THE ASIAN ORGANIC FERTILIZER INDUSTRY

Ma,Khristine T,Helera,Jimmy B,Williams,Jeanette Angeline B,Madamba,Normito R,Zapata Jr 한국무역연구원 2013 貿易 硏究 Vol.9 No.2

Over the years, the market for organic fertilizers has expanded rapidly. The number of commercially produced organic fertilizers has increased in a number of Asian countries. In the Philippines, considerable advancements have already been achieved relative to organic fertilizer production. The demand for organic fertilizer is largely influenced by the development in the organic agriculture industry. Consumers have placed so much value on the nutritive and safety aspect of organically produced foods. In Asia, China has the largest production capacity when it comes to organic fertilizer. The largest importer of organic fertilizer in Asia, on the other hand, is Japan. The pelletized chicken manure fertilizer is one product Philippine poultry producers can bank on to enter the export market. This paper not only showed that it is feasible to put up a pelletized poultry manure fertilizer production plant in the country, but that the potentials for this underexplored product have tremendous profit implications for the Philippines.

Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor

Williams, Simon J.,Sohn, Kee Hoon,Wan, Li,Bernoux, Maud,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Segonzac, Cecile,Ve, Thomas,Ma, Yan,Saucet, Simon B.,Ericsson, Daniel J.,Casey, Lachlan W.,Lonhienne, Thierry,Winzor, Dona American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.344 No.6181

<P><B>Universal Immune Function</B></P><P>Certain pathogen effectors are detected in plants by cytoplasmic receptors. First solving the crystal structures of <I>Arabidopsis</I> receptors, <B>Williams <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 299; see the Perspective by <B>Nishimura and Dangl</B>) discovered that in the resting state, the structures form a heterodimer that readies the complex for effector binding and keeps the signaling domains from firing too early. Once the pathogen effector binds, the structure of the complex shifts such that the signaling domains can form a homodimer to initiate downstream signaling. Similarities between these plant-pathogen receptors and Toll-like receptors in animals suggest the molecular mechanisms may translate broadly.</P>

Reversed Janus Micro/Nanomotors with Internal Chemical Engine

Ma, Xing,Jang, Seungwook,Popescu, Mihail N.,Uspal, William E.,Miguel-Ló,pez, Albert,Hahn, Kersten,Kim, Dong-Pyo,Sá,nchez, Samuel American Chemical Society 2016 ACS NANO Vol.10 No.9

<P/><P>Self-motile Janus colloids are important for enabling a wide variety of microtechnology applications as well as for improving our understanding of the mechanisms of motion of artificial micro- and nanoswimmers. We present here micro/nanomotors which possess a reversed Janus structure of an internal catalytic “chemical engine”. The catalytic material (here platinum (Pt)) is embedded within the interior of the mesoporous silica (mSiO<SUB>2</SUB>)-based hollow particles and triggers the decomposition of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> when suspended in an aqueous peroxide (H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>) solution. The pores/gaps at the noncatalytic (Pt) hemisphere allow the exchange of chemical species in solution between the exterior and the interior of the particle. By varying the diameter of the particles, we observed size-dependent motile behavior in the form of enhanced diffusion for 500 nm particles, and self-phoretic motion, toward the nonmetallic part, for 1.5 and 3 μm ones. The direction of motion was rationalized by a theoretical model based on self-phoresis. For the 3 μm particles, a change in the morphology of the porous part is observed, which is accompanied by a change in the mechanism of propulsion <I>via</I> bubble nucleation and ejection as well as a change in the direction of motion.</P>

THE ASIAN ORGANIC FERTILIZER INDUSTRY : WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS FOR THE PHILIPPINES?

Ma.Khristine T. Helera,Jimmy B. Williams,Jeanette Angeline B. Madamba,Normito R. Zapata Jr 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.2

Over the years, the market for organic fertilizers has expanded rapidly. The number of commercially produced organic fertilizers has increased in a number of Asian countries. In the Philippines, considerable advancements have already been achieved relative to organic fertilizer production. The demand for organic fertilizer is largely influenced by the development in the organic agriculture industry. Consumers have placed so much value on the nutritive and safety aspect of organically produced foods. In Asia, China has the largest production capacity when it comes to organic fertilizer. The largest importer of organic fertilizer in Asia, on the other hand, is Japan. The pelletized chicken manure fertilizer is one product Philippine poultry producers can bank on to enter the export market. This paper not only showed that it is feasible to put up a pelletized poultry manure fertilizer production plant in the country, but that the potentials for this underexplored product have tremendous profit implications for the Philippines.

Polymeric nanomedicines for poorly soluble drugs in oral delivery systems: an update

Xiangyu Ma,Robert O. Williams III 한국약제학회 2018 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.48 No.1

The field of nanomedicine offers promising new drug delivery systems with enhanced properties. The literature has reported on the development of various nanomedicines that are more beneficial than conventional drug delivery systems. These increased benefits are due to their size, morphology, and surface properties. Nanomedicines include different forms of drugcontaining polymeric nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have been investigated to improve the bioavailability, solubility, permeability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of drugs. The oral route of administration has gained interest because of its ease of delivery and its convenience, which results in higher compliance. However, the low solubility of many drugs hinders their successful development into dosage forms for oral administration. In addition, biological barriers hinder the absorption of drugs into systematic circulation, resulting in low therapeutic efficacy. Polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been reported as a method for overcoming low drug solubility and overcoming biological barriers to absorption. This review discusses the biological barriers to oral delivery as well as the challenges and benefits of oral delivery. This review also examines the characteristics of drug-containing polymeric nanomedicines as drug delivery systems and the various applications of these systems.

THE SEGUE K GIANT SURVEY. III. QUANTIFYING GALACTIC HALO SUBSTRUCTURE

Janesh, William,Morrison, Heather L.,Ma, Zhibo,Rockosi, Constance,Starkenburg, Else,Xue, Xiang Xiang,Rix, Hans-Walter,Harding, Paul,Beers, Timothy C.,Johnson, Jennifer,Lee, Young Sun,Schneider, Donald American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.816 No.2

<P>We statistically quantify the amount of substructure in the Milky Way stellar halo using a sample of 4568 halo K giant stars at Galactocentric distances ranging over 5-125 kpc. These stars have been selected photometrically and confirmed spectroscopically as K giants from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration project. Using a position-velocity clustering estimator (the 4distance) and a model of a smooth stellar halo, we quantify the amount of substructure in the halo, divided by distance and metallicity. Overall, we find that the halo as a whole is highly structured. We also confirm earlier work using blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars which showed that there is an increasing amount of substructure with increasing Galactocentric radius, and additionally find that the amount of substructure in the halo increases with increasing metallicity. Comparing to resampled BHB stars, we find that K giants and BHBs have similar amounts of substructure over equivalent ranges of Galactocentric radius. Using a friends-of-friends algorithm to identify members of individual groups, we find that a large fraction (similar to 33%) of grouped stars are associated with Sgr, and identify stars belonging to other halo star streams: the Orphan Stream, the Cetus Polar Stream, and others, including previously unknown substructures. A large fraction of sample K giants (more than 50%) are not grouped into any substructure. We find also that the Sgr stream strongly dominates groups in the outer halo for all except the most metal-poor stars, and suggest that this is the source of the increase of substructure with Galactocentric radius and metallicity.</P>

A Combination of CS-CDMA and OFDM for Enhanced LTE on Downlink Channel

Jiao, Bingli,Ma, Meng,Lee, William C.Y. The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2013 Journal of communications and networks Vol.15 No.1

For alleviating the low spectrum efficiency problem of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), due to the strong inter-cell-interference (ICI) at cell's edge, we introduce comb-spectrum code division multiple access (CS-CDMA) into broadband OFDM system at downlink channel for enabling the use of entire spectrum for seamless coverage. In addition, we develop a new method, called orthogonal cell code (OCC) scheme, to assist CS-CDMA for nullifying the ICI from contiguous cells. In system operation, each of the conventional cells is divided into an outer cell and an inner cell, and a mobile station (MS) should access to the CS-CDMA when it is in the outer cell and access to OFDM when it is in the inner cell. This study investigates the spectrum efficiency of using CS-CDMA and makes a comparison with that of long term evolution (LTE) in the following cases; (1) under an assumption of perfect channel state information and (2) based on channel estimates at a MS station. The results show the great advantage of utilizing the proposed system.

Methodology effects on determining the energy concentration and the apparent total tract digestibility of components in diets fed to growing pigs

Huang, Chengfei,Li, Ping,Ma, Xiaokang,Jaworski, Neil William,Stein, Hans-Henrik,Lai, Changhua,Zhao, Jinbiao,Zhang, Shuai Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.8

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different diet formulations: F1 (Two complicated basal diets containing different crude protein levels plus tested feedstuff) vs F2 (A simple corn soybean meal [SBM] basal diet plus tested feedstuff) combined with total collection (TC) or chromic oxide ($Cr_2O_3$) marker or acid-insoluble ash (AIA) marker method, and freeze-dry or oven-dry (OD) technique on estimation of nutrient digestibility in diets fed to growing pigs. Methods: In F1, twelve barrows were allocated to two $6{\times}4$ Youden Squares. The treatment diets included a high protein basal (HPB) diet, a low protein basal (LPB) diet, a corn diet and a wheat bran (WB) diet formulated based on the HPB diet, and a SBM diet and a rapeseed meal (RSM) diet formulated based on the LPB diet. In F2, eight barrows were allocated to two $4{\times}4$ Latin Squares. The treatment diets included a corn basal diet, a SBM basal diet formulated based on the corn diet, and a WB diet and a RSM diet formulated based on the SBM diet. Results: Concentration of digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, ash, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre determined by $Cr_2O_3$ marker method were greater than those determined by TC and AIA marker methods in HPB, LPB, and RSM diets formulated by F1 and in corn diet formulated by F2 (p<0.05). The DE values in WB and both DE and ME values in SBM and RSM estimated using F1 were greater than those estimated using F2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: From the accuracy aspect, the AIA marker or TC method combined with OD technique is recommended for determining the energy concentration and nutrient digestibility of components in diets fed to growing pigs.

Structure-Behavior Coalescence Method for Formal Specification of UML 2.0 Sequence Diagrams

Steve Haga,Wei-Ming Ma,William Shanchung Chao 한국정보과학회 2021 Journal of Computing Science and Engineering Vol.15 No.4

A Combination of CS-CDMA and OFDM for Enhanced LTE on Downlink Channel

Bingli Jiao,Meng Ma,William C. Y. Lee 한국통신학회 2013 Journal of communications and networks Vol.15 No.1

For alleviating the low spectrum efficiency problem of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), due to the strong inter-cell-interference (ICI) at cell’s edge, we introduce comb-spectrum code division multiple access (CS-CDMA)into broadband OFDM system at downlink channel for enabling the use of entire spectrum for seamless coverage. In addition, we develop a new method, called orthogonal cell code (OCC) scheme,to assist CS-CDMA for nullifying the ICI from contiguous cells. In system operation, each of the conventional cells is divided into an outer cell and an inner cell, and a mobile station (MS) should access to the CS-CDMA when it is in the outer cell and access to OFDMwhen it is in the inner cell. This study investigates the spectrum efficiency of using CS-CDMA and makes a comparison with that of long term evolution (LTE) in the following cases; (1) under an assumption of perfect channel state information and (2) based on channel estimates at a MS station. The results show the great advantage of utilizing the proposed system.