Effects of Milk Replacer and Ambient Temperature on Growth Performance of 14-Day-Old Early-Weaned Pigs

Heo, K.N.,Odle, J.,Oliver, W.,Kim, J.H.,Han, In K.,Jones, E. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.6

This experiment was conducted in three trials to evaluate optimal ambient temperature for a novel milk replacer feeding system designed for early-weaned pigs, compared to commercial dry diets fed within a conventional hot nursery. A total of 165 PIC genotype pigs were weaned at $13.89{\pm}0.7$ days of age and allotted to one of two dietary treatments in three trials based on weight and litter origin. Each trial consisted of pigs fed dry diets (DD) and pigs fed milk replacer (MR) which was offered in one of 3 different ambient temperatures. Pigs fed milk replacer were housed in a specialized nursery building in which one half of each pen contained an enclosed hover that was thermostatically maintained at $32^{\circ}C$ while the exterior ambient temperature (where milk was fed) was set at either 17 (trial 1), 24 (trial 2) or $32^{\circ}C$ (trial 3). Pigs fed dry diets with the conventional nursery were maintained at $30^{\circ}C$ for each trial. From d 21 to d 49, all pigs were fed DD within a standardized hot nursery environment. During the first week (d 14-21), pigs fed MR showed increased ADG from 214% to 228% over control pigs fed DD (p<0.001), regardless of ambient temperature. As ambient temperature was increased from 17 to 24 to $32^{\circ}C$, ADG of MR-fed pigs was increased by 214%, 220% and 228% over those of pigs fed DD, respectively. ADFIs of MR-fed pigs at $17^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, and $32^{\circ}C$ compared with pigs fed DD were increased by 108%, 139% and 164% from d 14 to d 21, respectively. Fed efficiency (G/F) of MR-fed pigs at $17^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, and $32^{\circ}C$ compared with pigs fed DD were 199%, 162% and 139% of those of pigs fed DD, respectively. As ambient temperature increased, diarrhea scores showed a slight tendency to increase. The advantage of MR feeding was greater when the ambient temperature was higher, but G/F was impaired with increased ambient temperature. We conclude that ambient temperature within the specialized nursery influenced behavior, MR feed intake, and probably piglet energy expenditure. There were no differences between MR-fed and DD-fed pigs for ADG, ADFI and G/F in the subsequent growth period (d 21 to d 49, p>0.05). Maximal advantage of MR feeding was obtained at the intermediate ($24^{\circ}C$) ambient temperature during the overall period (p<0.05). Results from this experiment indicate that a milk replacer feeding system utilized in the early postweaning period can maximize pig growth performance, and that ADG, ADFI and G/F were affected by different ambient temperatures within MR-fed pigs. The high or low temperatures could not support the maximal growth of pigs fed MR.

냉각수 온도와 대기온도 영향에 따른 OBC내 전자부품의 온도에 관한 실험적 연구

송백기(Baikkee Song),오성민(Sungmin Oh),강재준(Jaejun Kang),김승중(SeungJoong Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2012 No.11

This paper discusses a temperature change of electronic components in OBC(On-board Battery Charger) according to the cooling water and the ambient temperature. Each electronic component has a temperature limit for satisfying a operating condition and a lifetime of the OBC. Thus, a power control should be optimized to prevent electronic components from overheating. As a result, to predict how much the power produced at a certain temperature condition, the cooling water temperature and the ambient temperature which are dominant factor of electronic component temperature should be defined exactly. In this reason, temperature map--power versus temperature (cooling water and ambient temperature)--is required. However, drawing a temperature map through experiment at every temperature condition is costly and time-consuming. In this paper, therefore, as analyze the temperature change of electronic component based on cooling water temperature and ambient temperature through experiment, temperature of temperature sensor which is one of the electronic components of OBC is calculated and then power at certain temperature condition can be predicted accurately. At the conclusion, actual power and calculated power are shown to validate temperature variation according to temperature conditions.

Relationships between Ambient Environment and Thermal Status of Pig Body in Livestock Barn

( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Jihoon Park ),( Elanchezhian Arulmozhi ),( Fawad Khan ),( Frank Gyan Okyere ),( Yong Jin Lee ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.2

There is a growing interest in measuring body surface temperature of animal and ambient environment in order to determine thermal comfort zone of livestock barn. The aim of the study was to observe the changing pattern of humidity, CO₂ concentration and temperature in pig barn related to body temperature change. Six pigs of one month age were tested over a period of 60 days at the Gyeongsang National University. Infrared Sensor (IR), a non-invasive method, has been used to measure body surface temperature in different body sides: left side (LS), right side (RS), forehead (FH) and back side (BS). Inside ambient environmental parameters like humidity, CO₂ concentration and temperature was measured by using LEMS and PT100Ώ temperature sensors during the experiment. The study found strong correlation between temperature-humidity index (THI) and body surface temperature (0.89). Experimental results showed that there were no significant difference (p<0.01) of temperature in different body areas of the pigs. However, CO₂ concentration were more than two times higher in inside than outside that might effect the body surface temperature of pig. The collected data on different sections of pig body may be further used to identify the symptoms of diseases, when it exceeds the normal temperature range as well as changing behavior in different life stages such as eating, moving, and pregnancy stage etc.

Ambient Temperature-Responsive Mechanisms Coordinate Regulation of Flowering Time

Susila, Hendry,Nasim, Zeeshan,Ahn, Ji Hoon MDPI 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.19 No.10

<P>In plants, environmental conditions such as temperature affect survival, growth, and fitness, particularly during key stages such as seedling growth and reproduction. To survive and thrive in changing conditions, plants have evolved adaptive responses that tightly regulate developmental processes such as hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in response to environmental temperature changes. Increases in temperature, coupled with increasing fluctuations in local climate and weather, severely affect our agricultural systems; therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to temperature is critical for agricultural sustainability. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of ambient temperature perception as well as possible temperature sensing components in plants. Based on recent publications, we highlight several temperature response mechanisms, including the deposition and eviction of histone variants, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, protein degradation, and protein localization. We discuss roles of each proposed temperature-sensing mechanism that affects plant development, with an emphasis on flowering time. Studies of plant ambient temperature responses are advancing rapidly, and this review provides insights for future research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of temperature perception and responses in plants.</P>

The Role of the miR399-PHO2 Module in the Regulation of Flowering Time in Response to Different Ambient Temperatures in Arabidopsis thaliana

김완희,Hae Ji Ahn,Tzyy-Jen Chiou,안지훈 한국분자세포생물학회 2011 Molecules and cells Vol.32 No.1

A moderate change in ambient temperature significantly affects plant physiology including flowering time. MiR399 and its target gene PHOSPHATE 2 (PHO2) are known to play a role in the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis. However, the regulation of flowering time by the miR399-PHO2 module has not been investigated. As we have previously identified miR399 as an ambient temperature-res-ponsive miRNA, we further investigated whether a change in expression of the miR399-PHO2 module affects flowering time in response to ambient temperature changes. Here, we showed that miR399b-overexpressing plants and a loss-of-function allele of PHO2 (pho2) exhibited an early flowering phenotype only at normal temperature (23C). Interestingly, their flowering time at lower temperature (16ºC) was similar to that of wild-type plants, suggesting that alteration in flowering time by miR399 and its target PHO2 was seen only at normal temperature (23C). Flowering time ratio (16C/23C) revealed that miR399b-overex-pressing plants and pho2 mutants showed increased sensitivity to ambient temperature changes. Expression analysis indicated that expression of TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) was increased in miR399b-overexpressing plants and pho2 mutants at 23C, suggesting that their early flo-wering phenotype is associated with TSF upregulation. Taken together, our results suggest that miR399, an am-bient temperature-responsive miRNA, plays a role in am-bient temperature-responsive flowering in Arabidopsis.

Influence of the temperature and hydraulic retention time in bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Feng, Qing,Song, Young-Chae,Kim, Dong-Hyun,Kim, Mi-Sun,Kim, Dong-Hoon Elsevier 2019 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY - Vol.44 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>At ambient temperature (25 °C), bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was investigated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days and compared to that at a mesophilic condition (35 °C). The methane production and methane content in the biogas at ambient temperature were 612.8 mL/L·d and 73.3%, respectively, which were not significantly lower than that of the mesophilic condition. Additionally, the VS removal was 54.5% which was similar for both temperature conditions. However, for a HRT of 20 days, the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion at ambient temperature became more stable, and the VS removal improved up to 65.0%. For the HRT of 10 days, the net energy production at ambient temperature was about 168 kJ/L·d, which was similar to the mesophilic condition; however, the apparent energy efficiency at ambient temperature was 249.2% which was significantly higher than 197.7% at the mesophilic condition. The bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion that can save the thermal energy input at ambient temperature is recommended for the treatment of organic waste including sewage sludge in moderate and cold climate regions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion (BEAD) has advantages at ambient temperature. </LI> <LI> CH<SUB>4</SUB> production at 25 °C in BEAD is not significantly reduced compared to 35 °C. </LI> <LI> Apparent energy efficiency (249.2%) at 25 °C in BEAD is higher than at 197.2% at 35 °C. </LI> <LI> Extending HRT in BEAD improves the process stability and VS removal at 25 °C. </LI> <LI> BEAD for organic waste at 25 °C is a feasible process in moderate and cold regions. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

혈액분석 시 대기온도에 의한 혈중지질 성분과 젖산 농도의 변화

강성기 ( Seoung Ki Kang ),김종규 ( Jong Kyu Kim ),엄한주 ( Han Joo Eom ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2005 체육과학연구 Vol.16 No.4

본 연구는 환경적인 요소로 통제되어야 할 대기 온도가 혈중지질과 젖산에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 알아보고자 한다. DT 60 혈액 분석기로 네 가지의 온도(18˚, 22˚, 26˚, 30˚)와 각 온도별로 3번 반복 측정된 TC, HDL-C, TG 그리고 Lactic acid의 농도의 변화를 알아보았다. 모든 혈액분석은 6명의 피험자에서 채취된 동일한 혈액에 대한 온도에 따른 재생성과 반복된 결과를 측정하였다. 본 연구의 자료처리는 SPSS Ver 11.0 Program을 통하여 모든 자료의 평균, 표준편차 그리고 각 온도에서 측정한 3회의 자료에 대한 변동계수(CV)를 산출하고, 온도와 분석시기에 따른 TG, TC, HDL-C, Lactic acid 항목에 차이를 알아보기 위하여 two-way(4×3) RM on both ANOVA를 실시하였고, G-이론 모형을 이용하여 피험자(p), 온도(c), 분석시기(t)를 국면으로 설정한 교차 설계로 분산성분 추정치를 통해 각 오차원의 상대적인 영향력(%)을 산출하였다. TC, HDL-C, TG 그리고 Lactic acid 항목은 동일한 온도에서 3번 반복 측정된 결과가 높은 안정성을 보여주고 있었지만, 다른 온도에서 측정된 결과는 안정성이 낮은 것을 알 수 있었다. 각각의 온도에서 측정된 종속변인의 평균을 비교한 결과 HDL-C, TC, TG 그리고 Lactic acid 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 분산성분 추정치는 피험자로 인해 발생된 변량을 제외한 오차요인 중 온도가 차지하는 비율에서 HDL-C(48.29%), TC(30.92%), TG(49.24%) 그리고 Lactic acid(31.96%)로 나타났다. 분산성분 추정치의 결과에 의하면, 모든 측정의 오차에 근원이 피험자와 온도에 있는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과를 볼 때, 동일한 온도에서 측정하지 못한 TC, HDL-C, TG 그리고 Lactic acid는 같은 결과를 주지 못할 것으로 사료된다. This study investigates the influence of various Ambient temperatures on the measures of blood lipid and Lactic acid concentration. DT 60 blood analyzer, four different degrees of Ambient temperature (18˚, 22˚, 26˚, 30˚) were used to compute the values of TC, HDL-C, and TG. Also, Lactic acid concentrations were repeatedly obtained. In all analyses, the same blood samples from each of 6 subjects were used to examine the repeatability and reproducibility of the values measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0 to compute coefficient of variations (CV) and variance components with two-way (4×3) RM ANOVAs and various descriptive statistics. HDL-C, TC, TG and Lactic acid values obtained by the same degrees of Ambient temperature for the 3 repeated samples from the same person under each condition were highly consistent. However, values were inconsistent when measured in different Ambient temperature degrees. The proportion of Subjects Variance components in each variable were HDL-C (65.54%), TC (50.05%), TG (96.70%) and Lactic acid (82.54%). And those for different Ambient temperature were HDL-C (16.64%), TC (15.44%), TG (1.61%) and Lactic acid (5.58%). The analyses of variance component revealed that the main source of error variances were mostly due to the differences in Ambient temperature. Thus, these results suggest that the different degrees of Ambient temperature do not produce the same results in blood lipid and Lactic acid.

γ-ray 조사에 의한 제주산 양파의 발아 및 성분변화에 미치는 영향

박용봉,김재하,김기택 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 2001 연구보고 Vol.15 No.-

제주지방에서 양파 저장에 관한 γ-ray 처리와 저장장소에 대한 실험을 하였다. 발아율은 저온저장, 상온저장, 동굴저장에 관계없이 무처리 양파는 약 5개월째부터 발아와 발근이 시작되었고 시간이 지날수록 증가하였으나 8월상순경에는 0Krad에서 동굴에 저장한 것은 50%, 상온에 저장한 것은 20%의 발아율을 나타내었다. 그러나 3Krad, 6Krad 처리한 것은 6개월까지는 거의 발아하지 않았다. 중량 감소는 발아와 밀접한 관계가 있는데 발아가 시작하기 전 40일 까지는 모든 처리에서 차이가 없었지만 발아가 시작되면서부터 급격히 감소하였다. 저온저장한 것은 부패율이 약 5~10%내외로 7개월후에도 식용이 가능하였으나 상온에 저장한 것은 0Krad에서 50% 정도 부패한 반면 3 Krad 및 6 Krad를 조사한 것은 저온저장인 경우 5%, 동굴저장인 경우 30 - 35%, 상온에 저장한 것은 30% 정도의 부패율을 나타내었다. 방사선조사의 다당류 변화에 대한 연구는 비교적 많이 이루어졌는데 동굴저장과 상온저장에서는 저장초기에는 3Krad 및 6Krad 조사한 것이 0 Krad보다 다소 증가 했으나 후기로 갈수록 역시 처리한 것이 양은 적으나 0Krad보다는 증가한 사실을 알 수 있었다. Allium속 채소류에 많이 들어있는데 유황은 저장장소에 관계없이 0Krad에서는 저장후반기로 갈수록 적어졌고 냉장저장한 것은 3 Krad 및 6Krad의 선량간에는 다소 차이가 있었으나 저장초기에는 유황함량이 증가하다가 12월 말경 부터는 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. For storage extension of Cheju grown onions, γ-ray irradiations with doses of 0Krad, 3Krad, and 6Krad were applied to onionbulbs produced in Cheju Island and their quality were compared during storage at natural cavern, low temperature (2℃), and ambient temperature. Sprouting began approximately from five months storage regardless of storage types which increased as storage extended. From early August, sprouting occured in natural cavern storage as high as 50%, in ambient temperature it was 20% in 0Krad, whereas onions with 3Krad and 6Krad γ-ray dose did not show sprouting until six months. No significant weight loss were observed in all the treatments until sprouting occured after 40 days of storage. The loss, however remarkably increased after 40 days of storage indicating that weight loss is closely correlated with percent sprouting during storage. Low temperature stored onions which showed 5-10% of rotting rates were still edible. Rotting rates reached to as high as 50% for unirradiated ambient temperature stored onions after seven months while they were 5%, 33%, and 30% in low temperature, natural cavern, and ambient temperature respectively in irradiated groups. Sugar contents were slightly increased in later period in irradiated onions under ambient temperature storage although sugar contents which included in Allium vegetables generally decreased in later storage of unirradiated onions. Sulfur contents slightly increased in early storage in irradiated onions while showed gradual decrease although the differences were not significant.

Heat Production and Thermoregulatory Responses of Sheep Fed Different Roughage Proportion Diets and Intake Levels When Exposed to a High Ambient Temperature

Sudarman, A.,Ito, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.5

Six yearling Suffolk ewes were used to study the effect of different roughage proportion diets (30%=LR, and 70%=HR) and intake levels (0.7 M and 1.3 M) on heat production and thermoregulatory responses in sheep exposed to different ambient temperatures (20 and $30^{\circ}C$). Sheep fed HR had higher heat production (HP) and time spent eating (TSE) and lower time spent standing (TSS) than those fed LR. But effect of roughage proportion on vaginal temperature (Tv) was obvious only at high intake and at $30^{\circ}C$. Sheep fed high intake had higher Tv, HP, TSS, and TSE than those fed low intake. Roughage proportion and intake level did not have an effect on respiration rate (RR), but ambient temperature did. Ambient temperature did not have an effect on HP, TSS and TSE. At $30^{\circ}C$ sheep had higher Tv and RR than those at $20^{\circ}C$. There were interactions between intake level and ambient temperature in TSS, between intake level and roughage proportion in TSE, and between roughage proportion and ambient temperature in HP. Results indicate that high roughage diet imposes a greater potential heat load on animals than low roughage diet when given at high ambient temperature, but not at low ambient temperature. And the effects is more pronounced at high intake.

가스터빈 프리스월 시스템의 외기 온도와 터빈 부하 조건에 따른 탈설계점 특성 분석

박현우(Hyunwoo Park),이정수(Jungsoo Lee),조건환(Geonhwan Cho),조진수(Jinsoo Cho) 한국항공우주학회 2019 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.47 No.12

가스터빈 이차 유로의 프리스월 시스템은 터빈의 효율을 높이고 소재의 수명을 연장하기 위해 설치되는 냉각 장치이다. 본 연구에서는 프리스월 시스템의 설계점을 기준으로 가스터빈 외기 온도와 터빈 부하 변화에 따른 탈설계점 분석을 수행하였다. 탈설계점에서 내부 유동의 특성을 분석하기 위하여 유량계수와 단열계수를 비교하였다. 터빈 부하 증가에 따라 시스템 내부 냉각 공기의 체적 유량이 증가하였고, 단열계수 또한 20% 터빈 부하와 비교하여 100% 터빈 부하에서 30.46% 상승하였다. 외기 온도가 증가할수록 질량 유량과 냉각 공기의 밀도는 감소하였지만 체적 유량은 상승하였으며, 결과적으로 프리스월 시스템 내부의 냉각 성능은 향상되었다. 프리스월 시스템 출구에서 –20℃ 외기 온도와 비교하여 55℃ 외기 온도의 단열계수는 14.82% 향상되었다. The pre-swirl system is the device that minimizes energy loss of turbine cooling airflow from the stationary parts into rotating parts. In this paper, an off-design analysis was conducted for the ambient air temperature and turbine load conditions. The discharge coefficient was constant for ambient air temperature and turbine load. However, adiabatic effectiveness was increased. This is due to the volume flow rate. The volume flow rate was increased at higher ambient temperature and higher turbine load. It means that the volume of cooling air was increased and the cooling performance of the air was improved. Consequently, adiabatic effectiveness increased by 30.46% at 100% turbine load compared to 20% turbine load. And increased by 18.42% at 55℃ ambient air temperature compared to –20℃ ambient air temperature.