케냐 차 산업에서 케냐차개발청[KTDA]의 역할과 위상

양지영 한국차학회 2019 한국차학회지 Vol.25 No.2

본고는 케냐 차 산업에서 케냐차개발청( KTDA)의 역할과 위상에 대해 고찰하였다. 본 연구에서 케냐 차 산업과 관련된 몇 가지 특징을 찾을 수 있었다. 첫째, 동아프리카에서 주요 차 생산국들은 유럽 지배 아래에 있었고, 그중 케냐의 케냐차개발청은 괄목할만한 성장을 하였다. 동아프리카차무역협회( EATTA)는 1957년 형성되었으며 케냐, 말라위, 우간다, 탄자니아, 르완다 등이 회원국이다. 동아프리카차무역협회는 세계 주요 경매 중 하나인 몸바사 경매를 책임지고 있다. 둘째, 소농들을 위해 케테파 등을 포함한 자회사를 두고 있는 케냐차개발청은 소농들이 소유하고 있다. 셋째, 케냐타는 케냐 독립 이후 토착민을 위해 ‘아프리카화’ 정책을 시행하였다. 차 산업에서 케냐차개발공사를 설립함으로써 유럽정착민들로부터 케냐 차 산업을 지킬 수 있었다. 무엇보다도 케냐차개발청은 국제금융공사로부터 앞으로 추구해야할 기업 경영 모델인 인클루시브 비즈니스 모델로 선정되었다. 케냐차개발청은 차 산업에서뿐만 아니라 모든 영역의 산업에서 기업 경영의 모델이 될 것이다. This study investigated the role and the position of the KTDA (Kenya Tea Development Agency Holdings Ltd.) for the Kenyan tea industry. This study identifies some characteristics that are related to the tea industry in Kenya. First, most of the tea-producing countries in East Africa were formally ruled by Europe, and the KTDA has made wonderful progress and growth in East Africa. EATTA (East African Tea Trade Association) was formed in 1957, and the members of EATTA are Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, etc. Moreover, the EATTA is responsible for the Mombasa auction, which is one of the most significant auctions in the world. Second, the KTDA is owned by small-scale tea farmers and the KTDA owns a number of subsidiaries including the KETEPA (Kenya Tea Packers Ltd.) for farmers. Third, Kenyatta enforced an ‘Africanization’ policy for natives after the independence of Kenya. As a result, Kenya established the KTDA(Kenya Tea Development Authority) for the tea industry and Kenya kept the tea industry from being taken over European settlers. First of all, the position of the KTDA was elevated when it was selected as an inclusive business model by IFC(International Finance Corporation). The inclusive business model shows the value which the business management of the future will pursue. The KTDA will prove to be an exemplary business model for the Kenyan tea industry as well as for other areas all over the world.

Entry Strategy of Korean Construction SMEs in the African Market

Mergel Johlio Takam,Byung-Jin Park 한국국제경영관리학회 2015 국제경영리뷰 Vol.19 No.3

본 연구는 유망 진출지역으로 부상하고 있는 아프리카 지역에 대한 중소 건설기업의 해외진출전략 수립시 고려할 사항과 바람직한 방향으로 나아가기 위한 전략적 방안을 모색해 보는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서는 아프리카 주요 3개국(모로코, 알제리, 나이지리아)에 진출한 중소기업들의 진출사례를 상호 비교분석하였다. 연구결과 아프리카 3개국의 규제 및 안전 등의 투자환경에 따라 중소기업의 진출 전략이 다름을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이를 전통적인 해외 진입방식 연구에 주로 사용되어온 거래비용이론과 함께 실물옵션이론 관점을 추가적으로 도입하여 분석하고자 하였다. 즉, 나이지리아와 알제리와 같이 불확실성이 높은 국가인 경우 중소기업이 거래비용보다 실물옵션 관점으로 판단하여 도급계약 (subcontract) 식으로 진출한 이후 충분한 정보와 지역네트워크가 구축된 후에 사업 확장을 모색하고자 하였다. 반면, 불확실성이 낮은 국가(모로코)인 경우 기업들은 거래비용 개념을 바탕으로 유동적(mobile entry) 또는 영구적(permanent entry) 진출로 진행하는 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 산업의 특수성을 고려한 전입전략 수립이 필요하며, 중소기업에게 줄 수 있는 시사점도 발견할 수 있었다. Africa is emerging as a promising land for companies exploring foreign market entry opportunities. The purpose of this study is to address the factors influencing entry mode decision of Korean construction SMEs in the African market. Using a cross-country comparative case study approach, we analyzed entries of Korean specialty contractors in three African countries: Morocco, Nigeria, and Algeria. Findings reveal that entry mode is highly influenced by host country factors such as regulations and safety. In particular, SMEs stagger entry mode and entry process to the host country uncertainty level. To keep an option to expand the investment later in Algeria and Nigeria having a high uncertainty level, SMEs start with low level engagement, for instance subcontractor, and extend further when they have acquired enough proprietary information as well as a strong local network. This staged entry mode is grounded in real option theory. This research emphasizes on industry factors relevant on the entry mode decision and the unique traits of the construction industry. It also builds a systematical approach of Korean construction SMEs towards the African market. Another implication of this research is to raise the awareness for the reciprocal growing interest of Korean SMEs for the African market that needs to be stimulated by more incentive policies.

How the DOHA Round Could Support the African Industry?

Hakim Ben Hammouda,Stephen Karingi,Nassim Oulmane,Mustapha Sandi Jallab 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2007 Journal of Economic Development Vol.32 No.1

This study provides a quantitative evaluation of the Doha Round in terms of the market access for industrial products and the possible consequences of the trade liberalization process. It analyzes the impact of the reforms put forward by the July Package concluded in Geneva. The tariff reduction scenarios under review fit in with the commitments undertaken in the July Package. All four scenarios reviewed are based on a Girard formula. The first, third and fourth scenarios are ambitious, whereas the second is more conservative. Scenarios 1, 3 and 4 differ in the way they factor in special and differential (S&D) treatment. In terms of impact, the simulations show that a liberalization scenario based on an ambitious, non-linear Girard formula would be a less desirable alternative for Africa. It would allow for increases in the welfare and production of the African countries but would not boost African exports.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF PROJECT DELAYS AND DISRUPTIONS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Oshungade, Oluwaseun O.,Kruger, Deon Korea Institute of Construction Engineering and Ma 2017 Journal of construction engineering and project ma Vol.7 No.1

Construction projects have been observed to have problems of project delays and disruptions and the South African construction industry is not an exception. This research identified causes and effects of project delay and disruption through a desktop study. Subsequently, a questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a survey to obtain the views of the three main construction project participants - clients, consultants, and contractors. The questionnaire contains 48 causes and 13 effects of project delay and disruption identified from the desktop study. This research identified sixteen most important causes of project delay and disruption and five most important effects of delay and disruption. Sixteen most important causes were: (1) strikes, (2) rework due to errors during construction, (3) shortage of materials in market, (4) suspension of work by the client, (5) poor communication between the parties, (6) ineffective planning and scheduling of project, (7) delays in issuing working drawings, (8) mistakes and discrepancies in design documents, (9) shortage of labours and equipment, (10) delay in decision making process by the client, (11) unforeseen ground conditions, (12) unclear and inadequate details in drawing, (13) inadequate contractor's experience, (14) delay in approving changes in the scope of works, (15) delay in material delivery and (16) unacceptable quality of materials. The five major effects include: (1) create stress on contractors, (2) cost overrun, (3) time overrun, (4) poor quality of work due to rush, and (5) disputes. Furthermore, the result of this research was compared with the result of previous studies conducted in other regions of Africa in terms of causes and effects of project delay and disruption. The research concludes that numerous causes and effects of delay and disruption are limited to South African construction projects based on the comparison. The causes limited to South African construction projects include: (1) strikes, (2) suspension of work by the client (3) mistakes and discrepancies in design documents (4) delay in approving changes in the scope of works and (5) unacceptable quality of materials, while the two major effects limited to South African construction projects includes: (1) create stress on contractors and (2) poor quality of work. In conclusion, some recommendations were made in order to minimise the causes of delay and disruption identified.

남아프리카공화국 물류시장 진출의 전략적 방향에 관한 연구

김현덕,이성윤 한국무역통상학회 2015 무역통상학회지 Vol.15 No.4

This study tries to find out the entry strategies for Korean logistics firms into South African transportation market, by analyzing it’s economic situation, national policy-making on transport and logistics sectors, and distribution of regional value-added. As results of study, the government has plan not only to allocate the function of each port to be a regional logistics hub but also to improve national rail and road infrastructure. It was analyzed that major economic activities in each of provinces in terms of logistics needs are different. These facts mean that logistics firms should plan individualized entry strategy and consider not only relocated port function and characteristics of value added in each province. Consequently, this study suggested two entry strategies into South African logistics market, the strategy on emphasized transportation function nearby port and inland logistics services such as warehousing with regional shippers.

논문 : 18세기 설탕산업, 노예무역 그리고 영국 자본주의

곽문환 ( Moon Hwan Kwak ) 수선사학회 2004 史林 Vol.0 No.22

생물다양성 위기와 슬로푸드운동의 대응

김종덕 ( Jong Duk Kim ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 人文論叢 Vol.37 No.-

본 연구는 생물다양성 위기와 그것에 대한 슬로푸드운동의 대응을 다루었다. 본 연구에서 생물다양성 위기에 대한 대응으로 슬로푸드운동에 초점을 맞추는 이유는 슬로푸드운동이 지속가능성과 다양성에 관심을 갖고 있고, 슬로푸드 생물다양성 재단을 운영하고 있으며, 국제비정부기구에서 생물다양성 위기에 대해 가장 체계적으로 대응하고 있다고 보기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 지구 전역에서 나타나는 생물다양성 감소 실태와 그것을 가져온 요인들을 살펴보고, 생물다양성 감소가 세계의 식량보장에 미치는 영향, 지역종자의 감소와 그 영향을 살펴보았다. 슬로푸드운동의 생물다양성 위기에 대한 대응과 관련하여 생물다양성에 대한 관심을 살펴보고, 생물다양성 보호와 관련한 맛의 방주, 프레시디아, 어스마켓, 아프리카 텃밭, 슬로피쉬 등을 다뤘다. 본 연구의 결론에서는 슬로푸드운동의 생물다양성 위기에 대한 대응에서 나타나고 있는 한계, 그리고 슬로푸드운동의 생물다양성 위기 대응이 갖는 의의를 제시했다. This paper examines the biodiversity crisis and presents Slow Food actions against the crisis. The principal reasons why we have to focus on Slow Food actions against the crisis are as follows: first, Slow Food pays much attention to sustainability and diversity; second, Slow Food runs the Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity; third, Slow Food handles the crisis more systematically than any other international NGOs. This paper, in particular, investigates the actual conditions and causes of the worldwide reduction of biodiversity, and then discusses such negative effects of the reduction as the decline in food security and local seed source. In addition, this paper addresses a variety of actions currently conducted by Slow Food to keep biodiversity, including Ark of Taste, Presidia, Earth Market, African Garden and Slow Fish. In conclusion, this paper provides some remarks on the significance and limitation of the actions taken by Slow Food.

Isolating non-O1/non-O39 Vibrio cholerae from Chironomus transvaalensis larvae and exuviae collected from polluted areas in Lake Manzala, Egypt

Naira Mohamed Lotfi,Sahar Ahmed El-Shatoury,Amro Hanora,Rowaida Saleh Ahmed 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.2

Vibrio cholerae is a waterborne bacterium inhabiting the aquatic ecosystem. Faecal contamination of water resources, represents modes of dissemination of the bacteria and thus the disease. This study is reporting an association between V. cholerae and chironomids larvae and exuviae, collected fromLakeManzala. The collection sites were chosen to cover the southern sector of the lake that is reportedly characterized by industrial, agricultural and domestic pollution. The only identified species was Chironomus transvaalensis, an East African species. The isolation of V. cholerae was carried out according to the standard microbiological methods, and followed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Non-O1/non-O39 V. cholerae was found to be present in all of the examined C. transvaalensis larvae and exuviae. These findings further support the use of chironomids as a monitoring agent of V. cholerae.