분산 시스템의 기능 및 비기능 검증을 위한 테스트 프레임워크 개발

윤상필 ( Sangpil Yun ),서용진 ( Yongjin Seo ),민법기 ( Bup-ki Min ),김현수 ( Hyeon Soo Kim ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.15 No.5

분산 시스템은 물리적으로 분산된 컴퓨터들이 네트워크에 의해 유기적으로 연결된 것을 의미한다. 유무선 인터넷의 보편적인 사용으로 인해 사용자는 언제 어디서나 분산 서비스의 이용이 가능하게 되었다. 분산 서비스의 폭발적인 증가는 서비스의 기능적 측면에서의 검증뿐만 아니라 서비스 품질과 관련된 비기능적 요소의 검증도 강하게 요구하고 있다. 분산 서비스를 검증하기 위해서는 분산 시스템에 맞는 테스트 환경을 구축해야 한다. 하지만 분산 시스템은 물리적으로 분산된 노드로 구성되기 때문에 테스트 환경을 구축함에 있어서 단일 시스템의 테스트 환경보다 많은 노력이 요구된다. 이 논문에서 우리는 분산 시스템의 기능 및 비기능 요소의 검증을 위한 테스트 프레임워크를 제안한다. 제안하는 테스트 프레임워크는 메시지 시퀀스 차트(Message Sequence Chart)를 기반으로 테스트 케이스를 자동 생성하며, 물리적으로 분산된 노드를 흉내 낼 수 있는 가상의 분산 노드로 구성된 테스트 드라이버를 포함 한다. 테스트 수행 결과는 다양한 그래프와 GUI를 통해서 쉽게 확인할 수 있다. 이 논문에서 제안하는 테스트 프레임워크를 통해 분산 시스템 테스트에 드는 노력을 감소할 수 있고 시스템의 신뢰성을 향상 시킬 수 있을 것이다. Distributed systems are collection of physically distributed computers linked by a network. General use of wired/wireless Internet enables users to make use of distributed service anytime and anywhere. The explosive growth of distributed services strongly requires functional verification of services as well as verification of non-functional elements such as service quality. In order to verify distributed services it is necessary to build a test environment for distributed systems. Because, however, distributed systems are composed of physically distributed nodes, efforts to construct a test environment are required more than those in a test environment for a monolithic system. In this paper we propose a test framework to verify functional and non-functional features of distributed systems. The suggested framework automatically generates test cases through the message sequence charts, and includes a test driver composed of the virtual nodes which can simulate the physically distributed nodes. The test result can be checked easily through the various graphs and the graphical user interface (GUI). The test framework can reduce testing efforts for a distributed system and can enhance the reliability of the system.

Predictors of radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary function changes after concurrent chemoradiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer

Young Hee Park,Jae-Sung Kim 대한방사선종양학회 2013 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.31 No.1

Purpose: To evaluate the predictive factors of radiation pneumonitis (RP) and associated changes in pulmonary function after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Medical records of 60 patients with NSCLC who received definitive CCRT were retrospectively reviewed. Dose volumetric (DV) parameters, clinical factors, and pulmonary function test (PFT) data were analyzed. RP was graded according to the CTCAE ver. 4.0. Percentage of lung volume that received a dose of threshold (Vdose) and mean lung dose (MLD) were analyzed for potential DV predictors. PFT changes were calculated as the difference between pre-RT and post-RT values at 3, 6, and 12 months after RT. Results: Twenty-two patients (37%) developed grade ≥2 RP. Among clinical factors, tumor location in lower lobe was associated with RP. Among the DV parameters, only MLD >15 Gy was associated with grade ≥2 RP. There were statistically significant decreases in PFT at all points compared with pre-RT values in grade ≥2 RP group. MLD was associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) changes at 6 and 12 months. V10 was associated with FVC changes at 12 months. V20 and V30 were associated with FEV1 changes at 6 months and FVC changes at 12 months. Conclusion: After definitive CCRT in patients with NSCLC, MLD >15 Gy and lower lobe tumor location were predictors of grade ≥2 RP. Pulmonary functions were decreased after CCRT and the magnitude of changes was associated with DV parameters.

폐기능저하로 수술대상에서 제외된 비소세포성 폐암 환자의 분석

한성구(Sung Koo Han),이상도(Sang Do Lee),심영수(Young Soo Shim),김건열(Keun Youl Kim),한용철(Yong Chol Han) 대한내과학회 1988 대한내과학회지 Vol.34 No.6

N/A Early surgical resection of Non-small cell lung cancer is still the treatment of choice and this includes the AJC clinical stages of I & II. Among the 567cases of Non- small cell lung cancer which have been diagnosed at Seoul National University Hospital during the period of March 1984 to February 1987, 21 cases were found to be surgically resectable stage but inoperable due to poor pulmonary reserve, We analyzed these 21cases in special reference to their histologic type, stage at the time of initial diagnosis, causes of poor pulmonary function test, mean survival time of these category patients and the results are summarized as follows. 1) Of 21cases, histologic type of 20cases were squamous cell carcinoma (95%) and 1case was adenocarcinoma (5%). 2) Of 21cases, 19cases were in stage I (90%) and 2cases were in stage II (10%). 3) Analysis of causes of poor pulmonary function revealed chronic obstructive lung disease in 15cases (71%), pulmonary tuberculosis in 5cases (24%), severe pleural adhesion in 1case (5%). 4) Mean values of pulmonary function test were FVC 1.93±0.42 1. FEV1 1.08±0.31 1, and there was no difference in the pattern of pulmonary function test between pulmonary tuberculosis patients and COPD patients. 5) Mean values of arterial blood gas analysis were PaO2 74±11mmHg, PaCO2 39±6mmHg. 6) Mean survivals of patients who died are 15±10 months for patients who received radiation therapy, 12 months for patient who received anticancer chemotherapy, 3.5±0.5 months for patients who received no treatment.

Predictors of radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary function changes after concurrent chemoradiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer

박영희,김재성 대한방사선종양학회 2013 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.31 No.1

Purpose: To evaluate the predictive factors of radiation pneumonitis (RP) and associated changes in pulmonary function after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Medical records of 60 patients with NSCLC who received definitive CCRT were retrospectively reviewed. Dose volumetric (DV) parameters, clinical factors, and pulmonary function test (PFT) data were analyzed. RP was graded according to the CTCAE ver. 4.0. Percentage of lung volume that received a dose of threshold (Vdose) and mean lung dose (MLD) were analyzed for potential DV predictors. PFT changes were calculated as the difference between pre-RT and post-RT values at 3, 6, and 12 months after RT. Results: Twenty-two patients (37%) developed grade ≥2 RP. Among clinical factors, tumor location in lower lobe was associated with RP. Among the DV parameters, only MLD >15 Gy was associated with grade ≥2 RP. There were statistically significant decreases in PFT at all points compared with pre-RT values in grade ≥2 RP group. MLD was associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) changes at 6 and 12 months. V10 was associated with FVC changes at 12 months. V20 and V30 were associated with FEV1 changes at 6 months and FVC changes at 12 months. Conclusion: After definitive CCRT in patients with NSCLC, MLD >15 Gy and lower lobe tumor location were predictors of grade ≥2 RP. Pulmonary functions were decreased after CCRT and the magnitude of changes was associated with DV parameters.

Non-destructive assessment of the three-point-bending strength of mortar beams using radial basis function neural networks

Alex Alexandridis,Ilias Stavrakas,Charalampos Stergiopoulos,George Hloupis,Konstantinos Ninos,Dimos Triantis 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2015 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.16 No.6

This paper presents a new method for assessing the three-point-bending (3PB) strength of mortar beams in a non-destructive manner, based on neural network (NN) models. The models are based on the radial basis function (RBF) architecture and the fuzzy means algorithm is employed for training, in order to boost the prediction accuracy. Data for training the models were collected based on a series of experiments, where the cement mortar beams were subjected to various bending mechanical loads and the resulting pressure stimulated currents (PSCs) were recorded. The input variables to the NN models were then calculated by describing the PSC relaxation process through a generalization of Boltzmannn-Gibbs statistical physics, known as non-extensive statistical physics (NESP). The NN predictions were evaluated using k-fold cross-validation and new data that were kept independent from training; it can be seen that the proposed method can successfully form the basis of a non-destructive tool for assessing the bending strength. A comparison with a different NN architecture confirms the superiority of the proposed approach.

Non-linear rheology of tension structural element under single and variable loading history Part II: Creep of steel rope - examples and parametrical study

Kmet, S.,Holickova, L. Techno-Press 2004 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.18 No.5

The substance of the use of the derived non-linear creep constitutive equations under variable stress levels (see first part of the paper, Kmet 2004) is explained and the strategy of their application is outlined using the results of one-step creep tests of the steel spiral strand rope as an example. In order to investigate the creep strain increments of cables an experimental set-up was originally designed and a series of tests were carried out. Attention is turned to the individual main steps in the production and application procedure, i.e., to the one-step creep tests, definition of loading history, determination of the kernel functions, selection and definition of constitutive equation and to the comparison of the resulting values considering the product and the additive forms of the approximation of the kernel functions. To this purpose, the parametrical study is performed and the results are presented. The constitutive equations of non-linear creep of cable under variable stress history offer a strong tool for the real simulation of stochastic variable load history and prediction of realistic time-dependent response (current deflection and stress configuration) of structures with cable elements. By means of suitable stress combination and its gradual repeating various loads and times effects can be modelled.

Predictors of radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary function changes after concurrent chemoradiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer

Park, Young Hee,Kim, Jae-Sung The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 2013 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.31 No.1

Purpose: To evaluate the predictive factors of radiation pneumonitis (RP) and associated changes in pulmonary function after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Medical records of 60 patients with NSCLC who received definitive CCRT were retrospectively reviewed. Dose volumetric (DV) parameters, clinical factors, and pulmonary function test (PFT) data were analyzed. RP was graded according to the CTCAE ver. 4.0. Percentage of lung volume that received a dose of threshold (Vdose) and mean lung dose (MLD) were analyzed for potential DV predictors. PFT changes were calculated as the difference between pre-RT and post-RT values at 3, 6, and 12 months after RT. Results: Twenty-two patients (37%) developed grade ${\geq}2$ RP. Among clinical factors, tumor location in lower lobe was associated with RP. Among the DV parameters, only MLD >15 Gy was associated with grade ${\geq}2$ RP. There were statistically significant decreases in PFT at all points compared with pre-RT values in grade ${\geq}2$ RP group. MLD was associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) changes at 6 and 12 months. V10 was associated with FVC changes at 12 months. V20 and V30 were associated with FEV1 changes at 6 months and FVC changes at 12 months. Conclusion: After definitive CCRT in patients with NSCLC, MLD >15 Gy and lower lobe tumor location were predictors of grade ${\geq}2$ RP. Pulmonary functions were decreased after CCRT and the magnitude of changes was associated with DV parameters.

수분민감성 관련 소석회 및 박리방지제 첨가 투수성 가열 아스팔트 혼합물의 최적 함량 평가

김도완,이상염,문성호 한국도로학회 2016 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.18 No.6

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this research is to determine the moisture resistance of the freeze-thaw process occurring in low-noise porous pavement using either hydrated-lime or anti-freezing agent. Various additives were applied to low-noise porous asphalt, which is actively paved in South Korea, to overcome its disadvantages. Moreover, the optimum contents of hydrated-lime and anti-freezing agent and behavior properties of low-noise porous asphalt layer are determined using dynamic moduli via the freeze-thaw test. METHODS: The low-noise porous asphalt mixtures were made using gyratory compacters to investigate its properties with either hydratedlime or anti-freezing agent. To determine the dynamic moduli of each mixture, impact resonance test was conducted. The applied standard for the freeze-thaw test of asphalt mixture is ASTM D 6857. The freeze-thaw and impact resonance tests were performed twice at each stage. The behavior properties were defined using finite element method, which was performed using the dynamic modulus data obtained from the freezethaw test and resonance frequencies obtained from non-destructive impact test. RESULTS: The results show that the coherence and strength of the low-noise porous asphalt mixture decreased continuously with the increase in the temperature of the mixture. The dynamic modulus of the normal low-noise porous asphalt mixture dramatically decreased after one cycle of freezing and thawing stages, which is more than that of other mixtures containing additives. The damage rate was higher when the freeze-thaw test was repeated. CONCLUSIONS : From the root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean percentage error (MPE) analyses, the addition rates of 1.5% hydrated-lime and 0.5% anti-freezing agent resulted in the strongest mixture having the highest moisture resistance compared to other specimens with each additive in 1 cycle freeze-thaw test. Moreover, the freeze-thaw resistance significantly improved when a hydrated-lime content of 0.5% was applied for the two cycles of the freeze-thaw test. Hence, the optimum contents of both hydrated-lime and anti-freezing agent are 0.5%.

Homogenization of the non-stationary Stokes equations with periodic viscosity

최희준,김현석 대한수학회 2009 대한수학회지 Vol.46 No.5

We study the periodic homogenization of the non-stationary Stokes equations. The fundamental homogenization theorem and corrector theorem are proved under a very general assumption on the viscosity coefficients and data. The proofs are based on a weak formulation suitable for an application of classical Tartar's method of oscillating test functions. Such a weak formulation is derived by adapting an argument in Teman's book [Navier-Stokes Equations: Theory and Numerical Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1984]. We study the periodic homogenization of the non-stationary Stokes equations. The fundamental homogenization theorem and corrector theorem are proved under a very general assumption on the viscosity coefficients and data. The proofs are based on a weak formulation suitable for an application of classical Tartar's method of oscillating test functions. Such a weak formulation is derived by adapting an argument in Teman's book [Navier-Stokes Equations: Theory and Numerical Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1984].

Evaluation of material decomposition for pulmonary function test in spectral computed tomography: A Monte Carlo simulation study

Eom, Jisoo,Kim, Burnyoung,Kim, Wonhyung,Lee, Seungwan Elsevier 2018 OPTIK -STUTTGART- Vol.174 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Due to various factors, the number of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients continues to grow. In addition, the mortality from COPD is increasing because of the difficult in the early detection of COPD. Both of radiologic and respiratory examinations should be performed for detecting COPD. But, since the conventional respiratory test uses spirometer, there is the air leakage between mouth and measurement machine, which reduces the accuracy and reproducibility of measurement. Also, it is difficult to apply respiratory examinations to all ages because the long respiration is needed. In this study, we confirmed the feasibility of material decomposition for pulmonary function test by combining dual-energy X-ray imaging based on a photon-counting detector. Non-radioactive Xe was used for determining pulmonary region. The RMSEs and contrast of each material in decomposition images were analyzed to quantitatively evaluate an accuracy of material decomposition images, and the volume including each material was calculated from material decomposition images. Results showed the high accuracy of material decomposition and volume measurements. The average RMSE values of PMMA, lung, and non-radioactive Xe were 0.07, 0.28, and 0.08%. The percentage errors of volume measurements for pure PMMA, lung, non-radioactive Xe, and total lung were 2.72, 8.46, 4.06, and 3.72%, respectively. Therefore, the diagnosis of COPD can be simplified through the material decomposition imaging using non-radiologic Xe, and the pulmonary function can be evaluated by decomposing the actual gas exchange volume form the total lung volume.</P>