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고동환 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2006 서울학연구 Vol.- No.26
Towards the end of the Joseun Dynasty, Seoul had extended itself outside the capital boundaries due to increased population and commercial development. Within such change of urban space, there were 6 methods in which it was divided. First, based on the physical facilities of the capital, the city was divided into sections 4km inside and outside the capital. Second as an administrative zonal division, the city was divided into 5 directional zones of east, west, south, north and central, which was, then each given an administrative body called "Bang". Third as a division according to the city function, the space was divided into the royal palace in which the king resided, the district in which the 6 government offices were located, the "Unjongga" in which the market and various handicraft merchants were located and the memorial services and civilian residential districts in which the Royal Ancestor's Tomb and judiciary offices were located. Fourth, as a division reflective of the residents' social standing and disposition in each district, the city was divided into the northern town, southern town, central town, upper town and lower town. Fifth, dividing the city into district along the river and 4 separate districts surrounding the mountains. Sixth as a division relative to military and judiciary concerns, the city was divided into a district bordering the police bureau and the 3 capital protection districts according to the military. Methods in which to recognize Seoul on ancient maps include the theory of divination based on topography, method in which divides are determined based on the kingdom and recognition according to traffic and commercial districts. The ancient map was drawn generally along the late 17th to late 19th centuries. Despite this, the reason for the varied recognition is due to the transitional nature inherent in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty. This period, while being a society ruled by traditional ideology and notions, was at the same time a period in which dynamic movement was present in preparation for the new society. These 3 cognitive attitudes, though a recognition of space during the same period, are each representative of the regression, authority and progression of the times.
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고동환 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2008 서울학연구 Vol.- No.30
Sijeon (Licensed Shop) was an essential element for the capital of the Joseon Dynasty. Sijeon is a commercial organization for royal use that was established in order to supply luxuries to a royal family and the governing class. Sijeon merchants were in charge of commercial tax(商稅), Chaekpan(責辦) and miscellaneous work(雜役) in the early Josen Dynasty. In the latter half of the Joseon Dynasty, commercial tax was abolished while being transformed into state service(國役) focusing on Suridobaeyeok for the royal palace. In addition, Chaekpan was transformed into trade(貿易) and Jinbae(進排), and miscellaneous work into Jangbingyeok(藏氷役), etc. Although Sijeon focused on distribution of goods for the private sector rather than supply for the royal family in the latter half of the Joseon Dynasty, it couldn't break from its feature of royal use completely. Even though Suridobaeyeok for the royal palace was 6,600 bags a year putting a heavy burden on the merchants, the Sijeon merchants could enjoy Geumnanjeongwon(禁亂廛權), an exclusive right for distribution of goods, in reward for this duty. Trade meant that the Sijeon merchants provided articles urgently desired by the government or the royal family. The outward of trade was market exchange though, the merchants were always in disadvantageous positions because the royal family never paid proper market price. Jinbae means regular supply of articles required by the royal family and it could give a large profit to the Sijeon merchants compared with trade. However, it could become exploitative relationship like Chaekpan when financial condition of the royal family became worse. Sijeon was originally a commercial organization for royal use, therefore, the royal family supported it with money from its private safe when the Sijeon merchants were badly damaged by fire. As state above, the royal family and the Sijeon merchants were in special relationship. The relationship existed even after the privilege disappeared by the abolishment of Geumnanjeongwon because of Gabogaehyeok (the Political Reform) in 1894 since the absolute monarch system and Sijeon commerce originated from the same root.
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고동환 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2008 서울학연구 Vol.- No.32
In the first half of the 19th century, markets in Seoul developed together with foreign fabrics distributed. The econornic size of private sector was much bigger than that of governmental sector in the first half of the 19th century. The expansion of market economy changed people' s recognition for market. They considered that price conrrol by intervention of the government causes a lot of side effects, recognizing that the best policy was relying on the market principles of supply and demand for prices. The government' s noninrerference market policy made exclusive commerce of free merchants[私商] prevalent because private merchants gained an advantage over Sijeon (licensed shops) merchants in terms of capital and organizational power. In 1837, the government allowed foreign fabrics to be freely distributed. (Jeongyugyeolcheo-丁酉決處) Accordingly, Myeonjujeon that sold domestic silk fabrics declined gradually. After the opening of a port, markets in SeouI developed through reinforced connection with markets in Incheon port. The inflow of foreign goods into Seoul markers focusing on fabrics severely damaged Myeonju-jeon[綿紬廛]. Myeonju-jeon barely survived by selling silk fabrics to the government or a royal family. However, Myeonju-jeon was degraded as a very small shop with only one sales person and ten thousands of debt when Myeonju-jeon couldn' t get appropriace prices from the government because ofthe downhill of governmental finances.
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SVM을 이용한 배달 애플리케이션 음식점 리뷰의 자동 별점 분류
고동환,김홍준 大田大學校 産業技術硏究所 2017 산업기술연구소 論文集 Vol.28 No.2
Opinion mining is widely used for various field to analyze opinions, attitudes, and emotions. However, studies concerned with opinion mining for restaurant reviews of delivery applications are few. We conducted opinion mining using a trained machine learning model in another field or already built sentiment lexicon. But it can degrade accuracy. Therefore, in this paper, trains support vector machine model with restaurant reviews and then conducts Opinion Mining by classifying it based on the rating of reviews. To apply the SVM algorithm to reviews consisting of text, convert it to numerical data using natural language processing and text mining. Consider each rating as a class, classify reviews. And then, compare error between original rating and classified rating. As experimental result, approximately 63% of reviews were correctly classified, and 24% of reviews were classified with error size of 1. In addition, several terms that have close relation with the delivery applications were found. 다양한 분야에서 오피니언 마이닝을 활용하지만 배달 모바일 애플리케이션의 음식점 리뷰에 대한 사례는 거 의 없는 상황이다. 다른 분야에서 학습된 기계 학습 모델 또는 이미 구축된 감정 사전으로 음식점 리뷰에 대한 오피니언 마이닝을 시도해 볼 수 있지만, 데이터의 차이로 인해 정확도가 떨어질 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 음 식점 리뷰 데이터로 SVM (Support Vector Machine) 모델을 학습 시킨 뒤, 리뷰의 별점을 기준으로 분류하는 방법 으로 오피니언 마이닝을 수행한다. 텍스트로 이루어진 리뷰를 SVM 알고리즘을 적용하기 위해 자연어 처리와 텍스트 마이닝을 통해 수치로 이루어진 데이터로 변환한다. 그리고 별점을 클래스로 간주하여 분류한다. 실제 별점과 분류된 별점의 오차를 확인한 결과, 정확하게 분류된 데이터가 약 63%, 오차의 크기가 1인 데이터가 약 24%, 나머지 데이터가 약 12%로 대부분 알맞게 분류가 되었다. 또한 음식점의 리뷰에서 특수성을 갖는 몇 가지 어휘를 발견할 수 있었다.
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