근대 이행기 서울의 객주와 객주업

전우용 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2005 서울학연구 Vol.- No.24

This thesis is a study about how commission agencies, which are main streams of commercial development in the last period of the Chosun Dynasty era, cop with process of colonization since the opening of a port. Since the last period of the Chosun Dynasty era, Han river' s licensed agencies not only hold exclusive management authority for the goods that produced in each village but also collected unofficial tax from other agencies. Do-yo-Gak(都旅閣), which was set up per each regions and goods, was the committee and organization that collect unofficial tax from other agencies. After the opening of a port, Tong-ri-ah-moon (became Ministry of foreign affair later) prohibited the collection of unofficial tax by commission agencies and gradually unified the collection of tax from licensed agencies into Tong-ri-ah-moon. Licensed agencies in Han River area could be official for the authority of exclusive management and unofficial tax collection with based on taxation duty to Tongri-ah-moon. However, the change of circulation structure in area of Han River after the opening of a port was enough to setoff privilege that commission agencies in Han River area already acquired. Especially, the economic reformation in 1894 even deprived their formal authority that only remained as their authority. Innovational destruction of licensed agencies was performed and opportunity for peddler' s inn business was given to anybody. But, the reigns of Gab-o reformation faction in 1894 was ended in a short term and it was fortunate for commission agencies in Han River area. The reign of Kwang-mu, the next reign after Gab-o reformation faction, declared slogan " Refer newest things based on old things" and it means they want to return to prerogative order in commercial system. Although they recovered their exclusive rights, its quality has already been damaged very seriously. Since the Sino-Japanese War, the fact that Japanese merchants grasp commercial supremacy of Seoul was another disadvantage for privileged commission agencies. New commission agencies, which just opened their business, tried to concentrate on dealings with Japanese merchants than existing privileged commission agencies. Moreover, the process of colonization by Japanese Imperialism that was regularized after the Russia Japanese War was fatal blow for commission agencies in Han River area. Especially, railway system caused absolute decrease of water transport percentage. Accordingly, many of commission agencies moved to outside of Nam-Dae-Moon(South gate of Seoul) that is near railway station. At this point of time, the unity between commission agency and peddler' s inn business began to be destroyed rapidly. All sorts of commercial activities such as inn business, warehouse business, sales agent business and marketing agent business, private loan business, transportation business that are included in commission agent' s business in the last period of Chosun Dynasty era was divided into each fields. From that time, peddler' s inn business was restricted within " Dealing agent business with self liability". Financial strategy that was propelled by Japanese imperialism to colonize Korea promoted this kind of fact more seriously. Right after Japan colonized Korea, Principles of Chosun Company was enacted and it destroyed national circulation network that commission agencies built up with the basis of network system in the past. Japanese Imperialism just wanted simple function of commission agency, which just introduce Japanese product to Korean, as a subordinate business partner of Japanese merchants. Large-scaled sale agent business was assigned as one of business subjects by commercial company, marine company and warehouse company, large bank that are owned by Japanese, nobility and the pro-Japanese group only. It was so exceptional that commission agency achieved success under Japanese Colony. Only a few of them, who could link with Japanese capital and Japanese authority, could ride on ladder of success. Moreover, successful commission agencies were not anymore agencies themselves. They became big landlord or president of big bank or vice-president of any company. Even though commission agencies essentially disappears as commercial order of medieval times dissolute, their history of differentiation had been falsified and restricted by Japanese imperialism. And it was the situation that Seoul commission agencies experienced during the process of colonization by Japanese imperialism.

17, 18세기 런던과 서울의 도시구조 비교연구

고동환 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2005 서울학연구 Vol.- No.25

In London, after taking the leadership in oversea trade late in the 16th century, the commerce and industry developed and the population increased suddenly because it could absorb the agricultural overpopulation. In Seoul, late in the 17th the commerce developed and the population increased because continuous natural disasters made the population leave rural community and go up to Seoul. Also in proportion of the population in the capital cities, Seoul presented the gravitation of the population of 2.5~3.9%, while the 18th century's London presented 11%. This gravitation of the population is insignificant by far compared with London but it was not that low compared with Paris' 2.5%, the second largest city in Europe then. According to the influx of the population, the two cities' city spaces were extended to out area of the castle centering on the Thames and the Han River. Likewise built up the East End as a group domicile of the poor at the down stream of the Thames of London, the lower classes kept residence as a group at the Han River of Seoul. London started to modernize abruptly after the Great Fire in 1666. Most of residential houses were built by stone, and the roads were covered with stone. The transportation facilities such as harbors, streets and canals were extended and improved drastically. Furthermore, so called 'public space' such as parks and squares which are the distinguishing features of modern city, were created. The city planning of London was completed by many small private developments contrary to other cities in Europe, that is, it was established by the citizens. Therefore, London could establish as a modernized city not to yield to the king or nobility's power. After 18th century, owing to the influx of the population from outside, the inside Seoul had fallen into utter confusion including bad housing problem, mountainous clearing, annual flood damage, and so on. But it was able to get rid of the confusions and to be recovered through creating a creek work, and so forth. However, it was only a maintenance level, but it couldn't bring the essential change of city construction. Seoul in the 18th century is a city that still kept medieval order in terms of city appearance. But the outside of castle, there was a new world different from medieval order. Although it could not go to the level to change the city appearance, the movement was inherent power that could change the whole culture of Seoul. The two cities' change direction in the 17th and the 18th century had similarity to some degree except the side of city facilities. This similarity originated from the two cities were the capitals of nations, that is , not to speak of administration, politics and military, as a center of trade and transportation, the population crowded, and the ratio of flowing population were high. But the most important difference among growth factors of Seoul and London was a picture of market order the two cities were positioned. London had a city shape as the major city of th world market, but Seoul was nothing but a city shape as the major city of the nation market of a closed dynasty in Far-east Asia. In the 18th century, Seoul was growing up as the major city of domestic market no comparison in the country but in other hands, it was a city of East Asia which had a limit of growth distinctly owing to be broken off diplomatic relations with world market.

역대 서울특별시 지방의원의 사회적 배경과 충원 유형

고경민,장성훈 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2006 서울학연구 Vol.- No.26

Political recruitment is one of the major components of local political process. It has to be organized in such a way that enhances representation, democracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of a local political system. This study is focused on representation among them. This study is analyzing a trend of patterns of political recruitment of local council members of Seoul city through social backgrounds variables such as political party, age, occupation, education. The analysis of social backgrounds of local councils members becomes a basis to evaluate how much local councils has representation and democracy, and can offer standard of political recruitment of local politicians for democratization and activation of local politics. According to the analysis results, Seoul metropolitan Council members preferred most was the people who had social backgrounds such as education of university graduation or above, age between 40s~50s, recommendation of political party and special politician. Similarly, Seoul district council members preferred most was the people who had social backgrounds such as education of high school graduation or above, age between 40s~50s, and special politician. If the highly educated person who had administrative ability and specialty becomes a local politician, accomplishing efficiency of local politics can be positive. But it has possibility to infringe core values such as social representation or democracy of local council. Because local politicians represent public opinion and interests of local residents, they must not be extremely different with social backgrounds of local residents. However, their social backgrounds can be different with it of local residents in order to have the ability to carry out role of the excellent representative. It is a dilemma of local council configuration to harmonize efficiency with representation. None the less, as for the local council configuration where reflecting various classes and their interests in local communities, development of institution and change of consciousness of local residents must consist at the same time.

古地圖를 利用한 18-19世紀 서울 모습의 再現

이상태 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 1998 서울학연구 Vol.- No.11

古地圖를 利用한 18-19世紀 서울 모습의 再現

서울의 도시이미지와 구성요인의 영향관계에 대한 연구 : 중국 대학생을 대상으로 In case of chinese university student's subjective evaluation

서운석 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2006 서울학연구 Vol.- No.26

Competition between nations has been taken the form of competition between cities since the realization of globalization tendency. The age of unlimited competition between cities provides Seoul with opportunities to link directly with world especially with north-east asia. In this situation, the competition of regions or cities is growing fiercely. One of the alternatives for the survival of city is 'city marketing'. City marketing is a strategy which pursues the competitive advantages by commodifying city. City image is a one of major component of city marketing. Facing the changing environment, issues on the city image have been studied lately. This study enables to check the level of Seoul's city image and provide the basic information and directions for the construction of strategies for Seoul's city marketing policies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of Seoul's city image and to identify the relationship between composition factor of city image by chinese university student's subjective evaluation among East Asia's major cities : Seoul, Beijing and Tokyo. The object of this survey is 461 students of 3 major Universities in China(Peking University, Tsinghua University and Renmin University of China). The composition factor consists of four major criteria : condition of economic, living quality, level of citizen moral stature, natural environment. The evaluation of city image score is obtained by averaging the scores in each criterion from 12 items. Based on this study, the composition factors of Seoul city image are cognition of Seoul's economic condition, living quality and natural environment. The score of Seoul city image is 7.69. Beijing shows the highest score(8.17). The level of city image of Tokyo is 6.31.

서울시립대학교 개교 80주년 기념 서울학공개 대담

서울학연구소 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 1998 서울학연구 Vol.- No.11

서울시립대학교 개교 80주년 기념 서울학공개 대담

근대 이행기(1894~1919) 서울 시전 상업의 변화

전우용 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2004 서울학연구 Vol.- No.22

The Sijeon, the stores licensed by the government, has dominated the commerce in the capital city as a national purveyor and retailer since the foundation of Choseon Dynasty. The dynasty government gave the government-licensed merchants various commercial preferential treatments instead of the levy of national service. Under the privileged commercial order connected to the state power, the government-licensed merchants could occupy a better position in the distribution of commercial profit. The privileged commercial order was threatened from the small domestic merchants. But, the persons who ultimately destroyed them were foreign merchants who advanced into Seoul after the opening of the ports. In progress of the Kap-o Reform of 1894 under the pressure of Japan, Geumnanjeongwon, a monopolistic commercial right, in Yukuijeon, Six Licensed Stores(in Seoul), was formally abolished. But, under the political power of progressive party, the privileged commercial order was preserved. The domestic merchants got used to the existing commercial practice, and they had no power of promoting the construction of new commercial order. As matters stood then, the government could not help utilizing the part of the merchants with the special right. After the collapse of the political power of Progressive party, the phenomenon that returned to the privileged commercial order has become salient all the more. The merchants in Yukuijeon tried to revert to the traditional practice. For accomplishing it, they established Imperial central general association in 1898. This organization took active part in formalizing the privileged commercial system centered on Yukuijeon. The government that had the ideas of achieving the 'modernization', taking advantage of the merchants' capital and their experiences made them recovered their privilege in various ways. The merchants in Sijeon could take part in the national projects under the control of the Imperial Household. And, they could make a profit by the administration of government funds in the nation and the Imperial Household. In this atmosphere the establishment of company by the partnership with the aristocratic officials and the merchants were in fashion at that time. However, as Japan that won in Russo-Japanese War set into motion a colonization work on Korea, the merchants in Sijeon' dream who hoped to grow as 'modern capitalists' under the support of State power was vain. The strong reform measure by Japanese imperialism played a role in transferring the tangible·intangible assets that they have accumulated to Japanese and the pro-Japanese profiteers as well as changing the merchants' situation in Sijeon swiftly. The small minority of merchants in Sijeon only who could adopt the new man of power as a supporter achieved success in changing into 'modern industrialists'. The absolute majority of the government licensed merchants were ousted from the shelter of power, and could not help competing with the rising industrialists-the youth of noble blood who gave up their dream to the government post, the sons of local magnates, and lower and middle class officials who ousted from their government posts- in the small markets permissive to the Korean. In general, they were collapsed and became 'survivors of the Dynasty'. The vocational association that is, the capital association in each store, that has been united in one for the hundreds of years ceased to exist, leaving the minute common property and mutual friendship only.

서울학연구 총목차(창간호∼제10호)

서울학연구소 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 1998 서울학연구 Vol.- No.11

서울학연구 총목차(창간호∼제10호)

서울-올림픽 기록물의 존재형태에 관한 연구

천호준 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2007 서울학연구 Vol.- No.29

The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of adapting the record science theory into Olympic record management by analysing a special feature, value and shape of existence of the historical record of Seoul Olympic Games. The results of this study is as follows; Firstly, Olympic record exist as the form of both archives and manuscripts and has the variety of contents, functions and media. The value of olympic record could be explained to use for the business purpose, the evidential value, and the knowledge infonnational value compared to the other record. Secondly, the shape of existence of Seoul Olympic Games record has been found archives, manuscripts in the origin point of view, characteristic function record, maintenance function record in the contents point of view, analog record, digital record and figure record in the media point of view. These characteristics of Seoul Olympic Games record could have possibility to be applied by the record science theory in the record management process in acquisition, Preservation and use. In conclusion, the efficient management method of Seoul Olympic Games record should be based on the wide understanding of the feature and the value of Olympic record, furthermore it should be considered the whole processes of record management by the proper application of record science theory.

조선후기 한강변의 상품경제 발전과 상업정책의 변화

이욱 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2005 서울학연구 Vol.- No.24

The development of merchandise economy in the Seoul area was closely related to the Han River. The river was a main route for the distribution of goods in Seoul and the riverside provided residence to the population increasing with the expansion of Seoul. The shore of the river was the center for transporting grains collected as taxes. It had potential for the development of merchandise economy in connection to the transportation and storage of tax-collected grains. Furthermore, the development of land-marine transportation and the concentration of population on the riverside since the 17th century accelerated the prosperity of merchandise economy. Until the early 18th century, the government had tried to organize the distribution of merchandise in Seoul centering on Sijeons (urban markets). From the mid-18th century, however, the structure of distribution in Seoul began to change. Control over the distribution of merchandise in Seoul fell in the hands of merchants settled in the shore of the Han River. Such a change in the circle of commerce transformed the government' s policies. As private merchants began to hold control over the distribution structure in Seoul from the mid-18th century, the government began to execute a policy to discontinue Sijeons' right to ban the opening of private stores. At first, the government enforced a temporary free commercial policy in response to a large-scaled famine. The policy was mainly to create environment for private merchants to carry supplies into the city of Seoul freely by easing Sijeons' regulation as a temporary measure to cope with the emergent situation of famine. Therefore, as the famine was overcome to some degree, Sijeons' right to ban private stores was restored. The situation met a new turning point with Sinhaetonggong (free trade in 1791). Although it excluded Yukeuijeon (six licensed stores), other urban markets' right to ban private stores were completely abolished. Some Sijeons' right to ban private stores was occasionally restored but the basic principles of Sinhaetonggong were maintained until the 19th century. Sinhaetonggong was the government' s official acknowledgement that, turning the late 18th century, private merchants' activities were essential for the smooth distribution of goods in Seoul.