『어의촬요』로 본 고려시대의 의료

윤성재(Yoon SungJae) 백산학회 2021 白山學報 Vol.- No.120

『어의촬요(御醫撮要)』은 1226년(고종 13)에 최종준(崔宗峻)이 왕실에서 비전(祕傳)되어 왔던 어의들의 처방 중 다방(茶房)에서 전해오던 방문을 2권으로 간행한 고려시대 의서이다. 이 책은 유실되어 전해지지 않으나 『향약집성방(鄕藥集成方)』과 『의방유취(醫方類聚)』 등에 인용되어 일부 내용을 알 수 있다. 『어의촬요』의 인쇄 배포를 통해, 종래 어의로 대표되는 왕실이 독점한 의료지식이 좀 더 널리 퍼지게 되었다. 하지만 의학 지식의 증가와는 별개로 약물을 구하는 것이 더욱 큰 문제였다. 왕으로부터 약을 받은 유공권의 사례나 용뇌를 권력자에게 받은 이규보의 사례는 약물의 확보 여부가 권력임을 보여준다. 이러한 흐름은 단오의 옥추단(玉樞丹)이나 납일(臘日)의 전약(煎藥)과 같이 의례화된 세시 풍속을 통해 권력 과시를 보여주는 형태로 유지되었다. 그러나 이런 의학적 혜택에서 배제되었던일반 민중들은 향약이라는 대체재를 마련하면서 의료생활을 발전시켰다. Eouichwaryo(御醫撮要) was published by Choi jongjun(崔宗峻) in 1226. He compiled two volumes of the royal family s prescription, which had been handed down by the Tea Office(茶房). This book is not handed down due to its loss, but it is cited in Euibangyoochui(醫方類聚) and Hyangyakjipsungbang(鄕藥集成方) to reveal some of its contents. Through the printing and distribution of this book, the royal family s proprietary medical knowledge, represented by the royal physician, has become more widespread. However, apart from the increase in medical knowledge, finding drugs was a bigger problem. The case of Yu Gongkwon(柳公權), who received medicine from the king and the other case of Lee Gyubo(李奎報), who received the borneol(龍腦) from the powerful man, shows that securing drugs is power. This trend was maintained in the form of showing power through ritualized seasonal customs, such as the Okchudan of Dano(端午) and the decoction of medicinal herbs of Nabil(臘日). However, people who were excluded from these medical benefits developed their medical lives by preparing alternative medicines.

"어의촬요(御醫撮要)"-실전의서의 복원 I

안상우,최환수,Ahn, Sang-Woo,Choi, Hwan-Soo 한국한의학연구원 1998 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.4 No.1

$\ulcorner$Aheuichaulyo御醫撮要$\lrcorner$ was known to be published by Choi Jong-jun崔宗峻 in Korea高麗 Dynasty(A.D.1226), however its original copy is not available at the present. It was thought that Korean folk medicine and the remedies were recorded in this book, and these were recorded in $\ulcorner$Euibangyoochui醫方類聚$\lrcorner$ published in Chosun 朝鮮 dynasty(1445). $\ulcorner$Euibangyoochui$\lrcorner$ is called a treasure-house of the knowledge of traditional oriental medicine which contains over 50,000 prescriptions and enormous amount of medical information. The restoration of $\ulcorner$Aheuichaulyo$\lrcorner$was possible during the process of establishment of data base work of $\ulcorner$Euibangyoochui$\lrcorner$. $\ulcorner$Aheuichaulyo$\lrcorner$ was restored as 131 chapters mainly from the related contents of $\ulcorner$Euibangyoochui$\lrcorner$ and partially from the contents of $\ulcorner$Hyangyakjipsungbang鄕藥集成方$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Boonmoononyukyihaebang分門瘟易解方$\lrcorner$ for the supplement.

조선조 의학유서 편찬에 사용된 참고의서 고찰

안상우(Sang-Woo Ahn) 한국의사학회 2020 한국의사학회지 Vol.33 No.2

조선 3대 의학유서로 불리는 『향약집성방』, 『의방유취』, 『동의보감』의 편찬에 직접 인용한 의서는 총 376종에 달한다. 이중 3대 의학유서에서 공통으로 참고한 의서는 『경험양방(經驗良方)』, 『득효방(得效方)』, 『삼인방(三因方)』, 『선명론(宣明論)』, 『성제총록(聖濟總錄)』, 『성혜방(聖惠方)』, 『어의촬요(御醫撮要)』, 『영류검방(永類鈐方)』, 『위생보감(衛生寶鑑)』, 『천금방(千金方)』, 『탕액본초(湯液本草)』로 총11종이다. 이들은 대부분 송대로부터 명초 시기를 대표하는 의방서와 의학명저들로 조선조 내내 조선의 의학전통을 수립하는데 가장 많은 영향을 미쳤다고 평가할 수 있다. 이러한 양상은 의학이론과 의학사상은 시대의 흐름에 따라 변화를 거듭하지만 처방과 용약은 오랜 기간을 거쳐 경험이 누적된 지식을 중요하게 여긴 까닭으로 보인다. 아울러 고려조에서 편찬된 『어의촬요』 이외에는 모두 중국의서 위주로 준용하고 있어 새로 도입한 외래지식을 수용하기 위해 노력하였음을 알 수 있다. 이와 함께 전대 유서인 『향약집성방』과 『의방유취』가 후대 『동의보감』 역대의방에 주요문헌으로 등장하고 있지만 같은 내용을 중복하지 않기 위해, 특이사항만을 발췌하여 최소화함으로써 차별화된 내용을 구성하려했다. The three major medical compilations of the Joseon Dynasty, Hyangyak-jipseongbang, Uibang-yuchwi, and Dongui-bogam, directly cited a total of 376 kinds of medical books. Among them, 11 medical books were commonly referred: Gyeongheom-yangbang, Deukyobang, Saminbang, Seonmyeongnon, Seongje-chongnok, Seonghyebang, Eoui-chwaryo, Yeongnyu-geombang, Wisaeng-bogam, Cheongeumbang, and Tangaek-boncho. Most of them were medical classics and formularies representing the period from the Song to the early Ming Dynasties, which most likely influenced the establishment of Joseon’s medical tradition throughout the Joseon Dynasty. The reason why the majority of the medical reference books was formularies seems to be that prescription practices and the use of medicinals value knowledge with accumulated experience over a long period, whereas medical ideas and doctrines change with time. Besides, except for Eoui-chwaryo compiled in the Goryeo Dynasty, the three significant compilations referred to Chinese medical books, which indicates that the compilers made efforts to accommodate the newly introduced foreign knowledge. At the same time, the former compilations, Hyangyak-jipseongbang and Uibang-yuchwi, later appeared as primary references in Dongui-bogam’s Medical Formularies of Successive Generations. However, in order to avoid overlapping the same contents, the compilers tried to form a differentiated version by extracting only the unique contents.

의서로 본 고려시대의 瘡瘇 의료방안

이영남 한국중세사학회 2020 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.60

Changjong(purulent diseases) (in Korean medicine, a collective term covering various types of bacterial pyogenic disease, for examples, abscess(jongki), carbuncle (ongjong), or furuncle(ongjeol) was very common in both the Eastern and Western world until the middle of the 20th century. By that time, Penicillin(a metabolite of Penicillium notatum), which Fleming discovered, had become a magic drug in treating various types of pyogenic diseases. Changjong occurs regardless of age, sex, and economic status. Furthermore, one who recovered from it would not gain immunity, so it could reoccur at any time. Although antibiotic therapy is very efficient in controlling changjong, there are still many people suffering from pyogenic diseases in underdeveloped areas where health care including hygiene and nutrition is suboptimal. For an understanding of the medicinal life of Goryeo Dynasty, an analysis of the contents of Goryeo medical books, such as Eoeuichaulyo(『御醫撮要』, a book for Goryeo Royals), 『Hyangyakgugupbang(鄕藥救急方)』, 『Biyebackyobang(備豫百要方)』, and 『Samhwajahyangyakbang(三和子鄕藥方)』(all for Goryeo commoner) was extensively made. According to historical records as well as Medical Books, changjong was a very common disease that caused much inconvenience, pain, and even death regardless of status including the royal family, the ruling class, and the general population. Therefore, this article deals with medicinal measures the changjong during Goryeo period. In 『Eoeuichaulyo』, pungbi(cerebral apoplexy, stroke) seems to be the most significant disease for the royal class, which prescription account for ca. 15% of the total prescriptions listed. Changjong prescriptions in this royal medical book are the third highest, with about 10% of all prescriptions. However, the most prevalent diseases of Goryeo commoners were changjong and similar skin ailments, as the number of prescriptions for these diseases was ca. 20%, notably higher than those of any other diseases. Furthermore, focusing on the prescriptions listed in 『Eoeuichaulyo』 as well as in 『Hyangyakgugupbang』, the medicinal measures to address changjong disease were examined. There were two-pronged medicinal measures carried out in Goryeo Society, depending upon whether they were the royal and ruling class or the general public. More specifically, prescriptions for the royal class were given a specific name and required the combination of a number of medicinal ingredients(3~23 ingredients). Only a small number of the drug materials was of Goryeo-origin, whereas the majority of ingredients were imported products. The Goryeo royal class treated their purulent diseases with a number of medications which were prepared with various medicinal herbs through very complicated processes. Since many of the bio-medical products used by the Goryeo ruling class are still clinically used as a bio-drug that is effective to treat changjong, they certainly experienced healing effects with those medications to a certain extent. However, the heavy metals (mercury, lead, arsenic) and toxic herbs, such as Padu(Croton Seed) or Mahwang(Ephedra Herb) used as medicinal ingredients may have resulted in drug toxicity to the Goryeo ruling class while treating changjong. The herbal medicine used by ordinary people of Goryeo to treat changjong was home-made one with Goryeo’s indigenous herbs that were readily available. Home-made herbal medicine was relatively easy to prepare, such as pounding the medicinal plants to make a drinkable liquid or dribbling a concentrated extract to the pyogenic lesion. In most oral prescriptions, a single herbal material was consumed. In case of external use, there were many single-ingredient medications, nevertheless sometimes vinegar, oil, egg-white etc. were combined to facilitate application. The average number of drug materials used for changjong prescriptions for the sake of ordinary people was 1.5 per pres...

鄕藥集成方의 引用文獻 分析

김중권 한국서지학회 2006 서지학연구 Vol.35 No.-

This research analyzes the cited literature of Hyangyak-jibseongbang(a medical book) published in the Joseon Dynasty(1443). The findings of this analysis are as follows:1) The number of literatures cited in Hyangyak-jibseongbang totaled about 300 titles. Of the cited literature, Seonghyebang was the most frequently cited document, which appeared 1,331 times, and Seongjechongrok was cited 419 times. Cheongeumbang was cited 364 times, Buindaejeonyangbang 262 times, and Juhubang and Deughyobang were cited 166 times, respectively. Gyeongheomyangbang was cited 144 times, Jasaenggyeong 139 times, and other medical books cited more than 50 times are Boncho, Woedaebiyo, baegilseonbang, Jigjibang, Samhwajabang, Bonjogyeongheom, Maesabang etc. Majority of the books were cited more than once. The core literature most frequently cited are no more than 90 titles. 2) The medical books published in the Koryo Dynasty are Jejungibhyobang, Hyangyak-hyeminbang, Yeouichwalyo, Hyangyak-gobang, Samhwajabang, and Hyangyak-gugeubbang. The books published in the early Joseon Dynasty are Hyangyak-gannibang, Hyangyak-jesaengjibseongbang, and Bonjogyeongheombang, Dongingyeongheombang, etc., but all of these books but Hyangyak-gugeubbangy were lost. The findings confirm that Hyangyak-jibseongbang, even if mostly affected by the Chinese medical books, was a creative medical book which represented the use of native medicines and medical practices of Korea.

『御醫撮要』-실전의서의 복원Ⅰ

안상우(Ahn Sang-Woo),최환수(Choi Hwan-Soo) 한국한의학연구원 1998 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.4 No.1