Degraded Efficiency of Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diode Through Aging in Ambient Condition

Lee, Sungkyu,Lee, Ho Won,Na, Inyeob,Lee, Song Eun,Lee, Jae Woo,Yoo, Han Kyu,Hwang, Kyo Min,Kim, Gyu-Tae,Park, Jaehoon,Kim, Young Kwan American Scientific Publishers 2016 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.16 No.10

<P>We demonstrated the influence of the air on blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes by exposing the position of organic layers for various ambient exposure times to construct the disordered organic-organic interface in this work. To compare the effects of each hole and electron transporting path, organic layers were exposed according to the exciton blocking layer and emitting layer. Then we analyzed electrical and morphological properties using current-voltage-luminance measurement as well as other electrical and chemical analysis, such as impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.</P>

THE ROLE OF COOPETITION, FIRM CAPABILITES AND NPD ADVANTAGES ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Sungkyu Lee,Tony C. Garrett,Jong-Ho Lee 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

Our study aims to investigate the mechanisms leading to focal firm’s innovation performance through the coopetitive relationships. Specifically, we argue focal firm’s two capabilities, coopetition capability and NPD capability, play a crucial role as a mediator of interfirm coopetition and its innovation performance. In order to provide new evidence on this subject, we contribute to this stream by developing a conceptual model. We argue that coopetitive behaviors of partners will influence the focal firm’s coopetition capability, which will then influence the focal firm’s NPD capability, although we assume NPD capability will have an impact on coopetition capability as well. We also argue NPD capability will not only lead to new product advantages, NPD process advantages as well, as a result of them, financial performance at the end. This paper reports the development of this model.

폐 광케이블의 선순환 리싸이클을 위한 물리적 해체 분리 최적화 기술개발

이성규 ( Sungkyu Lee ),이수영 ( Soo-young Lee ),조성수 ( Sung-su Cho ),서민혜 ( Minhye Seo ),이영호 ( Young Ho Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.36 No.2

Optimized bench scale disassembly/separation technology has been developed for economically feasible and sustainable recycling of waste optical fiber cables. Ten batches of waste optical fiber cables have been randomly selected from a recycling company in order to characterize their components, identify their composition, and subsequently optimize the manual disassembly/separation processes. A manual cable cutter for randomly collected waste optical fiber cables has been designed and fabricated for bench scale operation in conjunction with (prior) induction heating of the waste optical fiber samples, which was deemed the most suitable means for an optimum disassembly/separation process. Actual test results on induction heating indicated possible disassembly/separation process optimization for the waste optical fibers under the conditions of 20 kW and 20 m/min of power and transfer rates, respectively.

ADVERTISING’S INFLUENCE ON PERCEIVED LUXURIOUSNESS OF A PREMIUM PRIVATE LABEL

Seoyoung Kim,Sungkyu Lee,Jong-Ho Lee,Charles R. Taylor 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2017 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2017 No.07

This study examines how advertising can be used by premium private labels to develop perceived luxuriousness and, in turn, purchase intention. The findings suggest perceived image and quality relative to regular private labels and a leading national brand as well as store-brand image congruity as key factors and support the store-type effect. Introduction Private labels (PLs) are receiving increased attention in line with their significant growth (Schnittka, 2015). Braak, Geyskens, and Dekimpe (2014) pointed out the evolving trend of more PLs offering high quality at a high price in comparison to their low-quality, low-price heritage. Among multiple tiers of PLs, PPLs exclusively aim at a premium tier of the market and try to offer the value comparable to that of top-tier NBs (Jost 2014). Acknowledging differentiated natures of PPLs, this paper analyzes what advertising strategies make consumers perceive a PPL to be luxurious and in turn, increase purchase intention. Cue utilization theory and categorization theory are used as a basis for hypotheses. Our research is an effort to shed light on adequate design of the advertising message for the successful introduction of a PPL. Theoretical Background Premium Private Label and Perceived Luxuriousness For a PPL, being able to offer outstanding value as compared to top-tier NBs is a critical issue (Geyskens, Gielens & Gijsbrechts 2010). To investigate whether a PPL is successfully positioned, we suggest the construct of perceived luxuriousness as a key variable. We define a brand's luxuriousness as its ability to satisfy multifaceted needs of consumers with its products which is not limited to functional needs (Lee, Ko, Kee & Kim, 2015), through five value dimensions (Vigneron & Johnson, 2004). Consequently, we employ the brand luxury index (BLI) to measure perceived luxuriousness (Vigneron & Johnson, 2004). Cue Utilization Theory According to cue utilization theory, when making purchases, consumers use diverse extrinsic and intrinsic cues, and make the assumption that such cues will help them make the most reasonable purchase decision (Richardson, Dick & Jain, 1994). Referring to cues, consumers decide to buy the product only if it is perceived as a better choice than the alternatives in terms of overall value that it conveys. These cues are often displayed and reinforced via advertising (Yi, 1993). Categorization Theory According to categorization theory, when exposed to advertising messages for a new brand, consumers are expected to call up information available in memory that is classified into categories (Carrillat, Harris, & Lafferty, 2010). Punj & Moon (2002) demonstrated that a successful strategy for new brands is to associate itself with a successful existing brand to be included in the consideration set while differentiating itself from other brands. Hypotheses Development Image Similarity Perceived similarity between brands and products has been discussed at various levels and scopes. It has been illustrated that shared physical attributes (Aaker & Keller, 1990) and shared abstract image (Park, Milberg & Lawson, 1991) between product lines moderate the probability of being perceived as similar by consumers. Considering the disparate positions between PPLs and RPLs, we suggested that RPLs are useful as a disparate option that may in turn emphasize the premium position of a PPL (Palmeira & Thomas, 2011). H1a. Image similarity between a PPL and a RPL, as reinforced by advertising, will have a negative effect on the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL. If a PPL can associate itself with the experiential value of a high-positioned NB, it is more likely that the PPL will be perceived as luxurious by signaling comparability (Sayman et al., 2002). H1b. Image similarity between a PPL and a NB, as reinforced by advertising, will have a positive effect on the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL. If the different positions of a RPL and a PPL are not perceived by consumers, consumers might judge the PPL as simply a similar but expensive option and would not be willing to purchase it (Huang & Huddleston, 2009). H2a. Image similarity between a PPL and a RPL, as reinforced by advertising, will have a negative effect on the purchase intention for the PPL. Closer associations between a PPL and a top-tier NB built through advertising lead to enhanced familiarity with the PPL and perceptions of reduced risks (Erdem, Zhao & Valenzuela, 2004). H2b. Image similarity between a PPL and a NB, as reinforced by advertising, will have a positive effect on the purchase intention for the PPL. Quality Superiority Perceived quality is defined by Aaker (1991) as: “the customer’s perception of the overall quality or superiority of a product or service with respect to its intended purpose, relative to alternatives”. Consumers’ abstract beliefs regarding the product’s quality can be deduced from “credence quality attributes” (Ophuis & Trijp, 1995). The quality of products is evaluated relatively, compared with alternatives. Nueno and Quelch, (1998) pointed out that there are a few characteristics shared by premium brands, and excellent quality is one of them. H3a. Quality superiority of a PPL compared to RPL, as reinforced by advertising, will have a positive effect on the perceived luxuriousness of PPL. H3b. Quality superiority of a PPL compared to NB, as reinforced by advertising, will have a positive effect on the perceived luxuriousness of PPL. According to Sethuraman, Tellis, and Briesch (2011), consumer perceptions of quality of a PL are evaluated based on quality differentials and play a dominant role when consumers make purchase decisions. Indeed, the perceived quality differential between a PL and a NB has been found to influence the share of the PL (Erdem et al., 2004). H4a. Quality superiority of a PPL compared to a RPL, as reinforced by advertising, will have a positive effect on the purchase intention of the PPL. H4b. Quality superiority of a PPL compared to a NB, as reinforced by advertising, will have a positive effect on the purchase intention of the PPL. Image Congruity between a Store and a PPL At the individual level, a generalized store image is determined by each consumer’s beliefs about retailer-specific attributes (Lee & Hyman, 2008). If the positive store image can be transferred through a number of positive associations between the store image and a PL, it will help consumers evaluate a newly encountered PL more favorably (Collins-Dodd & Lindley, 2003). As Dubois, Laurent, and Czellar (2001) demonstrated, consistent value shared between a parent brand and an extension will further strengthen the luxurious position. H5a. Image congruity between a store and a PPL will have a positive effect on the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL. Furthermore, with congruity consumers will see a brand which maintains the standards and preserve its essence as authentic and are likely to form positive responses toward a brand (Choi, Ko, Kim & Mattila, 2015). Lee and Hyman (2008) illustrated that the congruity between beliefs about a store and a PL would lead to a relatively favorable attitude toward a PL product. H5b. Image congruity between a store and a PPL will have a positive effect on the purchase intention of the PPL. Perceived Luxuriousness and Purchase Intention Sethuraman et al. (2011) illustrated that both quality and non-quality values matter in purchase decisions of a PL. For a PPL aiming at signaling an outstanding position, representations of added value are critical to form purchase intentions (Fionda & Moore, 2008). Thus: H6. Perceived luxuriousness of a PPL will have a positive effect on the purchase intention of the PPL. Store type Effect Consumers evaluate retailers differently and their subjective evaluation of the retailer is also expected to affect evaluations of products sold in the retailer (Grace and O’cass, 2005; Pappu and Quester 2008). The more upscale image and positioning of department stores are regarded to allow products they sell to be perceived as luxurious through more diverse appeals. In turn, purchase intentions are to be facilitated with ease, relatively. Proposition 1: According to store type, relative perception of luxuriousness of a PPL will be different. Proposition 2: According to store type, relative purchase intention of a PPL will be different. Methods Experiments were conducted among undergraduate-level students (aged 20-29) at a large Korean university, as they have relatively common traits and increasing experience with private labels (Trendmonitor, 2015). A total of 339 self-administered questionnaires were distributed, out of which 324 were used for analysis: 166 for department stores, 158 for hypermarkets. A purchase scenario of a cashmere sweater as well as an advertisement of the PPL sweater with information about each brand’s product (i.e. the material, the manufacturer, the distributor, and the advertisement) was given. For robust results, the experiment was conducted via two media types, online and paper. Analysis and Results Structural Model Testing We used structural equation modeling (AMOS 21) to test the proposed theoretical framework and propositions (see Figure 1). All estimates indicate an acceptable fit. Individual Hypothesis Testing The results indicate that image similarity between a PPL and a RPL negatively influences the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL (supporting H1a), but image similarity between the PPL and a NB positively influences the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL (supporting H1b). Although image similarity between a PPL and a RPL has no direct influence on the purchase intention of the PPL (H2a is rejected), image similarity between the PPL and a NB positively influences the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL (supporting H2b). Quality superiority of the PPL compared to the RPL positively influences both the perceived luxuriousness and purchase intention of the PPL (supporting both H3a and H4a), but quality superiority of the PPL compared to the NB does not have a significant effect (H3b and H4b are rejected). Congruity between the PPL and store is found to influence the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL (supporting H5a) but has no direct influence on the purchase intention (H5b is rejected). Meanwhile, the hypothesized effect of the perceived luxuriousness of PPL on purchase intention is supported (H6). Proposition Testing The data for each store type, department store (n =166) and hypermarket (n=158), was analyzed separately via multi-group analysis to assess store type effects on the modeled relationships. The findings for department stores indicate that the effects of image similarity between a PPL and a RPL on perceived luxuriousness, image similarity between the PPL and a NB on the purchase intention, quality superiority of the PPL compared to the RPL on the perceived luxuriousness as well as the purchase intention, and image congruity between the PPL and the store on the perceived luxuriousness are significant. Meanwhile, the findings for hypermarkets represent that the effects of image similarity between the PPL and NB on perceived luxuriousness and quality superiority of the PPL compared to the RPL on the perceived luxuriousness of the PPL are significant. For both store types, overall perceived luxuriousness turned out to be positively related to purchase intention. Conclusion The findings of this study have implications for a PPL aiming at positioning itself in consumers’ minds as luxurious, vis-?-vis a RPL and a NB. In regard to the perceived brand images, using advertising, efforts to differentiate a PPL from a RPL and to equate a PPL with the top-tier NB appears to be a reasonable strategy. Moreover, using advertising to emphasize superior quality compared to the RPL is likely to be effective whereas to compare it to a NB will not. Also, image congruity between a store and a PPL would allow the PPL to be perceived as luxurious as it aims to be. Furthermore, the results lead to a rationale for disparate strategies between two store types. As a follow-up study, we are planning to examine how direct manipulation of the comparative advertising messages influences consumers’ perceived luxuriousness and purchase intentions of a PPL.

DRIVERS OF PERCEIVED LUXURIOUSNESS OF A PREMIUM PRIVATE LABEL PRODUCT

Seoyoung Kim,Sungkyu Lee,Jong-Ho Lee,Charles R. Taylor 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

Premium private label brands (PPLBs) are receiving increased attention in line with their significant growth. Private label brands (PLBs) have been evolving from offering low quality at a low price to high quality at a higher price. Among multiple tiers of PLB, PPLBs are assumed to be in an exclusive tier and compete with top-tier national brands. In consumers’ minds, PPLBs are perceived and evaluated in reference to alternatives represented by regular private label brands (RPLBs) and top-tier national brands (NBs). Thus, for PPLBs, being able to provide outstanding value that is perceived in relation with competitive alternatives is a critical issue. In addition, related marketing entities such as a store type are assumed to affect consumers’ perceptions and evaluations. Based on cue utilization theory and categorization theory, this research aims to identify key relationships influencing the perceived luxuriousness and eventual purchase intention of PPLB products. This research analyzes what strategies make consumers perceive a PPLB to be luxurious and in turn, increase purchase intention. The empirical study consists of a survey conducted among college students in their 20s in Korea. The data were analyzed to test the theoretical framework using a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations.

Association Between Urine Cotinine Levels and Bone Mineral Density in Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck Among Adult Males

Lee, Sungkyu,Yoon, Do Heum,Kim, Keung Nyun,Shin, Dong Ah,Ha, Yoon by Lippincott Williams Wilkins 2014 1528-1159) Vol.39 No.4

STUDY DESIGN.: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE.: To investigate an association between tobacco exposure as determined by urine cotinine and bone mineral density (BMD) in femoral neck and lumbar spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Loss of BMD is 1 of the major causes of spine and femoral neck fractures in the elderly population. There is limited literature on risk factors to loss of BMD, in particular, among males. METHODS.: We analyzed data of 770 males older than 30 years, which were collected from the cross-sectional Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with t tests, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS.: The means of femoral neck BMD (T score) significantly decreased with increasing age, −0.08, −0.63, and −1.49 in males aged 30 to 40 years, 50 to 69 years, and 70 to 95 years, respectively (P < 0.001). The same trend was observed in lumbar spine BMD. Although education (P < 0.001) and income (P = 0.021) were associated with femoral neck T score, only education (P = 0.034) was associated with lumbar spine T score. The group who had urine cotinine level of more than 10 μg/mL (active smokers or nonsmokers who were exposed to second-hand smoking) had lower femoral neck T score (−0.43 ± 0.98) than the group who had cotinine level of 10 μg/mL or less (−0.33 ± 0.89) (P = 0.114). In the multiple linear regressions, age, urine cotinine level, and body mass index were statistically related to femoral neck and lumbar spine T score. CONCLUSION.: Our findings suggest that tobacco exposure by active or passive smoking and lower body mass index seem to exert a negative effect on femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD.Level of Evidence: N/A

COOPETITION CAPABILITY IN NEW PRODUCT DEVLEOPMENT; THE PARADOX

Sungkyu Lee,Tony C. Garrett,Jong-Ho Lee 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Firms cooperate not only with complementary partners such as their suppliers and customers, but also increasingly with their competitors which can result in a simultaneous pursuit of cooperation and competition – coopetition (Brandenburger and Nalebuff, 2011). Coopetition is a paradox as it involves firms interacting with two contradictory logics – cooperation and competition, which their contradictory, yet interrelated, demands seem logical in isolation, but absurd and irrational when appearing simultaneously (Peng et al., 2017). The extant research on the role of the competitor as an NPD partner also throws conflicting results; positive and negative NPD performance. This variance could be related to the firm’s internal capability to manage the partnership in NPD activities. This research aims to investigate these issues: Part I examines ‘the paradox of coopetition’ by investigating how firm’s experience of coopetitive relationship influence on firm’s coopetition capability. Part II investigates the key antecedents and outcomes of coopetition capability on the competitor partnership for new product development. The findings suggest a balanced-strong coopetition and alliance management capability are useful to build coopetition capability. In turn, coopetition capability has direct and indirect effects on NPD performances.

THE EFFECT OF SERVICE INNOVATION ON PERCEIVED LUXURIOUSNESS IN ADVERTISEMENT

Sungkyu Lee,Jong-Ho Lee,Tony C. Garrett 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2020 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2020 No.11

Recovery of Tin from Printed Circuit Boards Disassembled from Waste Liquid Crystal Displays

( Sungkyu Lee ),( Leeseung Kang ),( Myung-hwan Hong ),( Dongyoon Shin ),( Sung-su Cho ),( Hyun Seon Hong ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 3RINCs초록집 Vol.2015 No.-

Waste PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) from LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) contain valuable raw materials, Sn, Cu, and other noble metals. Among these, high purity tin was obtained by electro-winning after appropriate acid leaching of tin. For this, leaching and electro-winning process parameters were optimized for solution stability, dissolution and electrolytic efficiency. Two aqueous procedures were developed and tested for electro-winning at mass-production capable basis: (1) HCl leaching after preliminary HNO₃ dissolution was quite effective in leaching high proportion of Sn as analyzed by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) method. (2) Direct one-step leaching in H₂SiF₆ + H₂SO₄ + H₂O₂ was also tested and the solution was finally selected as electrolytes in electro-winning due to massproduction capability. The most efficient recovery of tin was observed after 7h electro-winning in aqueous H₂SiF₅ + H₂SO₄ + H₂O₂ maintained at 40: 96%-pure tin was obtained with 93.2% recovery rate.

The Korean Prediction Model for Adolescents’ Future Smoking Intentions

Sungkyu Lee,윤지은,이자경,김일순,지선하 대한예방의학회 2010 예방의학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for future smoking intention among Korean adolescents aged 13 to 15 in order to identify the high risk group exposed to future smoking. Methods: The data was collected from a total of 5940 students who participated in a self-administrated questionnaire of a cross-sectional school-based survey, the 2004 Korea Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the relevant determinants associated with intentions of adolescents’ future smoking. Receiver Operation Characteristic (ROC) assessment was applied to evaluate the explanation level of the developed prediction model. Results: 8.4% of male and 7.2% of female participants show their intentions of future smoking. Among non-smoking adolescents; who have past smoking experience [odds ratio (OR) 2.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92- 3.88]; who have intentions of smoking when close friends offer a cigarette (OR 31.47; 95% CI = 21.50 - 46.05); and who have friends that are mostly smokers (OR 5.27; 95% CI = 2.85 - 9.74) are more likely to be smokers in the future. The prediction model developed from this study consists of five determinants; past smoking experience; parents smoking status; friends smoking status; ownership of a product with a cigarette brand logo; and intentions of smoking from close friends’ cigarette offer. The area under the ROC curve was 0.8744 (95% CI=0.85 - 0.90) for current non-smokers. Conclusions: For efficiency, school-based smoking prevention programs need to be designed to target the high risk group exposed to future smoking through the prediction model developed by the study, instead of implementing the programs for all the students.