Current status and strategies for second generation biofuel production using microbial systems

Bhatia, Shashi Kant,Kim, Sang-Hyoun,Yoon, Jeong-Jun,Yang, Yung-Hun Elsevier 2017 Energy conversion and management Vol.148 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Economic growth and industrial energy demand necessitate sustainable energy resources. The food vs. fuel issue means that first generation biofuels appear unsustainable. Therefore, biofuel production using lignocellulosic biomass clearly needs to be explored and promoted. However, due to technological barriers, the production of biofuel from lignocellulose (second generation biofuel) is currently not cost effective. Although microbial fermentation is an ecofriendly way to convert lignocellulose into biofuel, it will take time to become a commercial reality. Biofuels of different generations can contribute synergistically to fulfill energy demand. More research and government participation is needed to make the biofuel production process more feasible. This review focuses on the pretreatment of biomass, the production of biofuel (biodiesel, bioalcohol, and biogas) using microbial systems, and the various efforts that have been implemented to improve biofuel production.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Second generation biofuel is produced from lignocellulosic biomass. </LI> <LI> Microbes have potential to ferment biomass into biofuel. </LI> <LI> Metabolic engineering and consortia approach can improve biofuel production. </LI> <LI> Second generation biofuel production still in initial stage and require more research input. </LI> </UL> </P>

Recent developments and key barriers to advanced biofuels: A short review

Oh, You-Kwan,Hwang, Kyung-Ran,Kim, Changman,Kim, Jung Rae,Lee, Jin-Suk Elsevier 2018 Bioresource Technology Vol.257 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Biofuels are regarded as one of the most viable options for reduction of CO<SUB>2</SUB> emissions in the transport sector. However, conventional plant-based biofuels (e.g., biodiesel, bioethanol)’s share of total transportation-fuel consumption in 2016 was very low, about 4%, due to several major limitations including shortage of raw materials, low CO<SUB>2</SUB> mitigation effect, blending wall, and poor cost competitiveness. Advanced biofuels such as drop-in, microalgal, and electro biofuels, especially from inedible biomass, are considered to be a promising solution to the problem of how to cope with the growing biofuel demand. In this paper, recent developments in oxy-free hydrocarbon conversion via catalytic deoxygenation reactions, the selection of and lipid-content enhancement of oleaginous microalgae, electrochemical biofuel conversion, and the diversification of valuable products from biomass and intermediates are reviewed. The challenges and prospects for future development of eco-friendly and economically advanced biofuel production processes also are outlined herein.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> With 2DS, the biofuels’ transport-fuel share will be 30.7% by 2060. </LI> <LI> Recent studies on advanced biofuels from different inedible feedstocks are reviewed. </LI> <LI> Important technical barriers to drop-in, algal, and electro biofuels are discussed. </LI> <LI> Biofuel deoxygenation, oleaginous algae, and electro-fermentation are emphasized. </LI> </UL> </P>

바이오연료의 지속가능성에 관한 EU 법제와 시사점

임두리 ( Leem Du-ri ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2020 법학논총 Vol.44 No.4

EU는 2018년 개정 재생에너지지침(Directive(EU) 2018/2001)을 통해 2030년 수송 부문의 재생에너지 점유율 목표를 14%로 상향 조정함과 동시에 차세대 바이오연료의 점유율에 대한 구속력 있는 세부 목표를 설정하였다. 또한, 간접 토지이용변화 위험이 높은 바이오연료 비중을 2030년까지 0으로 낮추기 위해 산림 바이오매스의 수확과 토지이용, 토지이용변화 및 산림활동에 관한 규제를 포함한 새로운 지속가능성 기준을 도입하였으며, 회원국들이 2021년 6월까지 해당 지침을 국내법으로 전환하도록 규정하고 있다. 이와 관련해 2019년에는 간접토지이용변화 위험이 높은 공급원료를 결정하고, 간접토지이용변화 위험이 낮은 연료를 식별하고 인증하기 위한 위원회 위임규정(Commission Delegated Regulation(EU) 2019/807)이 채택되었다. 개정 재생에너지지침이 특정 원료의 EU 시장 진입을 저해하여 국제 무역 규범의 위반 소지가 있다거나, 기후변화 대응에 불충분하다는 비판이 있는 것은 사실이다. 그러나 수송 부문 온실가스 감축의 주요 대안으로 제시되는 바이오연료의 이용이 때로는 토지이용변화에 따른 온실가스 배출을 포함해 다른 지속가능발전 목표의 달성에 부정적 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다는 점에서, 선제적 입법을 통해 바이오연료의 지속가능성 기준을 수립하고 꾸준한 과학적 연구와 토론을 통해 해당 기준을 수정·보완하여 발전시켜나가고 있는 EU의 사례는 시사하는 바가 크다. 한국은 현재 신에너지 및 재생에너지 개발·이용·보급 촉진법에 따른 연료혼합의무화 제도를 통해 수송용 바이오연료의 사용 확대를 촉진하기 위한 정책을 전개하고 있으나, 모든 바이오연료가 지속가능한 에너지원이 아니라는 점은 고려하고 있지 않다. 바이오연료의 이용을 통한 환경적, 사회적, 경제적 이점을 확보하기 위해서는 EU의 경험을 참고하여 바이오연료의 지속가능성 기준을 수립하고, 지속가능한 바이오연료만이 보급 촉진 및 정책적 지원의 대상이 되도록 하여야 한다. 바이오연료의 지속가능성을 보장할 수 있는 투명하고 신뢰할 만한 인증 체계와 감독 절차의 마련이 병행되어야 함은 물론이다. 이러한 작업이 선결됨을 전제로 장기적으로는 의무혼합비율의 조정, 의무혼합 대상이 되는 연료의 종류 확대, 도로 외의 수송 부문에 대한 혼합의무 적용 등 바이오연료의 보급 확대를 위한 추가적 조치의 도입을 검토해야 할 것이다. The revised Renewable Energy Directive (EU) 2018/2001 raised the target share of renewable sources by 14% for road and rail transport by 2030 and set a specific sub-target for advanced biofuels. In addition, to decrease the ratio of high indirect land-use change-risk biofuels to zero by 2030, the legislation introduces new sustainability criteria including regulations on forest biomass and land use, land-use change and forestry(LULUCF). Member States must transpose the new directive into national law by 2021. As required by the directive, the Commission has adopted the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807, which sets out the criteria for determining high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock and the criteria for certifying low indirect land-use change-risk biofuels. In fact, some people criticize the Directive because it may violate the WTO rules by hindering certain biofuels from entering the EU market and may be insufficient to tackle climate change. The example of the EU, which proactively legislates and develops the sustainability criteria through continuous scientific studies and discussions, has a significant implication because biofuel, which is a suggested key alternative energy source to reduce greenhouse gas emission in the transport sector, may bring about greenhouse gas emissions associated with land-use changes and negatively affect the accomplishment of other Sustainable Development Goals. South Korea is promoting the use of biofuels in the transport sector through the Renewable Fuel Standard Program according to the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy, but it has not considered that not all biofuels are sustainable. To gain environmental, social, and economic benefits from biofuels, the sustainability criteria should be developed, and policy supports should be limited only to sustainable biofuels. To guarantee the sustainability of the biofuels, a transparent certification system and supervisory procedure are also needed. From a long-term perspective, further actions to increase the supply must be taken, including raising the blending ratios, extending the types of biofuels subject to the blending, and expanding the blending mandate to other areas besides road transport.

국내 바이오연료 보급정책의 Q방법을 활용한 이해관계자별 인식요인과 정책적 시사점

임찬수(Chansu Lim) 한국신재생에너지학회 2015 신재생에너지 Vol.11 No.1

Biofuel has brought out a lot of controversy, whether the biofuel has a role of diversifying energy source and possibly reducing green-house gas or has been a cause of deforestation and famine. In this study, Q-methodology is used to investigate stakeholder’s perspectives on biofuel policy in Korea. The targeted stakeholders were biofuel/petroleum/government officials and energy policy researchers. As the result, they were classified as several representative groups such as tendency of “inevitable biofuel”, “limited supply of biofuel”, “priority on technology” and etc. The study finds out that there are several recognition types and various conflict types in biofuel policy in Korea. Through the classification of these types of recognition, the paper implies some considerations like establishing public-private, academic-industrial joint committee for biofuel policy and fostering arbitral biofuel policy groups for the government.

목질바이오매스를 이용한 액체(수송용) 에너지 이용과 개발 동향

김영숙(Yeong-Suk Kim) 한국산림바이오에너지학회 2008 산림바이오에너지 Vol.27 No.1

수송용 연료로서 국내외적으로 목질바이오매스가 요구되는 배경과 목질계 바이오연료에 대한 기술개발을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째 목질바이오매스로부터 생산되는 수송용 바이오연료는 현재 미국 등지에서 상용화되고 있는 곡물(옥수수)에탄올에 비해 지속가능한 원료공급이 가능하고, 온실감소효과가 크며, 농산촌의 지역경제 발전 등 유리한 점이 많아 제2세대 수송용 연료로의 가능성이 매우 큰 것으로 고찰되었다. 둘째, 미국, EU 및 일본 등은 자국의 국가 에너지 안보를 위해 국산원료를 사용한 에너지 국산화와 온실가스 감축의 도구로 바이오에탄올 사용을 늘이고 있고, 공격적인 시장개발에 나서고 있다. 주요 선진국의 이러한 움직임은 전 세계 에너지 시장에 크게 영향할 것으로 고찰되었다. 셋째, 수송용 바이오연료의 주요 원료는 장기적으로 비식량 원료인 목질계 바이오매스일 것으로 전망되었다. 넷째, 목질계 수송용 연료에 대한 국내외 기술개발로드맵을 분석한 결과 미국과 일본은 바이오에탄올에, EU는 바이오에탄올과 BtL의 기술개발에 비중을 두는 것으로 분석되었다. 한편 국내에서는 목질계 바이오에탄올과 부탄올, 및 BtL에 대한 중장기적 기술개발 계획이 수립되어 있어 곡물보다는 목질계 원료에 대한 기대가 큰 것으로 분석되었다. The technology development and utilization outlook on the cellulosic biofuel for transportation were concluded as follows. Firstly, it was evaluated that the biofuel for transportation made from lignocellulosic biomass would be more likely a second generation of fuel for transportation compared to corn-based ethanol commercialized in many country including USA. It is due to the facts that lignocellulosic biomass has sustainable feedstock supply, reduction of greenhouse gas emission effects, and rural area economic development effects. Secondly, it was evaluated that US, EU, and Japan have planned goal to increase the bioethanol utilization to establish their national energy securities and reduce greenhouse gas and developed markets, which would greatly affect the entire world energy market. Thirdly, it was prospected that biofuel for transportation could be categorized into the food biomass based on 1st generation biofuel and the non-food biomass based on 2nd generation biofuel, and the later would be the main source for 2nd generation biofuel. Fourthly, it was reviewed from the RD&D(Research Demonstration & Development) Roadmap for cellulosic transportation biofuel that US and Japan emphasized bioethanol while EU stressed bioethanol and BtL in the mid and long term RD&D. It was also analyzed that the domestic RD&D Roadmap on cellulosic biofuel for transportation emphasized mid and long term development of cellulosic ethanol, butanol, and BtL and conclusively prospected that cellulosic biomass would be a main feedstock for biofuel internationally.

EU의 수송부문 바이오연료 지속가능성 기준 준수로 인한 토지수탈에 관한 고찰

정혁 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2016 통합유럽연구 Vol.7 No.1

The European Union has adopted the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) mandating its Member States to replace 10% of their total energy consumption with renewable energy in transport sector by 2020, a considerable amount of which is taken up by biofuels currently. But on the other hand, it sets out sustainability criteria in implementing the policy. It bans the manufacturing of biofuels made from feed stocks grown in areas converted from land with rich biodiversity and high carbon stocks in an effort to prevent carbon dioxide from going into the atmosphere. In a bid to meet the two goals simultaneously, Some biofuels businesses in the EU are being forced to be engaged in the so called “Land Grabbing”. Against this backdrop, the paper takes aim at analyzing the EU’s biofuel policy believed to rekindle the “Land Grabbing”engagement by the EU’s biofuels businesses. And it is purposed as well to discuss the further motivations, the impacts and the impact mitigating measures at the EU level in theoretical point of view. The paper, Firstly, analyzes the EU’s biofuel policy linking the the “Land Grabbing”raising the question that this paper is purposed for. And Secondly, it discusses further the primary motivations of the EU’s biofuels businesses to be engaged in the“Land Grabbing”and the likely impacts. Then, the impact mitigating measures that the researcher suggests are followed up along with the logicalities. Lastly, the paper concludes with the future prospects of the“Land Grabbing”engagement by the EU’s biofuels businesses and the implications for the South Korea government.

Development of Sustainable Biofuels for Post-Climate Change

김재곤 한국공업화학회 2016 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2016 No.0

It is important that under the new Korean initiative, pilot scale studies evolve practices to produce next generation liquid biofuels. Whereas the first generation of biofuels is based on well established technologies, the development of processes related to the production of next generation biofuels utilizing biomass in still in the early stages of R&D in Korea. Although biofuels production provides new options for using agricultural crops, there are environmental, social and economic concerns associated with biofuel production. In this study, we provides on the development direction of sustainable biofuels for Post-climate change for Renewable Fuel Standard(RFS) in Korea.

바이오연료의 지속가능성 기준 적용 사례분석 고찰 연구

김재곤(Kim, Jae-Kon),임의순(Yim, Eui-Soon),정충섭(Jung, Choong-Sub) 한국신재생에너지학회 2013 신재생에너지 Vol.9 No.1

The objective of this paper is to provide a review on the latest development on the main initiative and approaches for the sustainability criteria for biofuels. A large number of national and international initiative lately experienced rapid development in the review of the biofuels targets announced in the European Union (EU), United States (US) and other countries worldwide. The global biofuel targets are likely to have a strong impact on land use and agricultural markets. Although biofuels production provides new options for using agricultural crops, there are environmental, social and economic concerns associated with biofuel production. The diversity of feedstock, large number of biofuels pathway an their complexity lead to a high uncertainty over the greenhouse gas (GHG) performances of biofuels, in terms of GHG emission reductions compared to the fossil fuels, expecially if land use change is involved. This paper describes an overview of current status of ongoing certification initiative in Europe and worldwide for biofuels sustainability. It also provides mandatory requirements as part of an sustainability scheme in EU, United Kingdom, US and international approaches and should be reviewed to introduce based on global trends in Korea.

한국의 신・재생연료식별번호제도 도입 가능성 분석

강희찬 한국환경정책학회 2017 環境政策 Vol.25 No.4

Korea began implementing renewable fuel standards (RFS) in 2015, obliging fuel suppliers to mix a certain amount of biofuel into fossil fuels. The United States, which adopted the RFS system before Korea, is managing performance with renewable identification numbers (RINs). The U.S uses RINs to facilitate the development of technologies for cellulosic biofuels and advanced biofuels. The lack of such an RINs system in Korea seems to be leading to insufficient performance management. Therefore, this study analyzes the possibility of introduction of Korean RINs by studying how the introduction of RINs in Korea would impact the operation of the RFS system and biofuel market. According to this study, RINs would enable the transparent verification of whether the parties obligated in the RFS system were meeting the necessary requirements. In addition, through the transaction of RINs, biofuel producers can increase profitability and the obligated parties will be able to comply with regulations at a lower cost. Finally, RINs can promote advanced biofuels with an RINs market segregated according to different raw materials. 한국은 2015년 7월 31일부터 수송용 연료 공급자가 기존 화석연료에 바이오연료를 일정 비율 혼합하여 공급하도록 의무화하는 제도(RFS, Renewable Fuel Standards)를 시행 중이다. 한국보다 RFS제도를 먼저 시행한 미국은 재생에너지 식별번호제도(RINs, Renewable Identification Numbers)를 통해 성과를 관리하고 있다. 이를 통해 미국은 셀룰로스 바이오연료나 차세대 바이오연료의 기술개발과 시장확대를 촉진하고자 노력하고 있다. 한국은 아직 미국과 같은 RINs제도가 도입되지 않아 혼합의무 달성 여부에 대한 사후성과관리가 미흡한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한국에 신재생연료 식별번호(RINs)제도가 도입될 경우 RFS제도 운영과 바이오연료 시장에 미치는 영향을 살펴봄으로써 RINs 제도의 도입 가능성을 분석하였다. 연구결과 RINs제도로 인해 RFS제도의 혼합의무자의 이행 여부를 투명하게 검증할 수 있다. 또한 RINs 거래를 통해 바이오연료 생산업체의 수익이 증가할 수 있고, 혼합의무자도 더 낮은 비용으로 규제에 대응할 수 있다. 마지막으로RINs 시장을 원료에 따라 구분함으로써 차세대 바이오연료 확대를 촉진할 수 있다.

Enhancement of microalgal growth and biocomponent-based transformations for improved biofuel recovery: A review

Salama, El-Sayed,Hwang, Jae-Hoon,El-Dalatony, Marwa M.,Kurade, Mayur B.,Kabra, Akhil N.,Abou-Shanab, Reda A.I.,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Yang, Il-Seung,Govindwar, Sanjay P.,Kim, Sunjoon,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2018 Bioresource technology Vol.258 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Microalgal biomass has received much attention as feedstock for biofuel production due to its capacity to accumulate a substantial amount of biocomponents (including lipid, carbohydrate, and protein), high growth rate, and environmental benefit. However, commercial realization of microalgal biofuel is a challenge due to its low biomass production and insufficient technology for complete utilization of biomass. Recently, advanced strategies have been explored to overcome the challenges of conventional approaches and to achieve maximum possible outcomes in terms of growth. These strategies include a combination of stress factors; co-culturing with other microorganisms; and addition of salts, flue gases, and phytohormones. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of single and combined abiotic stress conditions to stimulate microalgal growth and its biocomponents. An innovative schematic model is presented of the biomass-energy conversion pathway that proposes the transformation of all potential biocomponents of microalgae into biofuels.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Improvement of biochemical components using combined abiotic stress. </LI> <LI> Microalgae and their properties vis-à-vis biofuel production. </LI> <LI> Transformation of all potential biochemical components into biofuels. </LI> </UL> </P>