순환여과식 양식장 해수 열원 히트펌프 시스템의 전력 소비량 예측을 위한 인공 신경망 모델

정현석,류종혁,정석권 한국수산해양기술학회 2024 수산해양기술연구 Vol.60 No.1

This study deals with the application of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict power consumption for utilizing seawater source heat pumps of recirculating aquaculture system. An integrated dynamic simulation model was constructed using the TRNSYS program to obtain input and output data for the ANN model to predict the power consumption of the recirculating aquaculture system with a heat pump system. Data obtained from the TRNSYS program were analyzed using linear regression, and converted into optimal data necessary for the ANN model through normalization. To optimize the ANN-based power consumption prediction model, the hyper parameters of ANN were determined using the Bayesian optimization. ANN simulation results showed that ANN models with optimized hyper parameters exhibited acceptably high predictive accuracy conforming to ASHRAE standards. 본 연구에서는 순환여과식 시스템의 해수 열원 히트펌프의 전력 소비량 예측을 위한 인공신경망(ANN) 모델의 적용을 다룬다. 히트펌프 시스템을 적용한 순환여과식 시스템의 전력 소비량 예측을 위한 ANN 모형의 입출력 자료를 얻기 위해 TRNSYS 프로그램을 이용하여 통합 동적 시뮬레이션 모델을 구축하였다. TRNSYS 프로그램에서 얻은 자료는 선형회귀분석을 이용하여 분석한 후, 정규화를 통해 ANN 모델에 필요한 최적의 데이터로 변환하였다. ANN 기반의 전력 소비량 예측 모델을 최적화하기 위해 베이지안 최적화를 이용하여 ANN의 하이퍼 파라미터를 결정하였다. 하이퍼 파라미터가 최적화된 ANN 모델의 예측 결과는 ASHRAE 기준을 충족하며 예측 정확도가 매우 높음을 확인하였다.

순환여과식 양어시스템에서 비단잉어와 식물의 성장 및 수질환경 변화

이동화 ( Dong-hwa Lee ),백진아 ( Jin-a Baek ),박상진 ( Sang-jin Park ),정정조 ( Cheong-jo Cheong ) 한국환경기술학회 2021 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.22 No.6

The purpose of this study is to investigate the growth of fancy carp and plants and variation of water quality using recirculating aquaculture system for application of aquaponic system. The concentrations of DIN and T-N at FCP(Fancy carp + Plant) condition were lower than that of FCO(Fancy carp only), because the nutrients was absorbed to the plants. However the other items of water quality were almost same regardless of plants because of water exchanging of 20 %. In this study we conclude that the exchanging of water is very important to maintain water quality for keeping ornamental fish. The length of fancy carp was grown to 7.9 % and 6.7 % at FCO and FCP condition and the weight was increased to 25.3 % and 21.7 % at each conditions. However there was not the significant differences between the existence and nonexistence the plants. The leaf height, root length, leaf number and weight of Scindapsus were grown to 3.3 cm, 11.9 cm, 2.2 pieces and 7.9 g. On the other hand, the lettuce was grown to two times as 13.7 cm, 16.1 cm, 10.2 pieces and 8.6 g Therefore, this study provide emotional stability by rearing fancy carp, breath clean air by keeping air purification plant such as Scindapsus and eat fresh vegetable such as lettuce by application of plants to recirculating aquaculture system.

Performance of a Lab-Scale Closed Seawater Recirculating System for Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli Culture

Peng, Lei,Oh, Sung-Yong,Jo, Jae-Yoon Korea Institute of Ocean ScienceTechnology 2003 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.25 No.4

Performance of a laboratory scale closed seawater recirculating aquaculture system was evaluated. Twenty-kg of korean rockfish (130 fish) with an average body weight of 153.8g was stocked. Over a 107-day culture period, fish reached final density of $51.7kg/m^3$ (initial density, $33.3kg/m^3$) on the basis of the culture tank volume. On a daily basis, added water amounted to 3.4% of the total water volume in the system. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations were below 1mg/l and nitrite nitrogen $(NO_2-N)$ concentrations were within the range of 1-3mg/l on most sampling days. TAN was removed from bead and sand filters and it was removed or produced in the sedimentation basin. Basically, $NO_2-N$ was removed in the bead and sand filters, while it was either removed or produced in the sedimentation basin. Nitrate nitrogen $(NO_3-N)$ was produced in the bead filters and removed from the sand filter and sedimentation basin. The foam fractionator performed well in the recirculating system. The maximal daily removal values for total suspended solids (755) and protein were 10.9g and 1.4g, respectively. Whole water quality parameters were within the levels commonly recommended for fish culture on most of the sampling days. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the commercial feasibility of this system because of the smallscale system used in present experiment. At least, the present study still provides some basic information for further studies of this kind of system.

순환여과식 양어시스템을 적용한 비단잉어 양어지의 수질 변화 특성

이우진,백선우,서하나,공병욱,라덕관,정정조 한국환경기술학회 2018 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.19 No.1

The purpose of this study is to monitor for 40 days the variation of water quality from fish pond applied to the recirculating aquaculture system for fancy carp. pH was gradually declined from 7.7 to 7.0 because carbon dioxide arisen from the decomposition of organics and hydrogen ion from nitrification was accumulated. BOD and COD concentrations were gradually increased to 36% and 59% with time elapsed. We think the reason why the supply of organics by the feeding to the fancy carps was bigger than decomposition rate of the organics by the bacteria attached the submerged biofilter. Average concentration of nonionic ammonia was 0.003 mg/L which is the lower concentration than maximum permissible concentration of fish as 0.01~0.12 mg/L, and the concentration of nitrite was 0.09 mg/L which is almost the same as the maximum permissible concentration. On the other hand concentrations of nitrate and phosphate were slightly inclined with time elapsed. In our system the 43.15 mg/L of nitrate concentration was higher than that of common level(20 mg/L) which is no influence for fancy carp. From the results taken from the fish pond for 40 days applied to the recirculating aquaculture system for fancy carp, we could know the problems arise as pH decrease, nutrients(nitrate) accumulation and increase of the organics. To solve the problem it is suggested that periodical cleaning of settling tank and biological reaction tank 15 days and 30 days and change 30% water, control feeding of fish numbers, pH control with oyster shell and removal of nutrients with plants by aquaponic system. 본 연구에서는 비단잉어 사육에 있어서 순환여과식 양어시스템을 적용하여 양어지의 수질변화 특성을 파악하는 것을 목적으로 하여 40일간 연구를 수행하였다. 수질항목 중에서 pH는 7.7에서 7.0로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 수중에 존재하는 유기물 분해로 생성된 CO2와 질산화 과정에서 생성되는 H+의 영향으로 인해 감소되는 것으로 판단된다. BOD는 1.1 mg/L에서 2.6 mg/L로 상승하였고, COD는 6.5 mg/L에서 10.2 mg/L로 각각 약 36%, 59% 증가 하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 침지 여과막에 부착된 세균이 분해하는 유기물의 양보다 사료의 급이로 인해 유입되는 유기물의 공급량이 많기 때문으로 판단된다. 평균 비이온성 암모니아는 0.003 mg/L로 어류 최대 허용 농도 범위인 0.01~ 0.12 mg/L 보다 낮은 농도를 나타내었으며, 아질산성 질소의 농도는 평균 0.09 mg/L(0.05~0.02 mg/L)로 어류최대 허용농도 (0.10 mg/L)과 거의 유사한 수치를 보였다. 한편 질산염은 41.60 mg/L에서 49.60 mg/L로 지속적인 증가 경향을 보였으며, 인산염의 경우는 3.02 mg/L에서 3.57 mg/L로 미소한 증가를 보였다. 질산성질소가 비단잉어에 영향이 없는 농도는 20 mg/L로 알려져 있지만, 본 양어지에서는 43.15 mg/L로 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 순환여과식 여과시스템을 적용한 비단잉어 양어지에서 40일 동안 수질 변화를 파악한 결과, pH가 감소하는 문제, 영양염류(질산성질소)의 축적문제, 유기물의 증가 문제 등이 야기되었다. 이를 해결하기위한 방법으로는 주기적인 퇴적물을 제거하는 청소(침전지의 경우는 약 15일, 미생물막 정화조의 경우는 약 30일 정도) 및 환수(청소시 약 1/3), 급이량의 조절, 굴 패각을 이용한 pH의 조절, 식물을 통한 질산성질소의 흡수제거가 적용될 수 있다고 판단되며, 이러한 내용의 후속 연구도 필요하다고 판단된다.

Complete genome sequence of Flavobacteriaceae strain KCTC 52651 isolated from seawater recirculating aquaculture system

김영삼,전용재,김경호,Kim, Young-Sam,Jeon, Young Jae,Kim, Kyoung-Ho The Microbiological Society of Korea 2019 미생물학회지 Vol.55 No.2

Flavobacteriaceae 과에 속하는 신균주인 RR4-38(= KCTC 52651 = DSM 108068)가 한국의 해수 순환여과양식시스템의 생물여과조에서 분리되었다. 41.9%의 G+C 함유량을 가진 3,182,272 bp의 길이의 하나의 완전한 유전체 컨티그가 PacBio RS II를 이용하여 얻어졌다. 이 유전체는 2,829개의 단백질 암호화 유전자와 6개의 rRNA 유전자, 38개 tRNA 유전자, 4개의 ncRNA 유전자, 9개의 유사유전자를 포함하고 있다. 이 결과는 해수 순환여과양식시스템에서 미생물의 활성을 이해하는데 통찰력을 줄 것이다. A novel bacterium, designated strain RR4-38 (= KCTC 52651 = DSM 108068), belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae was isolated from a biofilter in the seawater recirculating aquaculture system in South Korea. A single complete genome contig which is 3,182,272 bp with 41.9% G+C content was generated using PacBio RS II platform. The genome includes 2,829 protein-coding genes, 6 rRNA genes, 38 tRNA genes, 4 non-coding RNA genes, and 9 pseudogenes. The results will provide insights for understanding microbial activity in the seawater recirculating aquaculture system.

The Need of Biofilter for Ammonia Removal in Recirculating Aquaculture System

Harwanto, Dicky,Jo, Jae-Yoon The Korean Society for Marine Biotechnology 2010 한국해양바이오학회지 Vol.4 No.1

With the world's population increase, demands of fish production increased rapidly. Because of the demand increase, methods of aquaculture also become more intense. With the increasing intensity of aquaculture, more metabolites in the system are accumulated. The metabolites accumulated in the system turn to the causatives of water quality deterioration and become limiting factors for fish growth. Due to the toxicity of ammonia, ammonia removal is needed in aquaculture system. Biofilters, often referred as biological filter or nitrification filter are commonly used in recirculating aquaculture system to remove ammonia and convert it to nitrite, and then to nitrate.

Microbial community analysis of an eco-friendly recirculating aquaculture system for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using complex microbial probiotics

이채영,김하함,알핀이마뉴엘,김홍기,원성훈,배진호,배승철,고성철,Rhee, Chaeyoung,Kim, Haham,Emmanuel, S. Aalfin,Kim, Hong-Gi,Won, Seonghun,Bae, Jinho,Bai, Sungchul C.,Koh, Sung-Cheol The Microbiological Society of Korea 2018 미생물학회지 Vol.54 No.4

본 연구는 순환여과양식시스템(RAS)에 있어서 복합프로바이오틱스의 적용이 넙치의 성장과 병저항성에 미치는 영향과 이 프로바이오틱스를 RAS에 생물증강처리 시 미생물군집 구조 및 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. RAS 내에서 80미의 넙치치어($25.7{\pm}7.6g$; $15.2{\pm}1.7cm$)에 프로바이오틱스 CES-AQ1를 첨가하여 사료를 제조하여(CES 사료; $1{\times}10^9\;CFU/kg$) 8주일 동안 급이하였다. 이 경우 넙치의 증체율, 비성장속도, 사료효율, 및 단백질 전환효율은 비유수식 양식시스템에 있어서 CON, PI 및 OTC 사료를 처리한 경우에 비해 1.5~2.5배 정도 높게 나타났다. 1주일간 병원균 저항성 시험에 있어서 비유수식에서 항생제함유 사료(OTC)를 급이한 경우와 RAS에서 CES 사료를 처리한 경우간에는 별 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 이 CES 프로바이오틱스를 RAS에서 넙치를 양식하는데 있어서 항생제 대용으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. RAS의 생물여과막에서는 가장 높은 미생물다양성이 나타났으며 암모니아의 산화 및 탈질능을 가진 미생물이 관찰되었고, 병원미생물의 성장억제도 관찰되었다. 더구나 RAS 운전 19일 경과 시 암모니아가 0.5 mg/L이하의 농도로 감소하여 양호한 RAS 수질의 유지에 있어서 프로바이오틱스 처리가 효과가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 사료에 프로바이오틱스(CES-AQ1)를 첨가하여 넙치 장내 미생물이 안정화되고 또한 이 프로바이오틱스를 RAS 양식수에도 처리하여 RAS를 운전할 경우 건강한 넙치의 양식과 양호한 수질을 유지할 수 있어서 경제적이고 환경친화적인 넙치양식이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary microbial probiotics on the growth and disease resistance of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), and the effects of the probiotic bioaugmentation on the microbial community structure and water quality. For the analysis, 80 juvenile fish (average weight, $25.7{\pm}7.6g$; average length, $15.2{\pm}1.7cm$) were fed a basal diet containing a commercial microbial product CES-AQ1 (CES; $1{\times}10^9\;CFU/kg$ diet) in an RAS for 8 weeks. Weight gain, the specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio of the fish fed the CES diet in the RAS were 1.5~2.5 times higher than those of fish fed the basal diet alone, or the basal diet containing oxytetracycline (OTC), yeast plus bacterium, or Bacillus subtilis in a still water system. There was no significant difference in the pathogen challenge test between fish fed the OTC diet and fish fed the CES diet in the RAS, suggesting the CES-AQ1 probiotic used in the RAS as a potential replacement for antibiotics. The RAS biofilter maintained the highest microbial diversity and appeared to harbor microbial communities with ammonium oxidation, denitrification, and fish pathogen suppression functions. Ammonia, which is hazardous to fish, was significantly decreased to < 0.5 mg/L in 19 days, indicating the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation to maintain good water quality in RAS. These results suggest that the intestinal microbial communities of fish are stabilized by a probiotic-containing diet (CES) and that bioaugmentation with probiotics may be an eco-friendly and economical supplement for aquaculture of olive flounder, promoting both good water quality and fish health in an RAS.

순환여과양식 시스템 내 감성돔(Acanthopagrus schlegelii) 치어에 미치는 질산성 질소의 만성적 영향

서석,최태건,박정환 한국수산과학회 2019 한국수산과학회지 Vol.52 No.5

This study evaluated the chronic effects of NO3-N on juvenile blackhead seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii. The experiment used six identically configured recirculating aquaculture systems (435 L), with three tanks (70 L) each. The NO3-N concentrations studied were 0 (control), 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/L NO3-N/L. Thirty juvenile blackhead seabream (18.8±2.2 g) were stocked in each tank. Growth and hematological changes were evaluated after 120 days. At the end of the experiment, the growth, survival, and cortisol levels indicated that blackhead seabream were healthy in 500 mg NO3-N/L. However, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 receptor were significantly lower at 250, 500, and 1,000 mg NO3-N/L than in controls (62.5 and 125 mg NO3-N/L). Juveniles were likely affected at a much lower NO3-N concentration than 250 mg/L NO3-N/L in terms of IGF-1 and the IGF-1 receptor. Therefore, for the sake of long-term fish welfare, the NO3-N should be maintained at lower than 250 mg/L for blackhead seabream in recirculating aquaculture systems.

Serial Particle Size Fractionation and Water Quality in a Recirculating Aquaculture System for Eel

Lee, Jin-Hwan The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2010 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.13 No.2

The effects of suspended solids size on culture water quality were determined in a commercial recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. The particulate phase of the culture water was serially divided into six size fractions using 300, 200, 100, 75, 45, and 26 ${\mu}m$ pore size stainless sieves. The total, dissolved, and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus, and suspended solids for each fraction were determined. The concentration ranges in the fractions were: total nitrogen, 164-148 mg $L^{-1}$; total phosphorus, 20.4-15.5 mg $L^{-1}$; and total suspended solids, 8.1-6.1 mg $L^{-1}$. The concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus decreased significantly (P<0.05) with a 26 ${\mu}m$ and 200 ${\mu}m$ filter pore size, respectively. Nutrients from dissolved organic substances were much higher than from particulates. Analysis of particle size fractionation and its effects on water quality is useful to estimate removal efficiencies of a commercial effluent screening device for solid management and development of solid removal systems.

모의 순환여과식 실험장치에서 회전원판반응기 (RBC)에 의한 순환수처리

서근학,김병진,임성일,조진구,김용하,오창섭,SUH Kuen-Hack,KIM Byong-Jin,LIM Sung-Il,CHO Jin-Koo,KIM Yong-Ha,OH Chang-Sup 한국수산과학회 1999 한국수산과학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) was tested for the treatment of artificial rearing water in n simulated aquaculture system. Performance of RBC on the removal of TAN and COD was evaluated by controlling hydraulic residence time (HRT). As HRT of RBC was increased, TAN removal rate ana removal efficiency of RBC and TAN concentration of rearing water were increased, but COD removal rate was decreased. Total alkalinity consumption rate was increased by increasing HRT of RBC. Ratio between total alkalinity consumption rate and TAN removal rate was 7.73. HRT for maintaining lowest TAN and COD concentration of artificial rearing water was 14,6 minutes and at that condition TAN and COD concentration of the water was 1.28 and $5.59 g/m^3$, respectively. 본 연구에서는 양식장에서 많이 이용되고 있는 회전원판 반응기를 모의 순환 여과식 양어장에 적용하여 인공 양식수 처리 실험을 행하면서 어류의 최적 사육환경을 유지할 수 있는 운전인자를 도출하고자 하였다. 회전원판 반응기는 수리학적 체류시간이 감소하는 부하변동에대해 $5\~6$일 정도의 시간이 흐른 후 정상상태에 도달하였으며 수리학적 체류시간의 증가에 따라 모의 사육조의 암모니아 농도, 회전원판반응기의 암모니아성 질소 제거율 및 제거속도는 증가하였다. 14.6분의 수리학적 체류시간에서 암모니아성 질소의 제거율은 $82.5\%$로 실험조건 중 가장 낮았으나 사육조의 암모니아성 질소농도는 $1.28g/m^3$으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 모의 사육조의 용존산소는 수리학적 체류시간의 변화와 무관하게 $5.0\~5.3g/m^3$의 범위로 유지되었으며 회전원판 반응기의 원판이 회전할 때 자체적으로 산소가 공급되어 암모니아 둥의 산화와 관련하여 별도의 용존산소 공급은 필요 없는 것으로 나타났다. 알칼리도 소모속도는 수리학적 체류시간의 증가에 따라 선형적으로 증가하였으며 알칼리도 소모속도와 암모니아제거속도의 비는 평균 7.73으로 암모니아성 질소 1 g의 질산화에 7.73g의 알칼리도가 소모되는 것으로 나타났다 회전원판반응기는 원판에 부착된 일부의 타가영양체 미생물에 의해 용존 유기물이 소모되어 COD가 감소되었으며 COD의 제거속도는 수리학적 체류시간의 감소에 따라 선형적으로 증가하여 14.6분의 수리학적 체류시간에서 $5.59\;g/m^3$의 가장 낮은 농도를 보였다.