Effect of a Nutritionally Balanced Diet Comprising Whole Grains and Vegetables Alone or in Combination with Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota

Young Joo Oh,Kisun Nam,Yanghee Kim,Seo Yeon Lee,Hyung Sook Kim,Jung Il Kang,Sang Yun Lee,Keum Taek Hwang 한국식품영양과학회 2021 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.26 No.2

Dysbiosis is a microbial imbalance, which often causes diseases and can be triggered by diet. Here, we determined the effect of a nutritionally balanced diet rich in vegetables and whole grains alone and/or in combination with probiotics on the gut microbiota of healthy adults. We conducted a parallel-group randomized trial enrolling 63 healthy participants who were administered either a balanced diet (B-diet group), a probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus plantarum PMO 08 (probiotics group), or a balanced diet plus probiotic capsule (synbiotics group) once daily for 2 weeks. The gut microbiota of each participant was analyzed via 16S ribosomal RNA MiSeq-based sequencing. Gastrointestinal symptoms and defecation habits were evaluated using questionnaires. The B-diet group showed significantly reduced Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio (P<0.05) and abundances of the genera Blautia (P<0.01), Dorea (P<0.05), and Lachnoclostridium (P<0.05). Furthermore, the abundance of Bacteroides increased (P<0.05) compared to baseline levels. In the synbiotics group, Lactobacillus abundance increased significantly (P<0.05) and defecation difficulty decreased (P<0.05), confirming a synergistic effect of combined intake. All groups showed a significant reduction in the abundance of Clostridiaceae (P<0.001) and alleviation of bloating symptoms (P<0.05). Moreover, the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium significantly increased in the probiotics group (P<0.05). Therefore, the individual or combined intake of a nutritionally balanced diet and L. plantarum PMO 08 beneficially modifies the gut microbiota with the potential to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms and improve defecation habits.

Energy Balance by Carbon and Nitrogen Balance Technique in White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red Hens Fed Maize- and Broken Rice-Based Diets

Jadhao, S.B.,Tiwari, C.M.,Chandramoni, Chandramoni,Khan, M.Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.7

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balance technique was used to determine energy balance in Rhode Island Red (RIR) and White Leghorn (WL) laying hens fed maize-and broken rice (BR)- based diets. Carbon and nitrogen intake and outgo were determined for three days on ad libitum fed diets followed by 2/3 of ad libitum intake for next three days. Carbon analysis was done by using four 'U' tubes in which carbon dioxide released during bomb calorimetry was absorbed on drierite in tube 1 and 2 whereas tube 3 and 4 contained sodalime self indicating granule. Carbon in $CO_2$ was determined by an open circuit respiration system. Energy retention (E, kcal) was calculated as E = 12.386 C (g) - 4.631 N (g). By regressing metabolisable energy (ME) intake on energy balance, maintenance ME requirement of RIR was 128 whereas, that of WL hens was $144kcal/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Effciency of utilization of ME for maintenance from BR-based diet in RIR hens was equal but in WL hens it was 11% less than maize-based diet.

Effect of Low Levels of Leucaena Foliage Supplementation on Intake, Natrient Digestibility and Microbial N Yield in Cattle Fed Rice Straw Alone

Chowdhury, S.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1997 Animal Bioscience Vol.10 No.3

The minimum amounts of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) required to improve the performance of cattle on a straw diet has been studied. Four levels of leucaena, namely 0 (0%), 2 kg (10%), 4 kg (18%) and 6 kg (27% of dietary dry matter intake) were supplied to 4 adult indigenous bulls ($355{\pm}21.5kg$ weight) fed rice straw alone, in a $4{\times}4$ latin square design. Measurements were made on intake, digestibility, N balance and microbial N yield. Up to 10% level of leucaena supplementation, there were no significant improvement on intake, digestibility, microbial N yield and N balance. Both straw and total dry matter intake showed diminishing return to increasing levels of leucaena supplementation and the maximum intake was observed at around 20% level. However, dietary N and digestible organic matter intake, the microbial N yield and the N balance increased linearly to the increasing levels of leucaena supplementation. On a rice straw based diet, the minimum level of leucaena required to improve the animal performance would probably be at around 20% of the dietary intake.

대전지역 남자 중학생의 스트레스와 식행동의 관련성 연구

이정은,나현주,김영남 한국가정과교육학회 2008 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study was to find out the stress level, dietary behavior score, and relationship between stress level and dietary behavior score of middle school male students in Daejeon. Eight items of stress such as family, study, amusement, health, friend, girl friend, teacher, and daily life, and 3 items of eating behavior such as diet regularity, dietary balance and healthy diet were analyzed. The data were gathered by questionnaires from 140 students in Joong gu, Daejeon city during July 10 to 14, 2006 and 128 questionnaires(91.4%) were analyzed.The conclusion of this study were summarized as follows: 1st, the total stress level was 2.36 out of 5 full scales. The study related stress was the highest 2.93, and the stress related to girl friend was the lowest, 1.96, though there were no significant differences among the 8 kinds of stress items. 2nd, the total score of dietary behavior was 3.02 out of 5 full scales. 3rd, when the students were divided into 3 groups(low, meddle, and high group) according to the stress level, the middle group showed the highest score of dietary behavior, while the high group showed the lowest score, but non-significant. 4th, according to the relationships between stress levels and dietary behavior scores, significant relationships were found between the total stress score and dietary balance. And diet regularity score were influenced by stress items such as family related, study related, and health related.

Relationship Between Nutrient Supply to Muscle and Adipose Tissues and Nitrogen Retention in Growing Wethers on Forage Based Diets Fed with Different Forage Sources

Kim, Da Hye,Ichionohe, Toshiyoshi,Choi, Ki Choon,Oda, Shinichi,Hagino, Akihiko,Song, Sang Houn The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2015 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.35 No.3

Three growing wethers were used to investigate the differences in nitrogen (N) retention, blood plasma metabolite concentration and energy-yielding nutrient supply to muscle and adipose tissue. The wethers were fed one of three diets: timothy hay with concentrate (THD), Italian ryegrass with concentrate (IRD), and rice straw with concentrate (RSD) for 11 days. The experimental diets were adjusted to the animals to provide 100 g of daily gain. The triglyceride (TG) concentration of blood plasma in arterial and portal veins was higher with THD and IRD than with RSD. Conversely, the available amount of TG in tissues was higher with IRD. The daily amount of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) supplied to muscle tissue and adipose tissue was numerically higher with THD than IRD or RSD. Although N retention did not differ among the diets, it was numerically higher with THD than with IRD or RSD. The results suggest that the difference in the amount of glucose and NEFA delivered to muscle tissue may reflect the N retention in response to forage based diets.

대학생들의 패스트푸드 소비 형태와 행동에 대한 연구

장재선 ( Jae Seon Jang ),오성천 ( Sung Cheon Oh ) 한국식품영양학회 2013 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구는 대학생들의 패스트푸드 섭취 절제 및 균형된 식생활을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 대학생들을 대상으로 패스트푸드의 소비 형태를 알아보고, 패스트푸드의 소비에 관련 행동요인인 성별, 전공별, 거주지별, 한 달 용돈별, 학년별, 다이어트 여부, 운동 여부, 흡연 여부, 음주 여부 등의 변수와의 차이를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 대학생 전체 334명의 일반적인 특성을 보면 성별로는 남자 77명(23.1%), 여자 257명(76.9%)으로 나타났고, 학년은 1학년 97명(29.0%), 2학년 83명(24.9%), 3학년 68명(20.4%), 4학년 86명(25.7%)으로 나타났으며, BMI는 저체중, 정상군, 과체중이 각각 19.3%, 63.5%, 17.22%로 정상체중이 가장 많은 반면 저체중과 과체중 학생의 비율이 낮았다. 또한 조사 대상자의 건강생활 실천 양상을 보면 다이어트 경험은 ‘있다’ 218명(65.3%), ‘없다’ 116명(34.7%)으로 나타났고, 운동 여부는 ‘있다’ 71명(21.3%), ‘없다’ 263명(78.7%)으로 나타났으며, 흡연 여부는 ‘하고 있다’ 19명(5.7%), ‘하고 있지 않다’ 315명(94.3%)으로 나타났고, 음주 여부는 ‘하고 있다’ 233명(69.8%), ‘하고 있지 않다’ 101명(30.2%)으로 나타났다. 2. 대학생들의 일반적인 특성 및 건강생활 실천에 따른 패스트푸드 이용 차이를 분석한 결과, 패스트푸드 중 햄버거는 전공별, 운동 여부별, 음주 행위별에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05), 치킨은 학년별, 운동 여부별, 음주 행위별에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 샌드위치인 경우 성별에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 스파게티인 경우 성별, 흡연 부별에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 대학생들의 일반적인 특성 및 건강생활 실천에 따른 패스트푸드의 인식 차이를 분석한 결과, 식사대용으로 ‘섭취 한 경험이 있는가’의 문항에서 전공별, 학년별로 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 패스트푸드의 선택 기준에서 맛과 가격으로 선택한 경우 전공별, 성별로 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 패스트푸드에 대한 인식에서 전공별, 다이어드 경험별로 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 패스트푸드의 선택에 있어서 영향 요인인 경우 전공별, 학년별로 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05) 4. 패스트푸드의 선택에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석한 결과, 패스트푸드 선택에서 영향을 주는 요인에 성별, 전공별로 유의적인 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 대학생들의 패스트푸드 구매에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석한 결과, 패스트푸드 구매에서 영향을 주는 요인에 대한 성별, 다이어트별, 패스트푸드 이용, 식사대용 경험 유무별에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 5. 대학생들의 패스트푸드 섭취, 선택 이유, 구매간의 상관 관계를 분석한 결과, 패스트푸드 종류별 모두 양의 상관을 보이고 있으며, 그 중 햄버거와 감자튀김의 상관계수 값이 0.635로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 치킨과 피자의 상관계수 값이 0.447로 나타났다(p<0.01). ‘음식이 빨리 나와서’와 ‘먹기 간편해서’의 상관계수가 0.599로 가장 높은 상관관계를 나타냈으며, ‘가격이 적당해서’와 ‘양이 많아서’의 상관계수 0.506, ‘종류가 다양해서’와 ‘음식이 빨리 나와서’의 상관계수 0.455, ‘먹기 간편해서’와 ‘친구를 만나기 편해서’의 상관계수 0.366 순으로 나타났다(p<0.01). 영양과 칼로리의 상관계수 값이 0.505로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 맛과 가격은 0.396, 브랜드와 서비스가 0.385로 순으로 나타났다(p<0.01). This study was designed to provide fundamental data on the consumption of fast food for a balanced diet of university students. The effects of personal characteristics and preferences such as gender, major, residing region, living expense, school grade, dieting, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption on fast food consumption patterns were analyzed by surveying university students. The analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the consumption of different types of fast food depending on different personal characteristics and preferences as follows: hamburger by major, physical activity and alcohol consumption; chicken by school grade, physical activity and alcohol consumption; spaghetti by gender and smoking. Groups of different majors and school grades showed significant differences (p<0.05) in response to a question “Have you ever eaten fast food for regular meals?”. The choice of fast food types based on taste and price appeared to be significantly influenced by majors and gender. Different groups with different majors and dieting experience appeared to think significantly differently about fast food. In response to a question “Has the consumption of fast food changed your diet style” different groups of different majors and physical activities showed significant differences. The analysis of factors affecting fast food choices revealed that fast food is chosen significantly differently depending on gender and majors (p<0.05). The purchase of fast food appeared to be significantly affected by gender, diet, physical activity, experience of fast food and consumption of fast food for regular meals (p<0.05).

Longitudinal Study on Changes in Nutritional and Health Status of Young Adults on Two-Year Diet

Kim, Bo-Young,Cho, Youn-Ok The Korean Nutrition Society 1999 Nutritional Sciences Vol.2 No.2

Changes in nutritional and health status brought on by a two-year balanced diet were assessed with anthropometric measurements as well as hematological and lipid profiles in 56 healthy young men. Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) were adjusted with estimated daily weighted activity factor. The weighted resting energy expenditure factor of the subjects was 2.37 $\pm$ 0.05. Compared with RDA, all nutrient intakes were adequate and 56% of energy was supplied by carbohydrates, 18% by protein and 26% by fat. The vitamin and mineral intakes except vitamin B-2 were higher (26.46-129.88%) than RDA. Vitamin B-2 intake was 92.15 \ulcorner 14.16% of RDA. There was no seasonal variation on nutrient intakes. Height was increased and systolic blood pressure was decreased by balanced diet for two years. Body weight, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were unchanged. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit was not changed, the level of plasma protein was decreased and the level of plasma total cholesterol and albumin was increased. These results suggest that a balanced diet can increase height and complement health status achieved through vigorous exercise, even in adults, and that the level of Korean RDA for energy is adequate to maintain existing body weight.

불교의학과 사상의학의 체질적 양생론(養生論) 연구

양승규 한국정토학회 2013 정토학연구 Vol.19 No.-

불교의학과 사상의학은 인도의학과 중국의학을 계승하여 발전했다는 점에서 상당히 다른 의학체계이지만, 체질의학이라고 하는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 불교의학에서는 인간의 체질을 풍(風), 담즙(膽汁), 점액(粘液)으로 구분한다. 풍 체질을 가진 사람은 보통 키가 크고, 체중이 적고, 근육이 미약하다. 담즙 체질은 보통의 체격이고, 혈액순환이 잘 되고, 팔다리가 따뜻하다. 점액 체질은 큰 체격과 단단한 근육 조직을 소유하고 있다. 살과 뼈, 머리털, 치아가 잘 발달되어 있다. 불교의학에서는 적절하지 않은 음식과 행동 때문에 병이 발생한다고 설명한다. 음식에는 곡물, 육류, 유지(油脂), 채소, 음료가 있고, 맛과 성질에 의해 풍, 담즙, 점액에 도움이 되거나 해가 된다. 음식의 맛 중에서 단맛, 신맛, 짠맛, 매운맛은 풍병을 없애고, 쓴맛, 단맛, 떫은맛은 담즙병을 없애고, 매운맛, 신맛, 짠맛은 점액병을 없앤다. 행동 중에서는 지나치게 피로한 것 등은 풍병을, 갑자기 힘든 일을 하는 것 등은 담즙병을, 낮에 축축한 곳에서 잠을 잠 등은 점액병을 일으킨다. 그렇기 때문에 각자의 체질을 알고, 체질적 병증을 없애는 음식과 행동을 하는 것이 양생의 기본이다. 사상의학에서는 사람을 태양인, 태음인, 소양인, 소음인의 넷으로 구분한다. 인체에서 중요한 장기인 폐와 간, 신장과 비장이 사람마다 다르기 때문이다. 이런 체질적 차이는 선천적으로 주어진다. 사상의학에서 양생은 조리(調理)와 섭양(攝養)인 조양(調養)이다. 조리는 체질에 맞는 음식을 먹는 것이고, 섭양은 수양을 통해 몸과 마음을 다스리는 것이다. 체질에 맞는 음식은 위기(胃氣)가 체질별로 다르기 때문이다. 위에 열이 차는 소양인에게는 열성의 닭고기가 좋지 않고, 위가 찬 소음인에게는 찬 성질의 돼지고기가 좋지 않다. 위완의 혈액이 건조한 태양인에게는 술이 좋지 않고, 태음인에게 면이 좋지 않다. 사람들에게는 장부의 차이뿐만 아니라 심욕(心慾)의 차이도 있다. 사람의 성기(性氣)가 다르기 때문이다. 태양인과 소양인은 외향적이고, 태음인과 소음인은 내성적이다. 태양인에게는 방종하는 마음 때문에 성내는 마음이 생기고, 소음인에게는 안일한 마음 때문에 좋아하는 마음이, 소양인에게는 사사로운 마음 때문에 슬퍼하는 마음이, 태음인에게는 재물에 대한 욕심 때문에 즐거운 마음이 생긴다. 이 희로애락의 정욕이 한쪽으로 치우치면 병이 된다. 그렇기 때문에 이 정욕을 다스려 중절이 되도록 하는 것이 수양의 핵심이다. The systems of buddhist medicine were established through ayurvedic medicine, and Sasang constitutional medicine also has developed in accordance with its old chinese medicine. Actually these two medical systems are quite different, but in these systems we can also find the constitution as a common factor. In constitutional medicine human body is said to have a connection balanced diet and proper behaviour. This paper deals with the formation of the human constitution, balanced diet and proper behavior in buddhist medicine and Sasang constitutional medicine. Some similarities and differences are said as follows. 1) When it comes to the constitutions, they are not changed through the whole life in both medicine. But we also find some differences. In buddhist medicine the constitution is developed by the male and female seeds and the diet and behaviour while the seeds are in the womb, so it is artificially acquired. In Sasang constitutional medicine it is just given by the Heaven. 2) The relationship between diet and constitution is described in both medicine. However, food and drink are subject to change with the constitutional disorder in buddhist medicine. In Sasang constitutional medicine proper diets are already fixed like medicines according to four constitutions. 3) In buddhist medicine behaviour are given in three categories: continual, seasonal, and occasional behavior. Not only improper eating also unsuitable habits and behaviors give rise to various illness such as staying out in the sun for a long time and wearing light clothing in the winter. It also contains all the nonvirtues like killing, and stealing, and so on. In Sasang constitutional medicine Nature-Emotion(性情) is regarded as an action of mind and the main cause of all illness. So the mind control through a confucian self-control is main method in Sasang constitutional medicine.

서울지역 대학생의 외식행동과 식품기호를 통해 본 식생활 양상

송병춘 건국대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the dietary patterns of eating-out as well as food preference among the university students living in seoul.158 male and 159 female university students were randomly selected and self-administered questionnaires were used. Questions consisted of three categories; general characteristics(age, gender, residual type), attitude and behavior of the eating-out and food preferences. 74% of the students lived in their own homes and the rest of them lived relatives, self-cooking and board & lodging. 30~40% of the students responded that they have the meals regularly. Female are students more likely to have a breakfast regularly than male students. Only 17.1% of the students brought their lunches (27.2% of male, 6.9% of female students). Most of the students responded that they feel healthy. However, they pointed out the digestive organs as the most uncomfortable parts of the body and it is thought that it may result from the undesirable eating behavior; irregular mealtime, skipping the meals, and stress. The standard of food choice was in the order of taste, price and amount, and nutrition was rarely considered. Therefore, for better diet and health, more variety of food, balanced diet, and moderate intakes should be emphasized on food service environment.

맹장 결찰계(Cecal-ligated Chicken)를 이용한 [15N]urea의 이용성에 관한 연구

손장호(Jang Ho Son) 韓國家禽學會 2011 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.38 No.1

본 연구는 맹장 결찰계를 이용하여서 [15N]urea의 이용성을 조사하였다. 질소의 balance 및 이용률은 맹장 결찰 수술에 의해서 높아지는 경향이 인정되었다. 이는 맹장 결찰 수술로 인한요산 배설량의 유의한 감소로인한 결과였다(사료및 요소 유래 질소 이용률, P<0.01). 닭에 있어서 맹장 결찰 수술은 사료 유래 ammonia 배설량은 증가(P<0.01), 요소 유래 ammonia배설량은 감소(P<0.01)시켰다. 요소 유래, 요소질소의 배설량은 맹장 결찰 수술에 의해서 유의하게 증가하였지만 (P<0.01), 맹장 결찰계도 5% 단백질 사료와 같이 급여한 요소를 51.6%정도 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 닭에 있어서단백질 수준이 결핍된 사료와 같이 급여된 요소의 이용에 있어서 맹장은 유의한 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 질소의 이용에 있어서는 반드시 긍정적인 역할만을 한다고는 결론내릴 수 없다. The effect of cecal ligation on the utilization of dietary [15N]urea in chickens fed 5 % protein diet plus urea were investigated. Nitrogen balance and utilization tended (P<0.01) to increase by cecal ligation. Total uric acid excretion was significantly decrease by (P<0.01) cecal ligation in chickens from origin of diet and urea (P<0.01). Excretion of ammonia was increased in chickens from origin of diet, where as it decreased in chickens an urea diet (P<0.01). Amount of urea nitrogen excretion from origin of urea was significantly decrease (P<0.01) by cecal ligation, but cecal ligated chicken fed 5% protein diet with urea showed 51.6% urea utilization. Result obtained in present study indicates that ceca is having beneficial role for urea utilization in chicken fed protein deficient diets, but ceca do not always positive role for nitrogen utilization.