Topical application of cervix with hyaluronan improves fertility in goats inseminated with frozen-thawed semen

Leethongdee Sukanya,Thuangsanthia Anone,Khalid Muhammad 아세아·태평양축산학회 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.6

Objective: Artificial insemination plays an important role in genetic improvement in the goat farming system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cervical application of hyaluronan (HA) on the fertility in goats after cervical artificial insemination using frozenthawed (F-T) semen. Methods: After oestrous synchronisation with progesterone sponges and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin injection, both nulli- and multi-parous goats, were randomly allocated to 2 groups, and were inseminated with 0.25 mL of F-T semen (150×106 spermatozoa) twice at 52 h and 56 h after sponge removal. Prior to the insemination, goats in Group 1 only were given topical cervical HA application at 48 h after sponge removal. Site of insemination was recorded as os-cervix or intra-cervix or intra-uterus. Pregnancy was tested ultrasonographically 42 days after insemination. The data on pregnancy rates and percentage of animals according to the site of semen deposition were compared by Chi-square analysis. Results: The overall pregnancy rate was significantly (p<0.004) higher in goats with prior application to the cervix with HA (63.3%) than without (36.0%). Same pattern was observed in the pregnancy rates of nulli- and multi-parous goats in both the groups. Percentage of nulliparous goats according to the site of insemination in the HA group did not differ between first and the second insemination. However, in multiparous goats the percentage of animals inseminated intra-cervically was significantly increased (p≤0.05) between the first and the second inseminations. Conclusion: The results suggest that significantly higher fertility rate in the “HA goats” compared to the “without HA” group was because of deeper insemination facilitated by topical cervical application of HA. The deeper insemination into the cervical canal increase the rate of fertilisation when the cervical artificial insemination is performed. Objective: Artificial insemination plays an important role in genetic improvement in the goat farming system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cervical application of hyaluronan (HA) on the fertility in goats after cervical artificial insemination using frozenthawed (F-T) semen.Methods: After oestrous synchronisation with progesterone sponges and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin injection, both nulli- and multi-parous goats, were randomly allocated to 2 groups, and were inseminated with 0.25 mL of F-T semen (150×10⁶ spermatozoa) twice at 52 h and 56 h after sponge removal. Prior to the insemination, goats in Group 1 only were given topical cervical HA application at 48 h after sponge removal. Site of insemination was recorded as os-cervix or intra-cervix or intra-uterus. Pregnancy was tested ultrasonographically 42 days after insemination. The data on pregnancy rates and percentage of animals according to the site of semen deposition were compared by Chi-square analysis.Results: The overall pregnancy rate was significantly (p<0.004) higher in goats with prior application to the cervix with HA (63.3%) than without (36.0%). Same pattern was observed in the pregnancy rates of nulli- and multi-parous goats in both the groups. Percentage of nulliparous goats according to the site of insemination in the HA group did not differ between first and the second insemination. However, in multiparous goats the percentage of animals inseminated intra-cervically was significantly increased (p≤0.05) between the first and the second inseminations.Conclusion: The results suggest that significantly higher fertility rate in the “HA goats” compared to the “without HA” group was because of deeper insemination facilitated by topical cervical application of HA. The deeper insemination into the cervical canal increase the rate of fertilisation when the cervical artificial insemination is performed.

Detecting Positive Selection of Korean Native Goat Populations Using Next-Generation Sequencing

Lee, Wonseok,Ahn, Sojin,Taye, Mengistie,Sung, Samsun,Lee, Hyun-Jeong,Cho, Seoae,Kim, Heebal Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2016 Molecules and cells Vol.39 No.12

Goats (Capra hircus) are one of the oldest species of domesticated animals. Native Korean goats are a particularly interesting group, as they are indigenous to the area and were raised in the Korean peninsula almost 2,000 years ago. Although they have a small body size and produce low volumes of milk and meat, they are quite resistant to lumbar paralysis. Our study aimed to reveal the distinct genetic features and patterns of selection in native Korean goats by comparing the genomes of native Korean goat and crossbred goat populations. We sequenced the whole genome of 15 native Korean goats and 11 crossbred goats using next-generation sequencing (Illumina platform) to compare the genomes of the two populations. We found decreased nucleotide diversity in the native Korean goats compared to the crossbred goats. Genetic structural analysis demonstrated that the native Korean goat and cross-bred goat populations shared a common ancestry, but were clearly distinct. Finally, to reveal the native Korean goat's selective sweep region, selective sweep signals were identified in the native Korean goat genome using cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) and a cross-population composite likelihood ratio test (XP-CLR). As a result, we were able to identify candidate genes for recent selection, such as the CCR3 gene, which is related to lumbar paralysis resistance. Combined with future studies and recent goat genome information, this study will contribute to a thorough understanding of the native Korean goat genome.

Yeast Culture and Vitamin E Supplementation Alleviates Heat Stress in Dairy Goats

Wang, Lizhi,Wang, Zhisheng,Zou, Huawei,Peng, Quanhui Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.6

This study was conducted to determine and compare the effects of yeast yeast culture (YC) and vitamin E (VE) supplementation on endotoxin absorption and antioxidant status in lactating dairy goats suffering from heat stress (HS). Three first lactation Saanen dairy goats (body weight $30{\pm}1.5kg$) were surgically fitted with indwelling catheters in the portal vein, mesenteric vein and carotid artery, and were randomly assigned to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Dietary treatments were the basal diet, and the basal diet supplemented with either 100 IU VE or 30 g YC. Goats were kept in temperature and humidity-controlled room at $35^{\circ}C$ from 8:00 to 20:00 and at $24^{\circ}C$ from 20:00 till the next morning at 8:00. The relative humidity was kept at 55%. HS increased dairy goats' rectum temperature and respiration frequency (p<0.01). HS reduced plasma flux rate of milk goats (p<0.01), but the plasma flux rate increased when the animal was under the conditions of the thermo-neutral period (p<0.01). The VE supplementation lowered dairy goats' rectum temperature during thermo-neutral period (p<0.01). Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed between the control and YC treatment in rectum temperature and respiration frequency (p>0.05). Dietary supplementation of VE and YC reduced heat stressed dairy goats' endotoxin concentration of the carotid artery and portal vein (p<0.01). However, the endotoxin concentration of the YC treatment was higher than that of the VE treatment (p<0.01). Both VE and YC supplementation decreased heat stressed dairy goats' absorption of endotoxin in portal vein (p<0.01). The endotoxin absorption of YC treatment was higher than the VE treatment (p<0.01). The addition of VE and YC decreased dairy goats' superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration during HS and the whole experiment period (p<0.01). The addition of VE lowered SOD concentration during thermo-neutral period (p<0.01). Likewise, the addition of VE and YC lowered dairy goats' malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration during HS and the whole experimental period, and the MDA concentration in the VE treatment was lower than the YC treatment (p<0.05). The addition of VE decreased MDA concentration during thermo-neutral period. On the contrast, the addition of VE increased dairy goats total antioxidant potential (TAP) concentration during HS, thermo-neutral and the whole experimental period (p<0.01). The addition of YC increased TAP concentration only during HS period (p<0.01). It is concluded that both VE and YC are useful in alleviating HS of dairy goats by weakening endotoxin absorption and promoting antioxidant capacity. Compared with YC, VE is much more powerful in easing dairy goats HS.

Genetic Differentiation of Chinese Indigenous Meat Goats Ascertained Using Microsatellite Information

Ling, Y.H.,Zhang, X.D.,Yao, N.,Ding, J.P.,Chen, H.Q.,Zhang, Z.J.,Zhang, Y.H.,Ren, C.H.,Ma, Y.H.,Zhang, X.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.2

To investigate the genetic diversity of seven Chinese indigenous meat goat breeds (Tibet goat, Guizhou white goat, Shannan white goat, Yichang white goat, Matou goat, Changjiangsanjiaozhou white goat and Anhui white goat), explain their genetic relationship and assess their integrity and degree of admixture, 302 individuals from these breeds and 42 Boer goats introduced from Africa as reference samples were genotyped for 11 microsatellite markers. Results indicated that the genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous meat goats was rich. The mean heterozygosity and the mean allelic richness (AR) for the 8 goat breeds varied from 0.697 to 0.738 and 6.21 to 7.35, respectively. Structure analysis showed that Tibet goat breed was genetically distinct and was the first to separate and the other Chinese goats were then divided into two sub-clusters: Shannan white goat and Yichang white goat in one cluster; and Guizhou white goat, Matou goat, Changjiangsanjiaozhou white goat and Anhui white goat in the other cluster. This grouping pattern was further supported by clustering analysis and Principal component analysis. These results may provide a scientific basis for the characteristization, conservation and utilization of Chinese meat goats.

Laparoscopy vs. laparotomy for embryo transfer to produce transgenic goats (Capra hircus)

Sang Tae Shin,Sung Keun Jang,Hong Suk Yang,Ok Keun Lee,Yhong Hee Shim,Won Il Choi,Doo Soo Lee,Gwan Sun Lee,Jong Ki Cho,Young Won Lee 대한수의학회 2008 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.9 No.1

This study was performed to produce transgenic Korean native goat (Capra hircus) by laparoscopic embryo transfer (ET) to overcome the limitations of ET performed by laparotomy. Transgenic embryos were produced by DNA pronuclear microinjection of in vivo zygotes. The recipient goats were synchronized for estrus by using an introvaginal progesterone devices as a controlled internal drugreleasing insert (CIDR) for 13 days and injection of 400 IU PMSG 48 h before removal of the insert. Embryos were transferred on day 3 and 4 after removal of the insert. Recipient goats were deprived of feed for 48 h, then suspended in a laparotomy cradle at an angle of 45o. After obtaining a sufficient pneumoperitoneum, the laparoscope and forceps were inserted abdominally through 5 mm trocar sleeves. Examination of the ovaries and uterus was performed and then 213 embryos were transferred into the oviducts via the infundibula of 76 recipient goats. To compare pregnancy rates, ET was also performed by laparotomy in 82 recipient goats. The pregnancies in the recipient goats were diagnosed by ultrasound on day 30 after embryo transfer. The pregnancy rate with laparoscopic ET was significantly higher than with ET performed by laparotomy (46.1% vs. 28.6%, p < 0.05). In addition, the pregnancy rates were compared between ovulated and non-ovulated ovaries of the recipient goats in the laparoscopic ET group. No significant difference was observed between the pregnancy rates of ovulated and non-ovulated ovaries (41.3% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.05) suggesting that ET may also be possible in non-ovulated recipients through artificial rupture of Graafian follicles. These results suggest that laparoscopic ET is a highly efficient method for the transfer of goat embryos. This study was performed to produce transgenic Korean native goat (Capra hircus) by laparoscopic embryo transfer (ET) to overcome the limitations of ET performed by laparotomy. Transgenic embryos were produced by DNA pronuclear microinjection of in vivo zygotes. The recipient goats were synchronized for estrus by using an introvaginal progesterone devices as a controlled internal drugreleasing insert (CIDR) for 13 days and injection of 400 IU PMSG 48 h before removal of the insert. Embryos were transferred on day 3 and 4 after removal of the insert. Recipient goats were deprived of feed for 48 h, then suspended in a laparotomy cradle at an angle of 45o. After obtaining a sufficient pneumoperitoneum, the laparoscope and forceps were inserted abdominally through 5 mm trocar sleeves. Examination of the ovaries and uterus was performed and then 213 embryos were transferred into the oviducts via the infundibula of 76 recipient goats. To compare pregnancy rates, ET was also performed by laparotomy in 82 recipient goats. The pregnancies in the recipient goats were diagnosed by ultrasound on day 30 after embryo transfer. The pregnancy rate with laparoscopic ET was significantly higher than with ET performed by laparotomy (46.1% vs. 28.6%, p < 0.05). In addition, the pregnancy rates were compared between ovulated and non-ovulated ovaries of the recipient goats in the laparoscopic ET group. No significant difference was observed between the pregnancy rates of ovulated and non-ovulated ovaries (41.3% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.05) suggesting that ET may also be possible in non-ovulated recipients through artificial rupture of Graafian follicles. These results suggest that laparoscopic ET is a highly efficient method for the transfer of goat embryos.

RAPD Variation and Genetic Distances among Tibetan, Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Cashmere Goats

Chen, Shilin,Li, Menghua,Li, Yongjun,Zhao, Shuhong,Yu, Chuanzhou,Yu, Mei,Fan, Bin,Li, Kui Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.11

Relationship among Tibetan cashmere goats, Inner Mongolia cashmere goats and Liaoning cashmere goats was studied using the technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). One primer and four primer combinations were screened. With the five primers and primer combinations, DNA fragments were amplified from the three breeds. Each breed has 28 samples. According to their RAPD fingerprint maps, the Nei's (1972) standard genetic distance was: 0.0876 between Tibetan cashmere goats and Inner Mongolia cashmere goats, 0.1601 between Tibetan cashmere goats and Liaoning cashmere goats, 0.0803 between the Inner Mongolia cashmere goats and Liaoning cashmere goats. It coincides with their geographic location. The genetic heterogeneity of Tibetan cashmere goats, Inner Mongolia cashmere goats and Liaoning cashmere goats is 0.3266, 0.2622 and 0.2475 respectively. It is also consistent with their development history.

아사셀 염소는 속죄제의 일부인가?

김경열 한국개혁신학회 2020 한국개혁신학 Vol.68 No.-

In the ceremony of the Day of Atonement in Leviticus 16, after two goats are designated for a hattat(the sin offering), one is slaughtered and the other is released into the wilderness as the so-called “Azazel goat ritual.” Many scholars do not put the Azazel goat in the category of “sacrifice,” because it is not slaughtered and burnt on the alter. So it cannot be a hattat. Thus, the Azazel goat ritual is a ritual entirely separate from the ritual of hattat, so the function and effect of the hand-laying on the live goat, and its role in carrying sin, have nothing to do with the hattat. This paper proves that the Azazel goat is one of the hattat, or part of the hattat, by presenting some exegetic grounds and a valid ritual logic based on the ritual system of Leviticus. The Azazel goat is chosen in pairs with a goat slaughtered for a hattat from the beginning(Lev. 16:5). Except that it was not slaughtered, this goat exactly meets all the standards of sacrifice and its nature. Furthermore, in terms of function, the live goat performs the critical task of atonement for human sins, along with the slaughtered goat. This study argues that if the Azazel goat is a component of the hattat on the Day of Atonement, the function and effect of the hand-laying on the head of the Azazel goat performed in the special can be applicable to the ordinary hattat of Leviticus 4. The hattat in Leviticus 4 is completely silent about the effect and meaning of hand-laying. But it can be complemented by the special hattat on the Day of Atonement in Leviticus 16. This filling of gaps is found in a number of additional examples in the ritual texts of the Old Testament. Therefore, the conclusion of this study is that the transfer of sins through hand-laying probably occurred even in the ordinary hattat in Leviticus 4. 레위기 16장의 속죄일 예식에서 두 마리 염소가 지정된 후 한 마리는 도살되고 다른 한 마리는 소위 “아사셀 염소” 의식을 위해 광야로 방출된다. 많은 학자들은 이때 아사셀 염소는 흔히 도살되지 않은 이유로 그것을 희생물의 범주에 넣지 않으며, 따라서 그것은 속죄제 희생물이 될 수 없다. 결국 아사셀 염소 의식은 속죄제 의식과 전혀 별개의 의식이며, 따라서 짐승 위에 시행되는 안수의 기능과 효과, 그리고 죄를 운반하는 그것의 역할은 속죄제와 아무런 관련이 없다. 본 소고는 몇 가지 주석학적 근거와 레위기 제의 체계에 따른 타당한 제의적 논리를 제시하여 아사셀 염소가 속죄제의 하나임을 증명한다. 아사셀 염소는 처음부터 속죄제를 위해 도살되는 염소와 짝을 이루어 선택된다. 이 염소는 도살이 되지 않았다는 것을 제외하고는 그 속성상 희생 짐승의 모든 표준에 정확히 부합하며, 기능적 측면에서도 속죄제 짐승과 다르지 않게 짝을 이룬 도살된 염소와 더불어 인간의 죄를 속죄하는 중대한 임무를 수행한다. 본 연구는 만일 아사셀 염소가 속죄제의 한 구성요소라면, 속죄일의 특수한 속죄제 의식에서 수행된 아사셀 염소 머리 위의 안수의 기능과 효과는 레위기 4장의 평일의 일반 속죄제에도 적용 가능하다는 것을 주장한다. 레위기 4장의 속죄제 규정은 안수의 효과와 의미에 대해 전혀 침묵한다. 그러나 그것은 레위기 16장의 속죄일의 속죄제 의식에서 보완된다. 이러한 공백 메우기는 제의 본문에서 추가적인 여러 사례들에서 발견된다. 따라서 평일의 속죄제에서도 죄의 전가가 발생되었다는 것이 본 소고의 결론이다.

Hormonal Profiles during Periparturient Period in Single and Twin Fetus Bearing Goats

Khan, J.R.,Ludri, R.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.3

The effect of fetal number (single or twin) on plasma concentrations of progesterone, estradiol $17{\beta}$, cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and insulin around parturition (periparturient period) were studied on ten $Alpine{\times}Beetle$ crossbred goats in their first to third lactation. The hormone profiles were studied on days -20, -15, -10, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1 prior to kidding and on day 0 and +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +10, +15, +20 days postkidding. Plasma progesterone levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher in twin bearing goats comparison to single bearing goats during all the days of sampling. The decline in progesterone concentration from day 20 to day 1 before kidding was 56% in twin and 42% in single bearing goats. In single bearing goats plasma estradiol $17{\beta}$ was significantly (p<0.01) higher during prekidding days compared to twin bearing goats. The level of estradiol $17{\beta}$ was highest on the day of kidding in both the groups. The plasma prolactin level in twin bearing goats from day 10 to day 1 prepartum was higher as compared to single fetus bearing goats. However there was abrupt increase in prolactin level on the day of kidding in both the groups. The plasma growth hormone levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher in twin compared to single bearing goats. On the day of kidding growth hormone levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher in twin as compared to single bearing goats (1.40 vs. 0.95 ng/ml). In twin bearing goats plasma cortisol values from day 5 till the day of kidding remained elevated and the levels on the day of kidding was significantly highest in both the groups. The levels of triiodothyronine ($T_3$) were significantly higher (p<0.01) during all the periods of sampling in single compared to twin bearing goats. Plasma thyroxine ($T_4$) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in twin compared to single bearing goats. In single bearing goats plasma insulin levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher than twin bearing goats during prepartum period however during post partum period the levels in both the groups remained similar. It can be concluded that number of fetuses is having significant influence on the hormone profile during periparturient period.

경북지방과 욕지도 염소의 형태적 특징 및 체형 비교

이재익,최인경,송해범,공건오 大邱大學校 科學技術硏究所 2001 科學技術硏究 Vol.8 No.1

These studies were conducted to search the pure line of the Korean native goats. The examinations of morphological characteristics were 229 and 34 heads of female and male goat in Kyungbuk province and 85 and 21 heads of female and male goat in Yorkjy island. The examinations of body size were 192 and 10 heads of female and male goat in Kyungbuk province and 71 heads of female goat in Yorkjy island. The results of the examination were as follows 1. The blacks of coat color were 34.2% and 51.9% for goats in Kyungbuk province and Yorkjy island, respectively. 2. The wattles and polled were 15.2% and 1.5% for female goats in Kyungbuk province, respectively, but its were nothing in Yorkjy island and for male goats in both province. 3. The lengths of hair for female goats in Kyungbuk province were sinuly to those in Yorkjy island, but the lengths of hair for male goats in Yorkjy island were larger than those in lyungbuk province. 4. The lengths of horn for male and female goats in Kyungbuk province were larger than those in Yorkjy island. 5. The lengths of ear, tail and beard for male and female goats in Kyungbuk province were similar to those in Yorkjy island. 6. The supernumerary teats for female goats in Kyungbuk province were similar to those in Yorkjy island. 7. The body and wither heights of female goats were 54.1cm and 57.22cm in Kyungbuk province, and 47.17cm and 49.60cm in Yorkjy island, respectively. 8. The body lengths of female goats were 58.04cm and 57.18cm in Kyungbuk province and Yorkjy island, respectively. 9. The chest girths of female goats were 75.81cm and 70.71cm in Iyungbuk province and Yorkjy island, respectively, and the chest depths and widths of female goats were larger in Kyungbuk province than Yorkjy island. 10. The body weights of female goats were 32.06Kg and 25.53Kg in Kyungbuk province and Yorkjy island, respectively.

Genome-wide association analysis reveals the genetic locus for high reproduction trait in Chinese Arbas Cashmere goat

Rabiul Islam,Xuexue Liu,Gebremedhin Gebreselassie,Adam Abied,Qing Ma,Yuehui Ma 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.8

Background Litter size is the most important reproductive trait which plays a crucial role in goat production. Therefore, improvement of litter size trait has been of increasing interest in goat industry as small improvement in litter size may lead to large profit. The recent Cashmere goat breeding program produced a high-reproductive genetic line of Arbas Cashmere goat. But the genetic mechanism of high reproduction rate remains largely unknown in this Chinese native goat breed. To address this question, we performed a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using two groups of goats varying in fecundity. Objectives Our study was aimed to investigate the significant SNPs and genes associated with high reproduction trait in Inner Mongolia Arbas Cashmere Goat. Methods We used logistic model association to perform GWAS using 47 goats from high fecundity group (~ 190%) and 314 goats from low fecundity group (~ 130%) of the Arbas Cashmere goat breed. Results We identified 66 genomic regions associated with genome wide significant level wherein six loci were found to be associated with reproduction traits. Further analysis showed that five key candidate genes including KISS1, KHDRBS2, WNT10B, SETDB2 and PPP3CA genes are involved in goat fecundity trait. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that several biological pathways could be involved in the variation of fecundity in female goats. Conclusions The identified significant SNPs or genes provide useful information about the underlying genetic control of fecundity trait which will be helpful to use them in goat breeding programs for improving the reproductive efficiency of goats.