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이관형,이경용,손두익,서남규,서광국,오지영 한국안전학회 2003 한국안전학회지 Vol.18 No.4
This study is planned to investigate the compliance of small sized enterprises of under 5 employees directed by Industrial Safety and Health Act. Occupational safety regulation can be required for employer and employee to comply because that all members of workplace should be involved to protect worker's health. When all members of workplace comply with safety regulation, effectiveness of regulation will be realized as expectation. The study subject is composed of three groups as 501 employers, 501 employees of small sized enterprises of under 5 employees and 107 safety inspectors sampled by stratified random sampling for comparison. Data for analysis is collected from each sample using interview with structured questionnaires. Compliance is measured by 5 point scale composed by 8 sub items such as general perception, understanding, clearness, necessity, relevancy, implementation, penalty, and general compliance of the regulation. Among sub items of employer's compliance, the level of perception of regulation, necessity of regulation, relevancy of penalty are differentiated among three groups. The level of all 8 items of employee's compliance also differentiated among three groups. These results show that strategies for ensuring the same level of compliance among three groups will be needed through education, training and evaluation of regulation and feedback.
河潤卿,金永寬,孫秉淸,申鉉萬,朴美敬 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1996 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.1
The octadodecanoxy derivative of the phthalocyanine which has such long hydrocarbon chains around the skeleton of the phthalocyanine was synthesized. First of all, ortho-catechol was treated with 2 moles of 1-bromododecane to yield ortho-didodecanoxybenzene(I). Second, bromination of I resulted in dibromo-didodecanoxy benzene(II) where the para positions to the dodecanoxy groups were brominated. Finally, reaction of II with an excess of CuCN under an N₂atmosphere gave the intermediate dicyano-didodecanoxy-benzene(III), in situ, and futher heating in dry DMF with more CuCN gave the final product, octadodecanoxy derivative of the phthalocyanine. The synthetic method developed herein provides a general way to synthesize the variety of the phthalocyanines which displays many different substituents such as long hydrocarbons around its skeleton and contains a various metal inside of the phthalocyanine.
SOHN, YOUNG KWAN,PARK, KI HWA,YOON, SEOK-HOON Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008 Sedimentology Vol.55 No.4
<P>Abstract</P><P>Jeju Island is a Quaternary shield volcano built upon the Yellow Sea continental shelf off the Korean Peninsula. Decades of borehole drilling reveals that the shield-forming lavas of the island are underlain by extensive hydrovolcanic deposits (the Seoguipo Formation), which are about 100 m thick and show diverse depositional features. This study provides criteria for distinguishing between hydrovolcanic deposits formed by primary (pyroclastic) and secondary (resedimentation) processes in subaerial and submarine settings based on the observations of several selected cores from the formation. Five facies associations are identified, including: (i) primary hydrovolcanic deposits formed by pyroclastic surges and co-surge fallouts in tuff rings (facies association PH<SUB>TR</SUB>); (ii) primary hydrovolcanic deposits formed by Surtseyan fallout and related pyroclastic transport processes in tuff cones (facies association PH<SUB>TC</SUB>); (iii) secondary hydrovolcanic deposits formed by debris flows, hyperconcentrated flood flows, sheet floods and rill flows in subaerial settings (facies association RH<SUB>AE</SUB>); (iv) secondary hydrovolcanic deposits formed in submarine settings under the influence of waves, tides and occasional mass flows (facies association RH<SUB>MAR</SUB>); and (v) non-volcaniclastic and fine-grained deposits formed in nearshore to offshore settings (facies association NV<SUB>MAR</SUB>). The primary hydrovolcanic facies associations (PH<SUB>TR</SUB> and PH<SUB>TC</SUB>) are distinguished from one another on the basis of distinct lithofacies characteristics and vertical sequence profiles. These facies differ from the secondary hydrovolcanic and non-volcaniclastic facies associations (RH<SUB>AE</SUB>, RH<SUB>MAR</SUB> and NV<SUB>MAR</SUB>) because of their distinctive sedimentary structures, textures and compositions. The depositional processes and settings of some massive and crudely stratified volcaniclastic deposits, which occur in many facies associations, could not be discriminated unambiguously even with microscopic observations. Nevertheless, these facies associations could generally be distinguished because they occur typically in packets or sequences, several metres to tens of metres thick and bounded by distinct stratigraphic discontinuities, and comprise generally distinct sets of lithofacies. The overall characteristics of the Seoguipo Formation suggest that it is composed of numerous superposed phreatomagmatic volcanoes intercalated with marine or non-marine, volcaniclastic or non-volcaniclastic deposits. Widespread and continual hydrovolcanic activity, together with volcaniclastic sedimentation, is inferred to have persisted for more than a million years in Jeju Island under the influence of fluctuating Quaternary sea-levels, before effusion of the shield-forming lavas. Extensive distribution of hydrovolcanic deposits in the subsurface of Jeju Island highlights that there can be significant differences in the eruption style, growth history and internal structure between shelfal shield volcanoes and oceanic island volcanoes.</P>
Sohn, Young Kwan,Jo, Hyung Rae,Woo, Jusun,Kim, Young-Hwan G.,Choe, Moon Young Korea Institute of Ocean ScienceTechnology 2017 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.39 No.2
The Lago Sofia conglomerate in southern Chile is a deep-marine gravelly deposit, which is hundreds of meters thick and kilometers wide and extends laterally for more than 100 km, filling the foredeep trough of the Cretaceous Magallanes Basin. For understanding the depositional processes and environments of this gigantic deep-sea conglomerate, detailed analyses on sedimentary facies, architecture and paleoflow patterns were carried out, highlighting the differences between the northern (Lago Pehoe and Lago Goic areas) and southern (Lago Sofia area) parts of the study area. The conglomerate bodies in the northern part occur as relatively thin (< 100 m thick), multiple units intervened by thick mudstone-dominated sequences. They show paleoflows toward ENE and S to SW, displaying a converging drainage pattern. In the southern part, the conglomerate bodies are vertically interconnected and form a thick (> 400 m thick) conglomerate sequence with rare intervening fine-grained deposits. Paleoflows are toward SW. The north-to-south variations are also distinct in sedimentary facies. The conglomerate bodies in the southern part are mainly composed of clast-supported conglomerate with sandy matrix, which is interpreted to be deposited from highly concentrated bedload layers under turbidity currents. Those in the northern part are dominated by matrix- to clast-supported conglomerate with muddy matrix, which is interpreted as the products of composite mass flows comprising a turbidity current, a gravelly hyperconcentrated flow and a mud-rich debris flow. All these characteristics suggest that the Lago Sofia conglomerate was formed in centripetally converging submarine channels, not in centrifugally diverging channels of submarine fans. The tributaries in the north were dominated by mass flows, probably affected by channel-bank failures or basin-marginal slope instability processes. In contrast, the trunk channel in the south was mostly filled by tractive processes, which resulted in the vertical and lateral accretion of gravel bars, deposition of gravel dunes and filling of scours and channels, similar to deposits of terrestrial gravel-bed rivers. The trunk channel developed along the axis of foredeep trough and its confinement within the trough is probably responsible for the thick, interconnected channel fills. The large-scale architecture of the trunk-channel fills shows an eastward offset stacking pattern, suggesting that the channel migrated eastwards most likely due to the uplift of the Andean Cordillera.