Acetoclastic methanogenesis led by <i>Methanosarcina</i> in anaerobic co-digestion of fats, oil and grease for enhanced production of methane

Kurade, Mayur B.,Saha, Shouvik,Salama, El-Sayed,Patil, Swapnil M.,Govindwar, Sanjay P.,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier Applied Science 2019 Bioresource Technology Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Fats, oil and grease (FOG) are energy-dense wastes that substantially increase biomethane recovery. Shifts in the microbial community during anaerobic co-digestion of FOG was assessed to understand relationships between substrate digestion and microbial adaptations. Excessive addition of FOG inhibited the methanogenic activity during initial phase; however, it enhanced the ultimate methane production by 217% compared to the control. The dominance of Proteobacteria was decreased with a simultaneous increase in Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Synergistetes and Euryarchaeota during the co-digestion. A significant increase in <I>Syntrophomonas</I> (0.18–11%), <I>Sporanaerobacter</I> (0.14–6%) and <I>Propionispira</I> (0.02–19%) was observed during co-digestion, which substantiated their importance in acetogenesis. Among methanogenic Archaea, the dominance of <I>Methanosaeta</I> (94%) at the beginning of co-digestion was gradually replaced by <I>Methanosarcina</I> (0.52–95%)<I>.</I> The absence/relatively low abundance of syntrophic acetate oxidizers and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, and dominance of acetoclastic methanogens suggested that methane generation during co-digestion of FOG was predominantly conducted through acetoclastic pathway led by <I>Methanosarcina</I>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The addition of fats, oil and grease enhanced ultimate methane production by 217%. </LI> <LI> Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Synergistetes and Euryarchaeota were greatly increased. </LI> <LI> Dominance of <I>Methanosaeta</I> was replaced by <I>Methanosarcina</I> at the end of digestion. </LI> <LI> Methane was predominantly generated through acetoclastic pathway by <I>Methanosarcina</I>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Monitoring the gradual biodegradation of dyes in a simulated textile effluent and development of a novel triple layered fixed bed reactor using a bacterium-yeast consortium

Kurade, M.B.,Waghmode, T.R.,Patil, S.M.,Jeon, B.H.,Govindwar, S.P. Elsevier 2017 Chemical engineering journal Vol.307 No.-

Textile industry effluents contain a variety of dyes, which are normally resistant to biodegradation. A bacterial-yeast consortium (Brevibacillus laterosporus and Galactomyces geotrichum) was used for decolorization of two real textile effluents (RTE) and a simulated synthetic effluent (SSE). It showed enhanced decolorization compared to that of individual microorganisms with decolorization efficiency of 89, 60 and 69% for RTE-1, RTE-2 and SSE respectively, within 48h. The cumulative action of oxido-reductive enzyme in the consortium was responsible for improved decolorization. Spectroscopic analysis suggested effective biodegradation of dyes present in the SSE by the consortium contrarily to the individual strains. The gradual biodegradation of each dye present in the SSE was monitored using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The consortium biodegraded all of the dyes within 1has compared to that of partial biodegradation by the individual microorganisms. A novel, triple layered fixed bed reactor was designed for continuous decolorization of effluent. It showed >80% decolorization (at 100mLh<SUP>-1</SUP>flow-rate), for a period of 7days, along with ~78% reduction in COD. The reproducibility of the bioreactor could be maintained for three consecutive cycles (7dayseach).

Decolorization of textile industry effluent using immobilized consortium cells in upflow fixed bed reactor

Kurade, Mayur B.,Waghmode, Tatoba R.,Xiong, Jiu-Qiang,Govindwar, Sanjay P.,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2019 Journal of cleaner production Vol.213 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Textile dyes are xenobiotic contaminants which pose a potential risk on the ecosystem upon their disposal to the water bodies. This study evaluated the efficiencies of different immobilization matrices for its utilization in a reactor with continuous mode operation for decolorization of textile effluent. An effective consortium of bacteria (<I>Brevibacillus laterosporus</I>) and yeast (<I>Galactomyces geotrichum</I>) were immobilized in different support matrices including calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, stainless steel sponge and polyurethane foam to investigate the decolorization of a model azo dye, Remazol red and textile industry effluent. The microbial consortia immobilized in stainless steel sponge and polyurethane foam exhibited 100% decolorization of 50 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> Remazol red in 11 and 15 h, respectively; however, calcium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol required considerably more time (20 and 24 h, respectively) for complete decolorization. Among all the matrices, The calcium alginate, stainless steel sponge and polyurethane foam showed >95% decolorization of textile industry effluent within 48 h. The calcium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol exhibited stable performance of decolorization with its repeated use for 5 cycles with >76% decolorization. An upflow fixed bed reactor (total volume- 215 mL) packed with the immobilized cells of consortium onto stainless steel sponge attained ∼90% decolorization of textile industry effluent in continuous operation at 10 mL h<SUP>−1</SUP>. The decolorization efficiency of the reactor was well maintained (>90%) when the reactor was used repeatedly for three cycles. The overall results indicated that immobilized mixed consortium cells can be considered as an effective tool for its potential application in removal of xenobiotic textile dyes from the textile industry wastewater with >90% of decolorization efficiency.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Effective microbial consortium was immobilized in different support matrices. </LI> <LI> SS-sponge immobilized cells showed 100% decolorization of Remazol red in 11 h. </LI> <LI> Calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol showed stable decolorization of textile effluent. </LI> <LI> The upflow fixed bed reactor can be used for continuous decolorization of effluent. </LI> </UL> </P>

Insights into microalgae mediated biodegradation of diazinon by Chlorella vulgaris: Microalgal tolerance to xenobiotic pollutants and metabolism

Kurade, M.B.,Kim, J.R.,Govindwar, S.P.,Jeon, B.H. Elsevier B.V 2016 Algal research Vol.20 No.-

<P>Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides for agricultural activities, and it is highly toxic to mammals and other non-target organisms. The present study demonstrated the effective removal of diazinon from the aqueous phase by a freshwater, green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris. Among the four screened species (Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas pitschmannii), C. vulgaris showed the highest removal capacity (94%) of diazinon at 20 mg L-1. The growth of C. vulgaris was significantly affected above 40 mg L-1 of diazinon, showing >30% growth inhibition after 12 days of cultivation. Significant enhancement of the microalgal growth in the exponential growth phase suggested a less/non-toxic nature of the diazinon by-products. Biochemical properties, including carotenoid, chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes of C. vulgaris were influenced by diazinon at relatively high concentrations. The degradation rate constant (k) and the half-life (T1/2) of diazinon (0.5-100 mg L-1) ranged between 0.2304-0.049 d(-1) and 3.01-14.06 d, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) study suggested the formation of a less toxic by-product, 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMP) as a result of microalgal metabolism of diazinon. This study demonstrated that C. vulgaris is highly tolerant of diazinon, which could be voluntarily involved in the removal of traces of diazinon from contaminated wastewater and has potential application in the removal of such artificial toxins using algae. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Microbial community acclimatization for enhancement in the methane productivity of anaerobic co-digestion of fats, oil, and grease

Kurade, Mayur B.,Saha, Shouvik,Kim, Jung Rae,Roh, Hyun-Seog,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier Applied Science 2020 Bioresource Technology Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The methane productivity and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) degradation capability of unacclimatized seed sludge (USS) and acclimatized seed sludge (ASS) at different substrate ratios of fats oil and grease (FOG) and mixed sewage sludge were investigated in this study. Biogas produced in ASS in initial phase of anaerobic digestion had higher methane content (65–76%) than that in USS (26–73%). The degradation of major LCFAs in the ASS was 22–80%, 33–191%, and 7–64% higher for the substrate ratios of 100:10, 100:20, and 100:30, respectively, as compared to the LCFAs’ degradation in USS. Microbial acclimatization increased the population of Firmicutes (40%), Bacteroidetes (32%), Synergistetes (10%), and Euryarchaeota (8%) in ASS, which supported the faster rate of LCFAs degradation for its later conversion to methane. The significant abundance of <I>Syntrophomonas</I> and <I>Methanosarcina</I> genera in ASS supported faster generation rate of methane in an obligatory syntrophic relationship.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Methane productivity of unacclimatized and acclimatized sludge were investigated. </LI> <LI> Biogas produced in ASS showed higher methane content (65–76%) than in USS (26–73%). </LI> <LI> The ASS exhibited greater degradation of LCFAs than in USS. </LI> <LI> Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes and Euryarchaeota were highly increased. </LI> <LI> Abundance of <I>Syntrophomonas</I> and <I>Methanosarcina</I> in ASS improved methane generation. </LI> </UL> </P>

COVID-19 performance index for spatial assessment of pandemic management in India

Shelar Avinash,Kurade Sandesh,Ade Nitin 대한공간정보학회 2022 Spatial Information Research Vol.30 No.2

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic disaster has been ongoing worldwide and so far in India for more than a year now. World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. The word “pandemic” is used as a worldwide spread of any new disease. The disease had affected more than 200 countries around the world. The present study seeks to assess the anti-pandemic measures taken by states and union territories (UTs) of India. In this regard, COVID- 19 Performance Index (CPI) has been developed on the basis of aggregate and per capita confirmed cases, deaths and tests of COVID-19. It gives an instrument to compare the regions of India on their efforts to handle the pandemic. Using CPI, the states and UTs of India have been spatially assessed. Economic and demographic factors which are responsible for the transmission of coronavirus disease have taken into consideration for the spatial assessment of the performance of states and UTs. From results we found that, the average CPI across all states and UTs of India excluding Lakshadweep is 52.69 CPI for 21 states and UTs out of 35 are below the average CPI. The correlation test between CPI and Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (PCNSDP) and size of population were performed and these are statistically significant. Findings are pointing out that, there is need for serious attention in populous and economic developed states and UTs of India.

COVID-19 performance index for spatial assessment of pandemic management in India

Shelar Avinash,Kurade Sandesh,Ade Nitin 대한공간정보학회 2022 Spatial Information Research Vol.30 No.1

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic disaster has been ongoing worldwide and so far in India for more than a year now. World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. The word “pandemic” is used as a worldwide spread of any new disease. The disease had affected more than 200 countries around the world. The present study seeks to assess the anti-pandemic measures taken by states and union territories (UTs) of India. In this regard, COVID- 19 Performance Index (CPI) has been developed on the basis of aggregate and per capita confirmed cases, deaths and tests of COVID-19. It gives an instrument to compare the regions of India on their efforts to handle the pandemic. Using CPI, the states and UTs of India have been spatially assessed. Economic and demographic factors which are responsible for the transmission of coronavirus disease have taken into consideration for the spatial assessment of the performance of states and UTs. From results we found that, the average CPI across all states and UTs of India excluding Lakshadweep is 52.69 CPI for 21 states and UTs out of 35 are below the average CPI. The correlation test between CPI and Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (PCNSDP) and size of population were performed and these are statistically significant. Findings are pointing out that, there is need for serious attention in populous and economic developed states and UTs of India.

Biodegradation and metabolic fate of levofloxacin via a freshwater green alga, <i>Scenedesmus obliquus</i> in synthetic saline wastewater

Xiong, Jiu-Qiang,Kurade, Mayur B.,Patil, Dilip V.,Jang, Min,Paeng, Ki-Jung,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2017 Algal research Vol.25 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Levofloxacin (LEV), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic has been frequently observed in water resources imposing ecotoxicological effects on aquatic microbiota. The biodegradation and metabolic fate of LEV via a microalga, <I>Scenedesmus obliquus</I> in synthetic saline wastewater were investigated in this study. LEV removal (1mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>) by <I>S. obliquus</I> was relatively low in the synthetic wastewater without the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl); however, its removal increased significantly from 4.5 to 93.4% with increasing of its salinity from 0 to 171mM NaCl. Kinetic studies showed that the removal rate constant (k) increased from 0.005 to 0.289d<SUP>−1</SUP> and degradation half-life decreased from 272 to 5d in the presence of NaCl (0–856mM). The removal mechanism analysis showed that the major mechanism of NaCl mediated enhancement of LEV removal was the bioaccumulation and subsequent intracellular biodegradation of LEV in microalgal cells. Six metabolites were identified via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis after biodegradation of LEV. A metabolic pathway was postulated with regard to various cellular biocatalytic reactions in <I>S. obliquus</I>, including decarboxylation, demethylation, dehydroxylation, side chain breakdown, and ring cleavage.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>Scenedesmus obliquus</I> was tolerant to levofloxacin, and could withstand its high doses. </LI> <LI> 96h EC<SUB>50</SUB> of levofloxacin for <I>C. vulgaris</I> was 65mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>. </LI> <LI> Addition of NaCl stimulated the biodegradation of levofloxacin up to 93.4%. </LI> <LI> <I>Scenedesmus obliquus</I> can biotransform levofloxacin in simple metabolic byproducts. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Biodegradation of levofloxacin by an acclimated freshwater microalga, <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>

Xiong, Jiu-Qiang,Kurade, Mayur B.,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2017 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL -LAUSANNE- Vol.313 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The extensive contamination of levofloxacin (LEV) in aquatic ecosystems has attracted increasing attention because of the potential for development of bacterial resistance and its eco-toxicity to non-target organisms. Biodegradation of LEV was significantly improved upon the acclimation of a freshwater microalga, <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I> and in the presence of elevated salinity. Among the six wild species (<I>Chlamydomonas mexicana</I>, <I>Chlamydomonas pitschmannii</I>, <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I>, <I>Ourococcus multisporus</I>, <I>Micractinium resseri</I>, <I>Tribonema aequale</I>), <I>C. vulgaris</I> showed the highest removal capacity (12%) of LEV at 1mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>. The acclimated <I>C. vulgaris</I>, which was pre-exposed to 200mgL<SUP>−1</SUP> of LEV for 11days, exhibited enhanced removal of 1mgLEVL<SUP>−1</SUP> by 16% after 11days of cultivation. The addition of 1% (w/v) sodium chloride into the microalgal media significantly improved LEV removal by >80% in the <I>C. vulgaris</I> culture. The bioaccumulation of LEV at day 11 in <I>C. vulgaris</I> cells without NaCl was 34μgg<SUP>−1</SUP>, which was elevated to 101μgg<SUP>−1</SUP> LEV at 1% NaCl. The bioconcentration factor for LEV was 34 and 1004 in 0 and 1% NaCl, respectively. The mass balance analysis of LEV showed that more than 90% of LEV was biodegraded by <I>C. vulgaris</I> at day 11 with the addition of 1% NaCl. These results demonstrated that the enhanced removal of LEV by salinity was mainly through bioaccumulation and subsequent intracellular biodegradation by <I>C. vulgaris</I> cells.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I> was tolerant to levofloxacin, and could withstand its high doses. </LI> <LI> 96h EC<SUB>50</SUB> of levofloxacin for <I>C. vulgaris</I> was 58.6mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>. </LI> <LI> The acclimation of <I>C. vulgaris</I> enhanced the removal of levofloxacin. </LI> <LI> Sodium chloride stimulated the biodegradation of levofloxacin up to 91%. </LI> <LI> NaCl (1%w/v) increased the degradation rate constant (k) of LEV from 0.011 to 0.257d<SUP>−1</SUP>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Perspective on anaerobic digestion for biomethanation in cold environments

Dev, Subhabrata,Saha, Shouvik,Kurade, Mayur B.,Salama, El-Sayed,El-Dalatony, Marwa M.,Ha, Geon-Soo,Chang, Soon Woong,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2019 RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Vol.103 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The anaerobic digestion (AD) has become an important part of the wastewater treatment plants that regulates the sustainable management of organic wastes with simultaneous production of bioenergy. AD at low temperatures using psychrophilic anaerobes with optimum growth temperatures < 20 °C has gained significant attention for improvement of biogas productivity in cold regions. The present review discusses the detailed characteristics of psychrophilic anaerobes, and how the properties of those particular psychrophiles can be utilized towards the cost-effective production of methane at cold environment. The different challenges for AD at low temperature have been described thoroughly. The various strategies such as (a) adaptation of microbial community, (b) optimization of operational parameters, (c) utilization of specialized biodigester design, and (d) modification of downstream process to improve the AD and biomethane production in cold environments have also been summarized. The present review proposes the future technological developments which should be aimed at effective performance of anaerobic digesters to improve biomethanation in cold regions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Psychrophilic AD is an energy efficient process for biomethanation in cold regions. </LI> <LI> Alterations of cellular physiology increases the adaptive response in psychrophiles. </LI> <LI> Cold adaptation of inoculum and process optimization could improve psychrophilic AD. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>