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Sutcliffe, Anthony 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 1995 서울학연구 Vol.- No.4
대도시에 대한 비교연구는 반드시 대도시들이 서로간에 미치는 영향과 그들 사이의 연계관계에 대한 설명을 포함하여야 한다. 19세기 이후로 도시정책의 개발은 도시네트워크 내에서 혁신이 파급되어 왔던 것이 세계적인 추세였다 런던, 파리, 베를린, 뉴욕 4개의 도시들은 각각이 서로 다른 독특한 정책을 발전시켜왔다. 도시계획의 개념이 약 1890년부터 국제회의에서 언급되기 시작하면서, 주로 '종합적인(comprehensive) 계획'을 중심으로 다루게 되었다. 이러한 논의가 1890년에서 1914년에 집중적으로 다루어지면서 정립되지는 않았지만 서로가 공감하는 도시계획의 목표와 개념들이 출현하였다. 19세기에 전세계의 도시 네트워크는 산업화에 의해 영향을 받게되면서, 19세기초에 유럽과 북미에도 중국의 북경과 일본의 에도의 크기를 능가하는 수 많은 도시가 생겨나게 되었다. 이들 대부분의 도시들은 항구이거나 가까운 항구과 연결이 쉬운 지역에 자리를 잡고 있었다. 19세기 말 쯤에 국내의 도시들은 철도를 이용하였고 이 철도는 항구와 연결되어 있었다. 대도시들은 서로간에 기술혁신과 도시형태에 대하여 서로 교류하게 되는데, 특히 아름답다고 인정되는 대도시의 예를 좇아 많은 도시들이 도시 전체의 미관에 큰 관심을 가지게 되었다. 이때 주요한 모델은 파리였다. 유럽의 대도시에서 출현한 첫번째 도시설계모델은 16세기의 교황들에 의하여 이루어졌던 르네상스 시대의 로마였다. 이 모델은 거대한 규모여서 모방하기에는 무리가 있었지만, 성 페테르스부르크에서 런던에 이르기까지 많은 도시에서 모방되었다. 넓은 거리에 뒤이어 종종 기하학적인 광장이 출현하였고 가끔은 공공 정원과 함께 연결되었다. 그러나 어떤 점에서 르네상스 시대의 건축미는 19세기 대도시에 맞지 않는 것이었다. 대단위 개발계획이 1853년과 1970년 사이에 파리에서 처음 시도되었다. 당시 루이 나폴레옹 지배하에 있던 프랑스 정부는 프랑스가 영국의 성공적인 산업에 필적할 수 있도록 하는 전국적인 현대화 프로그램을 시작하기를 원했다. 이 계획은 고전적인 스타일을 고수하였는데 넓게 뻗은 거리, 광장, 방사형의 거리체계, 중심부의 상징물을 그 특징으로 하고 있다. 영국은 필터링(filtering)의 개념을 도입하여 거주에 편리하도록 교외를 개발하게 된다. 저밀도와 넓은 오픈 스페이스, 정원 등을 광범위하게 적용하였다. 이러한 개념을 1903년에 최초의 전원도시인 레치워스(Letchworkth)에 도입하였다. 독일의 계획정책은 대도시의 문제라기 보다는 기존의 체제에서 만들어진 것으로 17~18세기에 개개의 주에서 물리적인 개발을 하였고 프랑스 루이 14세의 영향을 많이 받았다. 또한 1862년 프러시아의 경찰당국은 다가올 1세기에 대비한 도시전체 성장의 방향을 제시할 광범위한 확장계획서를 펴냈다. 여기서는 철도와의 관계를 고려한 도시계획이었지만, 지가의 과도한 상승으로 비난을 받았다. 특히 프랑크푸르트에서는 차별적인 건축규제를 통하여 외곽지역에서 저밀도와 넓은 오픈 스페이스를 확보하였다. 뉴욕은 1860년대부터 고밀도를 보이기 시작하였는데, 임대주택의 문제를 해결하려는 운동과 결부되어 건물과 공중보건에 대한 규제를 하면서 발전해왔다. 특히 뉴욕시가 현대의 도시계획으로 발전하는 가장 큰 움직임에 도움을 준 지역지구제 조례가 1916년에 정해졌다. 이 지역지구제는 1920년대 중반까지 미국 전역으로 확산하였다.
Fawziya Al Zadjali,Nick Sutcliffe,Caroline Bligh 아시아영어교육학회 2016 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.13 No.4
Student success in learning a second or a foreign language and its link to motivation have been widely acknowledged (Crookes & Schmidt, 1991; Dörnyei, 1994). However, in contrast, the association between student learning and teacher motivation has received significantly less attention from the research community. In order to better understand this relationship from a socio-cultural perspective, this article focuses on the intrinsic link between teacher identity and beliefs about self and learners’ motivation in those contexts where English is taught as a second language (L2). To achieve this, this study draws upon research into teacher professional identity, which identifies the interrelationship between teaching practices and learner motivation. Our starting point is the work of Dörnyei (1998), who has long argued that the link between teacher and learner motivation has been neglected and under-developed as a research topic. Consequently, the focus of our article is not on motivation in general terms; rather it focuses on the nature of teacher and learner motivation with respect to learning within socio-cultural settings such as L2 classrooms. According to Dörnyei’s (2009) theory of L2 Motivational Self System, there are three main sources of motivation in second language learning. These are: the Ideal L2 Self, or learners’ image of themselves as effective learners; the Ought-to L2 Self, such as learner desires and social environment satisfaction; and the positive L2 Learning Experience (Hadfield & Dörnyei, 2013, p.2-3). This ‘motivational Self’ System defines the L2 learner self through three reflective ‘visions’, which are: • What we might become • What we would like to become • What we are afraid of becoming (Hadfield & Dörnyei, 2013, p. 2) All three ‘vision’ statements relate to an individual’s identity, and it is this aspect which provides the link to our work on the development of teacher identity and teachers’ envisioned present and future selves. These selves, which are seen crucial in the formation and development of teacher identity (Kelchtermans, 1993), enable the exploration of teacher’s self-image, and through that, its relationship with both teacher and learner motivation.
Impact and Evaluation of International Cancer Control Congresses
Sarwal, Kavita,Trapido, Edward J.,Sutcliffe, Simon,Qiao, You-Lin Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.2
International meetings on various aspects of cancer- its etiology, its diagnosis, its treatment, its palliation, and its prevention and control are held frequently. Many have similar themes, and many seek and receive the same speakers and audiences. A fundamental question arises: what difference does any individual meeting/congress/conference make or add to our understanding of the relevant issues? While many meetings conduct evaluations at the end of the Congress, few use evaluation as a tool to guide design, implementation, and evaluation of both short and long term impacts, and address the question of "what difference did the Congress make". The International Cancer Control Congresses, which are held biennially in different regions of the world, took the opportunity to use evaluation in this way, and ask the relevant questions. This paper describes that evaluation session of the ICCC4, held in Seoul, Korea in November 2011, which was part of the larger evaluation issue.
Sivesh Kamarajah,Francesco Giovinazzo,Keith J. Roberts,Pankaj Punia,Robert P. Sutcliffe,Ravi Marudanayagam,Nikolaos Chatzizacharias,John Isaac,Darius F. Mirza,Paolo Muiesan,Bobby VM Dasari 한국간담췌외과학회 2020 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.24 No.1
Backgrounds/Aims: Approximately 60-80% of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) are not suitable for surgical resection due to advanced disease at presentation. This review assesses the role of surgical resection followed by down staging treatment in the management of patients with locally advanced iCCA. Methods: A systematic review and pooled analysis were performed of the relevant published studies published between January 2000-December 2018. The primary outcome measure was overall survival. Secondary outcome measures were rates of clinical benefit, margin-negative (R0) resections, overall and surgery-specific complications, and post-operative mortality. Results: Eighteen cohort studies with 1880 patients were included in the review. The median overall survival in all patients was 14 months (range, 7-18 months). Patients undergoing resection following down staging had significantly longer survival than those who did not (median: 29 vs. 12 months, p<0.001). The Clinical Benefit Rate with this strategy (complete response+partial response+stable disease) was 64% (244/383), ranging from 33-90%. Thirty-eight percent of the patients underwent resections with a 60% R0 resection rate and 6% postoperative mortality. Conclusions: Although the evidence to support the benefits of NAT for iCCA is limited, the review supports the use of down staging treatment and also surgical resection in the cohort with response to NAT in order to improve long-term survival in patients with locally advanced iCCA.
Anisa Nutu,Michael Wilson,Erin Ross,Kunal Joshi,Robert Sutcliffe,Keith Roberts,Ravi Marudanayagam,Paolo Muiesan,Nikolaos Chatzizacharias,Darius Mirza,John Isaac,Bobby V. M. Dasari Korean Association of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Su 2022 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.26 No.3
Backgrounds/Aims: Middle hepatic vein (MHV) is usually preserved as a part of the right or left hepatectomy in order preserve the venous outflow of remnant liver. The aim of this study was to evaluate if resection of MHV could influence post-resection outcomes of standard right or left hepatectomy. Methods: Patients who underwent standard right or left hepatectomy between January 2015 and December 2019 were included. Anatomical remnant liver volumes were measured retrospectively using the Hermes workstation (Hermes Medical Solutions AB, Stockholm, Sweden). Uni- and multi-variate analyses were performed to assess the difference in outcomes of those with preservation of MHV and those without preservation. Results: A total of 144 patients were included. Right hepatectomy was performed for 114 (79.2%) and left hepatectomy was performed for 30 (20.8%) patients. MHV was resected for 13 (9.0%) in addition to the standard right or left hepatectomy. Median remnant liver volume was significantly higher in the MHV resected group (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in serum level of bilirubin, international normalized ratio, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine on postoperative day 1, 3, 5, or 10, ≥ grade IIIa complications (p = 0.44), or 90-day mortality (p = 0.41). On multivariable analysis, resection of the MHV did not influence the incidence of post hepatectomy liver failure (p = 0.52). Conclusions: Resection of the MHV at standard right or left hepatectomy did not have a negative impact on postoperative outcomes of patients with adequate remnant liver volume.