFV was higher than for boars raised in COD house, reaching a significant level only in summer. Boars kept in WPFV house had higher total sperm number than boars kept in COD house, reaching a significant level in spring (p<0.05), summer (p<0.01), and fall (p<0.05) but not in winter (p>0.05). Boars raised in WPFV house had significantly higher sperm motility than boars in COD house during spring (p<0.001), summer (p<0.001), fall (p<0.01) and winter (p<0.05). The average farrowing rate and piglets born alive were higher for boars in WPFV house than for boars in COD house, but neither reached a significant level (p>0.05). The present experiment shows that WPFV house can improve the reproduction performance of boars.

Population viability analysis to estimate the needed number of capture-and-remove wild boars for control of African swine fever in the Republic of Korea

조희경(Hee-Kyeung Cho),정봉수(Bong-Su Jung),정충식(Chung-Sik Jung),박선일(Son-Il Pak),김으뜸(Eu-Tteum Kim) 한국예방수의학회 2020 예방수의학회지 Vol.44 No.4

Since the first detection of the African swine fever (ASF) virus in the Republic of Korea in 2019, the Korean government has applied interventions, including fencing, increasing the biosecurity level at domestic pig farms, and the capture-and-removal of wild boars. In particular, wild boars are an important risk factor for ASF control because they can spread disease among susceptible animals, such as wild boars or domestic pigs. A capture-and-removal method aims to reduce the likelihood of ASF transmission from wild boars to domestic boars or among wild boars by decreasing the number of susceptible wild boars. This study estimated the required number of wild boars captured and removed for ASF control using population viability analysis. Population factors, such as a life span, sex ratio, or an inbreeding depression with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars, were included in the analysis. Ten scenarios with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars and different periods of culling were considered. According to the results, a method in which 75% of wild boars are captured-and-removed for at least three years showed long-term effectiveness for more than ten years. The current ASF control method, in which 33% of wild boars are captured-and-removed, decreased the number of wild boars for three years, after which the wild boar population increased to more than its initial number. Given the limited human and material resources for controlling ASF in the Republic of Korea, it is recommended that resources be prioritized to increase the capture-and-removal proportion of wild boars to take full advantage of the ASF-control effectiveness.

The Robust Phylogeny of Korean Wild Boar (Sus scrofa coreanus) Using Partial D-Loop Sequence of mtDNA

In-Cheol Cho,한상현,Meiying Fang,Sung-Soo Lee,Moon-Suck Ko,이항,임현태,Chae-Kyoung Yoo,이준헌,전진태 한국분자세포생물학회 2009 Molecules and cells Vol.28 No.5

In order to elucidate the precise phylogenetic relationships of Korean wild boar (Sus scrofa coreanus), a partial mtDNA D-loop region (1,274 bp, NC_000845 nucleotide positions 16576-1236) was sequenced among 56 Korean wild boars. In total, 25 haplotypes were identified and clas-sified into four distinct subgroups (K1 to K4) based on Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. An extended analysis, adding 139 wild boars sampled worldwide, confirmed that Korean wild boars clearly belong to the Asian wild boar cluster. Unex-pectedly, the Myanmarese/Thai wild boar population was detected on the same branch as Korean wild boar sub-groups K3 and K4. A parsimonious median-joining net-work analysis including all Asian wild boar haplotypes again revealed four maternal lineages of Korean wild boars, which corresponded to the four Korean wild boar sub-groups identified previously. In an additional analysis, we supplemented the Asian wild boar network with 34 Korean and Chinese domestic pig haplotypes. We found only one haplotype, C31, that was shared by Chinese wild, Chinese domestic and Korean domestic pigs. In contrast to our expectation that Korean wild boars contributed to the gene pool of Korean native pigs, these data clearly suggest that Korean native pigs would be introduced from China after domestication from Chinese wild boars.

The Usefulness of Selected Physicochemical Indices, Cell Membrane Integrity and Sperm Chromatin Structure in Assessments of Boar Semen Sensitivity

Wysokinska, A.,Kondracki, S.,Iwanina, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.12

The present work describes experiments undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of selected physicochemical indices of semen, cell membrane integrity and sperm chromatin structure for the assessment of boar semen sensitivity to processes connected with pre-insemination procedures. The experiments were carried out on 30 boars: including 15 regarded as providers of sensitive semen and 15 regarded as providers of semen that is little sensitive to laboratory processing. The selection of boars for both groups was based on sperm morphology analyses, assuming secondary morphological change incidence in spermatozoa as the criterion. Two ejaculates were manually collected from each boar at an interval of 3 to 4 months. The following analyses were carried out for each ejaculate: sperm motility assessment, sperm pH measurement, sperm morphology assessment, sperm chromatin structure evaluation and cell membrane integrity assessment. The analyses were performed three times. Semen storage did not cause an increase in the incidence of secondary morphological changes in the group of boars considered to provide sperm of low sensitivity. On the other hand, with continued storage there was a marked increase in the incidence of spermatozoa with secondary morphological changes in the group of boars regarded as producing more sensitive semen. Ejaculates of group I boars evaluated directly after collection had an approximately 6% smaller share of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes than the ejaculates of boars in group II ($p{\leq}0.05$). In the process of time the percentage of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes decreased. The sperm of group I boars was characterised with a lower sperm motility than the semen of group II boars. After 1 hour of storing diluted semen, the sperm motility of boars producing highly sensitive semen was already 4% lower ($p{\leq}0.05$), and after 24 hours of storage it was 6.33% lower than that of the boars that produced semen with a low sensitivity. Factors that confirm the accuracy of insemination male selection can include a low rate of sperm motility decrease during the storage of diluted semen, low and contained incidence of secondary morphological changes in spermatozoa during semen storage and a high frequency of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes.

Basic reproduction number of African swine fever in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and its spatiotemporal heterogeneity in South Korea

Jun-Sik Lim,김으뜸,Pan Dong Ryu,박선일 대한수의학회 2021 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.22 No.5

Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic fever occurring in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and domestic pigs. The epidemic situation of ASF in South Korean wild boars has increased the risk of ASF in domestic pig farms. Although basic reproduction number (R0) can be applied for control policies, it is challenging to estimate the R0 for ASF in wild boars due to surveillance bias, lack of wild boar population data, and the effect of ASF-positive wild boar carcass on disease dynamics. Objectives: This study was undertaken to estimate the R0 of ASF in wild boars in South Korea, and subsequently analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Methods: We detected the local transmission clusters using the spatiotemporal clustering algorithm, which was modified to incorporate the effect of ASF-positive wild boar carcass. With the assumption of exponential growth, R0 was estimated for each cluster. The temporal change of the estimates and its association with the habitat suitability of wild boar were analyzed. Results: Totally, 22 local transmission clusters were detected, showing seasonal patterns occurring in winter and spring. Mean value of R0 of each cluster was 1.54. The estimates showed a temporal increasing trend and positive association with habitat suitability of wild boar. Conclusions: The disease dynamics among wild boars seems to have worsened over time. Thus, in areas with a high elevation and suitable for wild boars, practical methods need to be contrived to ratify the control policies for wild boars.

A Study on the Characterization of Boar Semen and the Infectious Aspects of Pathogenic Viruses

Yong-Sang Park,Min-Hee KO,Moon-Suck Ko,Tae-Yong Kang 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2011 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.1

Sperm examination is an important tool in estimating the fertilizing capacity of an ejaculate. The number of spermatozoa in a semen dose, morphology and motility are important for the fertilization process. By evaluation of semen, artificial insemination (AI) using high quality of semen can increase fertilization rate. Boar semen is subject to contamination by various pathogens that can result in fertility disorders in sows. Among these pathogens, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) are of particular importance and accurate monitoring prior to and during the presence of boars in AI stations is essential. Because of the high risk of dissemination of disease via AI, The absolute goal is to provide pathogen-free semen and this is feasible with the adequate measures. The disease affects boars semen causes a significant reduction quality. In this study we investigated the characterization boar semen in Jeju, interaction of pathogenic virus infection with characterization of boar semen. Forty-two boar semen from 13 farms were investigated. The semen were stored during 5 days at 17℃ and the sperm qualities in the stored semen were analysed. Visual-motility assessment is a tool (Computer- Assisted Semen Analysis) used to determine the quality of boar semen. Percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were assessed. PRRS ,PPV and PCV-2 were detected in boar semen using PCR. The motion characteristics in boar semen was showed 68.4±9.1% for motility, 48.6±7.1 μm/s for VAP, 45.3±7.0 μm/s for VSL, 79.1±8.7 μm/s for VCL, 1.3±0.2 μm/s for ALH, 8.3±0.4 Hz for BCF, 93.6±3.5% for STR, 57.9±6.4 % for LIN. The percentage of sperm with abnormal head, midepeice and tail were 0.3±0.7%, 14.4±12.5%, 4.9±6.6%, respectively. Based on the PCR method, PPV was detected in 20 samples (48%). However, PCV-2 and PRRSV were not detected in any cases. Marked differences in motility and morphology between PPV negative and PPV positive semen were not observed. Sperm cell production was not affected by PPV infection. However, slight increases in detached head, coiled tail after infection were observed (p<0.05). The motility of semen in Jeju is similar to case comparing with other regions in Korea. Although PPV in semen was not affected in semen quality, there is the high risk of virus excretion in the semen of Jeju boars. Therefore continuous screening tests for some particular pathogens in boar semen would be warranted.

경상남도 농경지에서 멧돼지에 의한 피해 경향 분석

김슬옹 ( Seul Ong Kim ),권관익 ( Kwan Ik Kwon ),김태수 ( Tae Su Kim ),고현서 ( Hyun Seo Ko ),장갑수 ( Gab Sue Jang ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2014 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.17 No.6

Wild boars are one of the major wild life animals of which the number has increased a lot because there has been any predator and/or competitor in the Korean ecosystem. The increase of their number was a cause damaging crops in farm lands during the growing season in South Korea. This study was done to recognize the spatial pattern of farm lands damaged by wild boars. Totally 2,342 farms were known damaged by wild boars in 2012, and used to statistically analyze the perspectives of the farm land damages by wild boars in ArcMap v. 9.3. Damages by wild boars frequently happened in the western part of Gyeongnam Province including Jinju city, Tongyoung city and Namhae county. Most farm lands damaged were located nearby large mountains in this area. It might cause the number of wild boars increased in this area, which could finally stimulate the increase of farm land damaged by the species. Farm land damages by wild boars were also coincident with the preference of wild boars on their food. They preferred crops (e.g., sweet potato and corn) in uplands and rice paddies and orchards. The reason of their preference on rice, upland crops and fruits was related to the efficiency of their getting much more energy in a unit area. Another reason for the species to come into a rice paddy would be that they enjoy mud bath in there for scraping off parasites such as ticks and lice. Wild boars were seemed much overcrowded during the period from July to October when most of crops and fruits get ripen. About three-quarters of total farm land damages happened in this period. This analysis also said that 1,915 fields (81.8% of total targets) appeared within the 100-meter buffer from boundaries of mountain areas. This meant that wild boars were more sensitive to the anthropogenic land uses than we expected. They seemed to conservatively try their feeding activities in farm lands with paying attention to the human activity.

Comparison of Semen Characteristics, Frozen-Thawed Sperm Viability, Testosterone Concentration and Embryo Development between Yorkshire Boar A and B

Yi, Y.J.,Lee, S.H.,Park, C.S. 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2004 논문집 Vol. No.8

This study was carried out to compare the semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and testosterone concentration and in vitro fertilization (IVF) and development of in vitro matured pig oocytes between two Yorkshire boars. Semen and blood samples were collected once per week from October to November 2002 from two adult Yorkshire boars at 18 months of age with 170 kg body weight. Sperm were deep frozen in 5 ml maxi-straws with lactose-egg yolk and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (LEN) diluent and stored in liquid nitrogen. Blood samples were obtained at 10 a.m. by Inserting a 21 gauge, hypodermic needle attached to 10 ml syringe into surface veins in the ear. The concentration of testosterone was determined by Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay. Ovaries were collected from prepubertal gilts at a local slaughter house. Cumulus oocyte complexes were aspirated from antral follicles (3 to 6 mm in diameter). The medium used for oocyte maturation was modified TCM 199. After about 22 h of culture, oocytes were cultured without cysteamine and hormones for 22 h at 38.5℃, 5% CO₂ in air. For IVF, one frozen 5 ml straw was thawed at 52℃ in 40 sec and was diluted with 20 ml Beltsville thawing solution at room temperature. Sperm were washed 2 times in mTLP-PVA and inseminated without preincubation after thawing. Oocytes were inseminated with 2×10^7/ml sperm concentration. Oocytes were coincubated for 6 h in 500 ㎕ mTBM fertilization medium. At 6 h after IVF, oocytes were transferred into 500 ㎕ NCSU-23 culture medium for further culture of 48 and 144h. There were no significant differences in the semen volume, motility, normal acrosome morphology and sperm concentration of raw semen between A and B of yorkshire boar. However, motility and normal acrosome of boar A were higher than those of boar B at 0.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h incubations of frozen-thawed sperm. Testosterone concentration (3.75 ng/ml) of boar A was higher than that (2.34 ng/ml) of boar B. The rate of blastocyst formation 15.1%) of boar A was higher than that (10.4%) of boar B. In conclusion, serum testosterone concentration of boar showed very important role for the frozen-thawed sperm viability and the blastocyst formation of pig oocytes matured in vitro.

Comparison of Semen Characteristics, Frozen-Thawed Sperm Viability, Testosterone Concentration and Embryo Development between Yorkshire Boar A and B

Yi, Y.J.,Lee, S.H.,Park, C.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.5

This study was carried out to compare the semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and testosterone concentration and in vitro fertilization (IVF) and development of in vitro matured pig oocytes between two Yorkshire boars. Semen and blood samples were collected once per week from October to November 2002 from two adult Yorkshire boars at 18 months of age with 170 kg body weight. Sperm were deep frozen in 5 ml maxi-straws with lactose-egg yolk and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (LEN) diluent and stored in liquid nitrogen. Blood samples were obtained at 10 a.m. by inserting a 21 gauge, hypodermic needle attached to 10 ml syringe into surface veins in the ear. The concentration of testosterone was determined by Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay. Ovaries were collected from prepubertal gilts at a local slaughter house. Cumulus oocyte complexes were aspirated from antral follicles (3 to 6 mm in diameter). The medium used for oocyte maturation was modified TCM 199. After about 22 h of culture, oocytes were cultured without cysteamine and hormones for 22 h at $38.5^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air. For IVF, one frozen 5 ml straw was thawed at $52^{\circ}C$in 40 sec and was diluted with 20 ml Beltsville thawing solution at room temperature. Sperm were washed 2 times in mTLP-PVA and inseminated without preincubation after thawing. Oocytes were inseminated with $2{\times}10^7$/ml sperm concentration. Oocytes were coincubated for 6 h in 500 ${\mu}$l mTBM fertilization medium. At 6 h after IVF, oocytes were transferred into 500 ${\mu}$l NCSU-23 culture medium for further culture of 48 and 144 h. There were no significant differences in the semen volume, motility, normal acrosome morphology and sperm concentration of raw semen between A and B of Yorkshire boar. However, motility and normal acrosome of boar A were higher than those of boar B at 0.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h incubations of frozen-thawed sperm. Testosterone concentration (3.75 ng/ml) of boar A was higher than that (2.34 ng/ml) of boar B. The rate of blastocyst formation (15.1%) of boar A was higher than that (10.4%) of boar B. In conclusion, serum testosterone concentration of boar showed very important role for the frozen-thawed sperm viability and the blastocyst formation of pig oocytes matured in vitro.

단위가축영양 : 수퇘지의 정액 성상과 혈중 항산화물 농도에 대한 통마늘분말 급여의 영향

김인철 ( In Cheul Kim ),조규호 ( Kyu Ho Cho ),이성대 ( Sung Dae Lee ),이상철 ( Sang Cheul Lee ),홍준기 ( Joon Ki Hong ),박준철 ( Jun Cheoi Park ),류재원 ( Jae Weon Ryu ),사수진 ( Soo Jin Sa ) 한국동물자원과학회 ( 구 한국축산학회 ) 2010 한국축산학회지 Vol.52 No.5

본 연구는 통마늘분말의 급여가 수퇘지의 정액 성상과 혈중 항산 화물 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 12개월령의 듀록종 수퇘지 9두를 공시하여 시험사료만을 급여한 대조구(4두)와 시험사료에 0.3% 통마늘분말을 첨가하여 급여한 실험구(5두)를 이용해 13주간 수행되었다. 통마늘분말의 급여가 수퇘지의 정액생산량과 정자농도에 미치는 영향을 8주간에 걸쳐 평가한 결과, 정액생산량에서는 통마늘분말 급여 여부에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 수퇘지 정액의 평균 총정자수는 0~4주의 평균 총정자수는 통마늘분말 급여여부에 상관없이 차이가 없었다. 그러나, 5~8주에 채취된 정액의 평균 총정자수는 통마늘분말을 급여한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 통마늘분말 급여가 수퇘지의 성욕에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 연속 사정횟수와 전체 사출정액에 대한 총정자수를 조사한 결과, 통마늘분말을 급여한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 사정횟수와 총정자수가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 수퇘지에 대한 통마늘분말의 급여가 정장 및 혈장 내 polyphenol 농도에 미치는 영향에서는 정장 내에서의 polyphenol 농도는 통마늘분말 급여여부에 상관없이 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나, 혈장 내에서의 polyphenol 농도는 9주, 12주 및 13주차에 통마늘분말을 급여한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 본 실험의 결과를 종합하면, 정액채취용 수퇘지에 대한 통마늘분말의 급여는 성욕의 향상에 영향을 미쳐 정액채취빈도와 정액내 총 정자수를 증가시키고, 혈액 내 항산화물 농도를 높이는 것으로 나타나, 통마늘분말이 정액채취용 수퇘지의 성적을 향상시키는데 사료적 가치가 있는 것으로 사료된다. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of whole garlic powder (WGP) on semen characteristics and blood antioxidant level in boars. For this study, nine Duroc boars of 12 months age were used. Semen and blood samples were collected for 13 weeks, once in each week. The boars were fed the basal diet (BD; control) or BD supplemented with 3% WGP. There were no significant differences in the semen volume and sperm concentration between control and WGP group on all collection weeks. However, total sperm number per ejaculate was higher in the WGP group than that in the control group on collection weeks 6, 7 and 8 (P<0.05). Also, on collection weeks 5, 6, 7 and 8, mean of total ejaculated sperm numbers per boar were significantly higher in the WGP group compared to control group (P<0.05). On the other hand, ejaculation frequency per boar (boar`s libido) and total ejaculated sperm number per boar were significantly increased in the WGP group compared to the control group, respectively (P<O.05). Although there was no difference in polyphenol level in seminal plasma between two treatment groups, polyphenol level in blood serum was significantly higher in the WGP group on collection weeks 9, 12 and 13 (P<0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 3% WGP improves boar libido and semen productivity such as ejaculation frequency per boar, total sperm number per ejaculate, mean of total ejaculated sperm number per head. and elevate the blood level of antioxidant (polvphenon in boar serum.