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An overview of microdiesel — A sustainable future source of renewable energy
Bhatia, Shashi Kant,Bhatia, Ravi Kant,Yang, Yung-Hun Elsevier 2017 RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Vol.79 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Microdiesel obtained from microbes using renewable materials as carbon sources is an important alternative to petroleum diesel. This review provides information related to microdiesel production using various carbon sources; i.e. carbon dioxide, C<SUB>2</SUB>, saccharides, and lignocellulose. Microbes can accumulate different contents of fatty acids in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG). Not all microbes store fatty acids and utilize a broad range of substrates as carbon sources, and vice versa. Microbes can be engineered to consume various carbon sources, and accumulate increased amounts of fatty acids with different composition. The properties of microdiesel depend on its fatty acid profile, which in turn determines its efficacy. The structural features of the fatty acids, such as carbon chain length, branching and degree of unsaturation, affect the physiochemical properties of the biodiesel (cetane number (CN), oxidation stability (OS), iodine value (IV), cold flow properties, density and kinematic viscosity). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles can be used to evaluate the key properties of biodiesel, i.e. the stability of the oil used. The overview presented herein concludes that microdiesel production using non-feed carbon sources and genetically engineered microbes shows much promise.</P>
Bhatia, Shashi Kant,Gurav, Ranjit,Choi, Tae-Rim,Jung, Hye-Rim,Yang, Soo-Yeon,Moon, Yu-Mi,Song, Hun-Suk,Jeon, Jong-Min,Choi, Kwon-Young,Yang, Yung-Hun Elsevier 2019 Bioresource technology Vol.271 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass results in the formation of byproducts (furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural [HMF], vanillin, acetate etc.), which affect microbial growth and productivity. Furfural (0.02%), HMF (0.04%), and acetate (0.6%) showed positive effects on <I>Ralstonia eutropha</I> 5119 growth and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production, while vanillin exhibited negative effects. Response optimization and interaction studies between the variables glucose, ammonium chloride, furfural, HMF, and acetate using the response surface methodology resulted in maximum PHA production (2.1 g/L) at optimal variable values of 15.3 g/L, 0.43 g/L, 0.04 g/L, 0.05 g/L, and 2.34 g/L, respectively. Different lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates (LBHs), including barley biomass hydrolysate (BBH), <I>Miscanthus</I> biomass hydrolysate (MBH), and pine biomass hydrolysate (PBH), were evaluated as potential carbon sources for <I>R. eutropha</I> 5119 and resulted in 1.8, 2.0, and 1.7 g/L PHA production, respectively. MBH proved the best carbon source, resulted in higher biomass (Y<SUB>x/s,</SUB> 0.31 g/g) and PHA (Y<SUB>p/s,</SUB> 0.14 g/g) yield.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>Ralstonia eutropha</I> 5119 can co-metabolize biomass derived byproducts with glucose. </LI> <LI> Furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and acetate promote biomass and PHA production. </LI> <LI> Vanillin is more toxic followed by furfural > hydroxymethylfurfural > acetate. </LI> <LI> <I>Miscanthus</I> biomass hydrolysate resulted in high PHA (Y<SUB>p/s,</SUB> 0.14 g/g) yield. </LI> <LI> PHA produced from biomass hydrolysate has similar properties to P(3HB-<I>co</I>-3HV). </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Bhatia, Shashi Kant,Gurav, Ranjit,Choi, Tae-Rim,Jung, Hye-Rim,Yang, Soo-Yeon,Song, Hun-Suk,Kim, Yun-Gon,Yoon, Jeong-Jun,Yang, Yung-Hun Elsevier 2019 Energy conversion and management Vol.192 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Food waste-derived volatile fatty acids (VFAs) can act as a renewable feedstock for biodiesel production. In synthetic media, <I>Rhodococcus</I> sp. YHY01 was able to utilize various organic acids (acetate, butyrate, lactate, and propionate) as a carbon source. Butyrate was the optimal carbon source, having a minimum inhibitory effect on growth, and a maximum growth yield coefficient (Y<SUB>x/s</SUB> 0.288 g dcw/g butyrate) and fatty acid yield coefficient (Y<SUB>f/s</SUB> 0.206 g/g butyrate), compared to other organic acids (lactate, propionate, and acetate). Acetate, butyrate, and lactate mostly supported the production of fatty acids with an even number of carbons, whereas propionate enhanced the content of odd-numbered fatty acids. Response surface methodology (RSM) design study resulted in maximum biomass (2.8 g/L) and fatty acid yield (1.9 g/g) with acetate:butyrate:lactate (0.333:0.333:0.333) as a carbon source. Culture of <I>Rhodococcus</I> sp. YHY01 in media containing food waste-derived VFAs as the carbon source had a biomass (3.2 g dcw/L), fatty acid yield (2.2 g/L), and fatty acid accumulation (69% w/w) under nitrogen-limited condition. Biodiesel produced from food waste had an iodine value (IV, 37), cetane number (CN, 63), high heating value (HHV, 39), density (υ, 3.9), and viscosity (ρ, 0.868) that meet international standards.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>Rhodococcus</I> sp. YHY01 can utilize volatile fatty acids as carbon source. </LI> <LI> Acetate, butyrate and lactate play role in even number fatty acids synthesis. </LI> <LI> Propionate directly involved in synthesis of odd carbon number fatty acids. </LI> <LI> Higher biomass and fatty acid yield coefficient obtained with butyrate. </LI> <LI> Food waste derived volatile fatty acids are a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Current status and strategies for second generation biofuel production using microbial systems
Bhatia, Shashi Kant,Kim, Sang-Hyoun,Yoon, Jeong-Jun,Yang, Yung-Hun Elsevier 2017 Energy conversion and management Vol.148 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Economic growth and industrial energy demand necessitate sustainable energy resources. The food vs. fuel issue means that first generation biofuels appear unsustainable. Therefore, biofuel production using lignocellulosic biomass clearly needs to be explored and promoted. However, due to technological barriers, the production of biofuel from lignocellulose (second generation biofuel) is currently not cost effective. Although microbial fermentation is an ecofriendly way to convert lignocellulose into biofuel, it will take time to become a commercial reality. Biofuels of different generations can contribute synergistically to fulfill energy demand. More research and government participation is needed to make the biofuel production process more feasible. This review focuses on the pretreatment of biomass, the production of biofuel (biodiesel, bioalcohol, and biogas) using microbial systems, and the various efforts that have been implemented to improve biofuel production.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Second generation biofuel is produced from lignocellulosic biomass. </LI> <LI> Microbes have potential to ferment biomass into biofuel. </LI> <LI> Metabolic engineering and consortia approach can improve biofuel production. </LI> <LI> Second generation biofuel production still in initial stage and require more research input. </LI> </UL> </P>
Some norm inequalities for matrix means
Bhatia, R.,Lim, Y.,Yamazaki, T. North Holland [etc.] 2016 Linear algebra and its applications Vol.501 No.-
<P>Inequalities for unitarily invariant norms of power means of positive definite matrices are presented. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</P>
Biowaste-to-bioenergy using biological methods – A mini-review
Bhatia, Shashi Kant,Joo, Hwang-Soo,Yang, Yung-Hun Elsevier 2018 Energy conversion and management Vol.177 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The continued production of waste is creating management problems. The use of traditional waste management methods, such as incineration and landfill, releases gases that may cause global warming. Energy demand is also increasing rapidly owing to the rapid increase in population and industrialization. To meet this ever-increasing demand, access to clean and green energy is essential for the sustainable development of human society. These two challenges, if managed scientifically using biowaste to bioenergy (BtB) technology, can provide solutions for one another. In this article, we reviewed the strategies for and status of BtB technology (anaerobic digestion, transesterification, and microbial fuel cells) used to convert various biowastes (forest and agriculture residue, animal wastes, and municipal wastes) into bioenergy (biogas, biodiesel, bioalcohol, and bioelectricity). The participation of researchers, scientists, government agencies, and stakeholders is needed to increase the feasibility of these technologies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biowaste-to-bioenergy technology is a possible solution to fulfill energy demand. </LI> <LI> This technology will not only solve energy problem but also help to manage biowaste. </LI> <LI> There is need to develop an integrated process to get more revenue from biowaste. </LI> <LI> To compete with other energy source this technology need government policy and subsidies. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
High-Mobility Bismuth-based Transparent <i>p</i>-Type Oxide from High-Throughput Material Screening
Bhatia, Amit,Hautier, Geoffroy,Nilgianskul, Tan,Miglio, Anna,Sun, Jingying,Kim, Hyung Joon,Kim, Kee Hoon,Chen, Shuo,Rignanese, Gian-Marco,Gonze, Xavier,Suntivich, Jin American Chemical Society 2016 Chemistry of materials Vol.28 No.1
Dynamics of Vaccination Model with Holling Type II Functional Response
Bhatia, Sumit Kaur,Chauhan, Sudipa,Nasir, Umama Department of Mathematics 2020 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.60 No.2
We propose a mathematical model with Holling type II functional response, to study the dynamics of vaccination. In order to make our model more realistic, we have incorporated the recruitment of infected individuals as a continuous process. We have assumed that vaccination cannot be perfect and there is always a possibility of re-infection. We have obtained the existence of a disease free and endemic equilibrium point, when the recruitment of infective is not considered and also obtained the existence of at least one endemic equilibrium point when recruitment of infective is considered. We have proved that if R<sub>v</sub> < 1, disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable, which leads to the elimination of the disease from the population. The persistence of the model has also been established. Numerical simulations have been done to establish the results obtained.