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Role of the gut–brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism
Wachsmuth Hallie R.,Weninger Savanna N.,Duca Frank A. 생화학분자생물학회 2022 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.54 No.-
The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding incoming nutrients to allow proper maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. This gut–brain communication is regulated by various peptides or hormones that are secreted from the gut in response to nutrients; these signaling molecules can enter the circulation and act directly on the brain, or they can act indirectly via paracrine action on local vagal and spinal afferent neurons that innervate the gut. In addition, the enteric nervous system can act as a relay from the gut to the brain. The current review will outline the different gut–brain signaling mechanisms that contribute to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting the recent advances in understanding these complex hormonal and neural pathways. Furthermore, the impact of the gut microbiota on various components of the gut–brain axis that regulates energy and glucose homeostasis will be discussed. A better understanding of the gut–brain axis and its complex relationship with the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of successful pharmacological therapies to combat obesity and diabetes.
DUSCH, E.,DORVAL, T.,VINCENT, N.,WACHSMUTH, M.,GENOVESIO, A. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 Journal of microscopy Vol.228 No.2
<P>Summary</P><P>Point Spread Function (PSF) modelling is an important task in image formation analysis. In confocal microscopy, the exact PSF is rarely known, thus one has to rely on its approximation. An initial estimation is usually performed experimentally by measuring fluorescent beads or analytically by studying properties of the optical system. Yet, fluorescent line-scanning confocal microscopes are not widespread; therefore, very few adapted models are available in the literature. In this paper, we propose an analytical PSF model for line-scanning confocal microscopes. Validation is performed by measuring the error between our model and an experimental PSF measured with fluorescent beads, assumed to represent the real PSF. Comparison with existing models is also presented.</P>
Two-photon spectral imaging with high temporal and spectral resolution
Im, Kang-Bin,Kang, Moon-Sik,Kim, Jiho,Bestvater, Felix,Seghiri, Zahir,Wachsmuth, Malte,Grailhe, Regis The Optical Society 2010 Optics express Vol.18 No.26
<P>We introduce a fast spectral imaging system using an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EM-CCD) as a detector. Our system is combined with a custom-built two-photon excitation laser scanning microscope and has 80 detection channels, which allow for high spectral resolution and fast frame acquisition without any loss of spectral information. To demonstrate the efficiency of our approach, we applied this technology to monitor fluorescent proteins and quantum dot-labeled G protein-coupled receptors in living cells as well as autofluorescence in tissue samples.</P>
EMCCD-based spectrally resolved fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Bestvater, Felix,Seghiri, Zahir,Kang, Moon Sik,Grö,ner, Nadine,Lee, Ji Young,Im, Kang-Bin,Wachsmuth, Malte The Optical Society 2010 Optics express Vol.18 No.23
<P>We present an implementation of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with spectrally resolved detection based on a combined commercial confocal laser scanning/fluorescence correlation spectroscopy microscope. We have replaced the conventional detection scheme by a prism-based spectrometer and an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device camera used to record the photons. This allows us to read out more than 80,000 full spectra per second with a signal-to-noise ratio and a quantum efficiency high enough to allow single photon counting. We can identify up to four spectrally different quantum dots in vitro and demonstrate that spectrally resolved detection can be used to characterize photophysical properties of fluorophores by measuring the spectral dependence of quantum dot fluorescence emission intermittence. Moreover, we can confirm intracellular cross-correlation results as acquired with a conventional setup and show that spectral flexibility can help to optimize the choice of the detection windows.</P>
Assembly and mobility of exon-exon junction complexes in living cells.
Schmidt, Ute,Im, Kang-Bin,Benzing, Carola,Janjetovic, Snjezana,Rippe, Karsten,Lichter, Peter,Wachsmuth, Malte Cambridge University Press ; Cambridge University 2009 RNA Vol.15 No.5
<P>The exon-exon junction complex (EJC) forms via association of proteins during splicing of mRNA in a defined manner. Its organization provides a link between biogenesis, nuclear export, and translation of the transcripts. The EJC proteins accumulate in nuclear speckles alongside most other splicing-related factors. We followed the establishment of the EJC on mRNA by investigating the mobility and interactions of a representative set of EJC factors in vivo using a complementary analysis with different fluorescence fluctuation microscopy techniques. Our observations are compatible with cotranscriptional binding of the EJC protein UAP56 confirming that it is involved in the initial phase of EJC formation. RNPS1, REF/Aly, Y14/Magoh, and NXF1 showed a reduction in their nuclear mobility when complexed with RNA. They interacted with nuclear speckles, in which both transiently and long-term immobilized factors were identified. The location- and RNA-dependent differences in the mobility between factors of the so-called outer shell and inner core of the EJC suggest a hypothetical model, in which mRNA is retained in speckles when EJC outer-shell factors are missing.</P>