Stress Level Based Emotion Classification Using Hybrid Deep Learning Algorithm

Sivasankaran Pichandi,Gomathy Balasubramanian,Venkatesh Chakrapani 한국인터넷정보학회 2023 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.17 No.11

The present fast-moving era brings a serious stress issue that affects elders and youngsters. Everyone has undergone stress factors at least once in their lifetime. Stress is more among youngsters as they are new to the working environment. whereas the stress factors for elders affect the individual and overall performance in an organization. Electroencephalogram (EEG) based stress level classification is one of the widely used methodologies for stress detection. However, the signal processing methods evolved so far have limitations as most of the stress classification models compute the stress level in a predefined environment to detect individual stress factors. Specifically, machine learning based stress classification models requires additional algorithm for feature extraction which increases the computation cost. Also due to the limited feature learning characteristics of machine learning algorithms, the classification performance reduces and inaccurate sometimes. It is evident from numerous research works that deep learning models outperforms machine learning techniques. Thus, to classify all the emotions based on stress level in this research work a hybrid deep learning algorithm is presented. Compared to conventional deep learning models, hybrid models outperforms in feature handing. Better feature extraction and selection can be made through deep learning models. Adding machine learning classifiers in deep learning architecture will enhance the classification performances. Thus, a hybrid convolutional neural network model was presented which extracts the features using CNN and classifies them through machine learning support vector machine. Simulation analysis of benchmark datasets demonstrates the proposed model performances. Finally, existing methods are comparatively analyzed to demonstrate the better performance of the proposed model as a result of the proposed hybrid combination.

Fabrication and separation performance of polyethersulfone/ sulfonated TiO2 (PES–STiO2) ultrafiltration membranes for fouling mitigation

Sivasankaran Ayyaru,안영호 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.67 No.-

Polyethersulfone (PES)/sulfonated TiO2 (STiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) UF blended membranes were fabricated with different loadings of STiO2. The modified membranes exhibited significant improvement in surface roughness, porosity, and pore size when compared to the PES membrane. The P-STiO2 1 and P-TiO2 1 blended membranes exhibited higher water flux, approximately 102.4% and 62.6%, respectively, compared to PES. SPP-STiO2 and P-STiO2 showed lower Rir fouling resistance than the P-TiO2 blended membrane. Overall, the STiO2-blended membranes provide high hydrophilicity permeability, anti-fouling performance, and improved BSA rejection attributed to the hydrogen bonding force and more electrostatic repulsion properties of STiO2.

Nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated polystyrene ethylene butylene polystyrene (SSEBS) and sulfonated SiO₂ for microbial fuel cell application

Sivasankaran, A.,Sangeetha, D.,Ahn, Y.H. Elsevier 2016 Chemical engineering journal Vol.289 No.-

A new sulfonated SiO<SUB>2</SUB> (S-SiO<SUB>2</SUB>) and sulfonated polystyrene ethylene butylene polystyrene (SSEBS) nanocomposite was used to fabricate a proton exchange membrane single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs). SSEBS containing various concentrations of S-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) was prepared. The nanomaterials and nanocomposite membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nanocomposite membranes were also examined for their ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, proton conductivity and oxygen crossover. The MFC with the SSEBS-S-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> membrane (7.5%) exhibited a higher peak power density of 1209+/-17mWm<SUP>-2</SUP> than other composite membranes. In the SSEBS and SSEBS-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> membrane systems, the peak power density was 680+/-13mWm<SUP>-2</SUP> and 852+/-11mWm<SUP>-2</SUP>, respectively. The composite membrane showed 4 times higher power density than the Nafion 117 membrane (290+/-7mWm<SUP>-2</SUP>). Overall, the composite membrane (particularly at S-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> -7.5%) is a suitable technology in the MFC process because of its high proton conductivity imparted by S-SiO<SUB>2</SUB>.

Effect of a Partition on Hydro-Magnetic Convection in an Enclosure

Sivasankaran, S.,Lee, J.,Bhuvaneswari, M. KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM MINERALS 2011 Arabian journal for science and engineering: AJSE Vol.36 No.7

EFFECT OF PARTITION AND SPECIES DIFFUSIVITY ON DOUBLE DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION OF WATER NEAR DENSITY MAXIMUM

S SIVASANKARAN,P KANDASWAMY 한국산업응용수학회 2007 Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and A Vol.11 No.1

The double diffusive convection of cold water in the vicinity of its density maximum m a rectangular partitioned enclosure of aspect ratio 5 with isothermal side walls and insulated top and bottom is studied numerically, A thin partition IS attached to the hot wall. The species diffusivity of the fluid is assumed to vary linearly with concentration. The equations are solved by finite difference scheme, The effects of position and height of the partition, variable species diflusivity and enclosure width arc analyzed for various hot wall temperatures, It has been found that adding partition on the hot wall reduces the heat transfer. The density inversion of the water has a great influence on the natural convection. When increasing species diffusivity parameter heat, and mass transfer rate is decreased.

Decision Making For Vertical Handoff In Heterogeneous Wireless System

V.Sivasankaran,V.Nagarajan,R.Senthil 대한전자공학회 2015 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2015 No.6

In upcoming world the communication among heterogeneous wireless networks is a challenging task. Since the access technologies of various networks are different and while interoperable operations, some technical issues may occur. Handoff is an important method can provide solution for making interoperability among heterogeneous networks. Handoff method is purely depends on the attributes of the network such as bandwidth, delay, signal quality, reliability, and energy, access cost and so on. Handoff decision can be obtained by investigating the attribute values and various MADM methods such as SAW, MEW, TOPSIS and GRA are proposed already. In this paper EMADM - [Extended Multiple Attribute Decision Making] approach is proposed to choose the optimized attribute values for decision making using AIS-[Artificial Immune System]. Performance is evaluated by analyzing and comparing the obtained performance metrics with the existing approaches.

Effect of TiB2/Gr Hybrid Reinforcements in Al 7075 Matrix on Sliding Wear Behavior Analyzed by Response Surface Methodology

S. Sivasankaran,K. R. Ramkumar,Fahad A. Al‑Mufadi,Osama M. Irfan 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.6

Al 7075 alloy matrix reinforced with different weight percentage of titanium borides (TiB2, 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 wt%) and1 wt% graphite (Gr) hybrid composites were synthesized by in-situ liquid metallurgy route, then the sliding wear characteristicswere performed and investigated in this research work. TiB2reinforced as 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 wt% by the in situchemical reaction of KBF4and K2TiF6salts and 1 wt% Gr with the Al 7075 matrix were added constantly in the melt. Severalexperiments were carried out to examine the wear behavior of the fabricated composite specimens through a tribometer atambient temperature. The weight percentage of reinforcement (TiB2 particles), the applied load, the sliding velocity (SV),and the sliding distance (SD) were selected as process parameters at five different levels. The response surface methodology(RSM) was used to conduct the experiments as RSM is the feasible and accurate method employed for optimizing to set theparameters. To check the significance of the developed model by RSM, ANOVA and confirmatory tests were also accomplished. FESEM surface morphology was also carried out to illustrate the uniform dispersion of the TiB2–Gr particulatesin Al 7075 matrix. The predicted wear characteristics from the developed model were well agreed with the experimentalresults. The obtained results were explained that both the increase in the percentage of RF and SV have dropped the wearloss (WL) curve whereas the load at all SVs and the SDs were uplifted the WL. The worn surface morphology explainedthat the adhesive mechanisms were dominated during the sliding wear test. Further, severe and mild wear occurred duringhigher load and lower load respectively.

Biofouling reduction in a MBR by the application of a lytic phage on a modified nanocomposite membrane

Ayyaru, Sivasankaran,Choi, Jeongdong,Ahn, Young-Ho The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Environmental science Vol.4 No.10

<P>Biological contamination of membranes is an unavoidable problem in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems. In addition, biofouling caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) has become a critical issue not only for environmental health but also for the operation of membrane processes. This paper highlights the potential applications of lytic phage therapy on a modified nanocomposite membrane (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO)) to control bacterial fouling on membranes and ARB in MBRs. An antibiotic resistant bacterium (E2) and a respective phage (P2) were isolated from municipal wastewater and used in a MBR system as a membrane foulant and antifoulant, respectively. The isolated bacteria were screened further for antibiotic susceptibility and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. E2 was found to be resistant to various concentrations of ampicillin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. The phage treatment efficiency was examined by membrane flux. In the nanocomposite membrane, the E2 + P2 suspension showed a much higher flux (125 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP>) than the E2 suspension (60 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP>). Up to 57% higher flux was observed in the phage treatment, suggesting that the lytic phage prevented bacterial multiplication and biofilm formation. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) was examined to determine the optimal number of phages required to kill the bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the bacterial infection and biofouling reduction due to the phage treatment. The modified nanocomposite membrane was aimed at protein fouling reduction (pore blocking resistance) and lytic phage addition was aimed at bacterial fouling reduction (cake layer resistance). The different types of fouling resistance of the membrane were estimated to distinguish between phage treatment and modified membrane efficiency. Based on the results of fouling resistance and SEM, the phage could reduce the membrane cake layer resistance and the modification of the membrane reduced the pore blocking resistance. The synergistic combination of phage treatment and the modified membrane reduced both types of biofouling. A separate cleaning system was installed and examined to avoid disturbing the normal MBR process (killing of bacteria in the feed solution by the phages).</P>

Microstructural Evolutions, Hot Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of Novel Al–Zn Binary Alloys Processed by Squeezing and Hot Extrusion

S. Sivasankaran,K. R. Ramkumar,Hany R. Ammar,Fahad A. Al‑Mufadi,Abdulaziz S. Alaboodi,Osama Mohamed Irfan 대한금속·재료학회 2022 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.28 No.4

The main goals of this work were to manufacture novel Al–Zn extruded alloys by varying the Zn content (0, 10, 20, 30 wt%),investigate the microstructural evolutions, hot deformation, and work hardening behaviour by hot compression test at differenttemperatures (25 °C, 75 °C, 150 °C, 225 °C, 300 °C). Al–20Zn alloy microstructure revealed α-Al and uniform distributionof (α + η) phases, coherent (α + η) crystals in GBs with casting defect-free surfaces, and effective interactions of pinningdislocations which led to improve mechanical performance of Al–20Zn alloy, as compared to the other alloys. The observedengineering stress–strain curve results revealed the decrease of stress with increasing of temperature due to flow softening,dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. These results displayed also an increase of stress value with increasingof Zn content due to the precipitation of high density (α + η) phase in the matrix and GBs, increasing of forest and mobiledislocations density with strain fields, and the formation of fine dendrites. Work hardening rate (WHR) of extruded samplesdisplayed three stages: stage I, WHR decreased slightly with increasing of temperature up to 75 °C and decreased drasticallyfrom 75 °C to 300 °C due to softening; stage II, WHR maintained constant due to balance between dislocation generationsand dislocation annihilation; stage III, WHR slightly increased due to strain hardening of (α + η) phase. WHR was observedto increase considerably with increasing of Zn content due to the formation and dispersion of high density of (α + η) phasein the Al matrix and GBs. Deformation micro-localization in terms of different characteristics was examined and reportedon the deformed samples after hot-compression test through SEM micrographs.

Fabrication and separation performance of polyethersulfone/sulfonated TiO₂ (PES–STiO₂) ultrafiltration membranes for fouling mitigation

Ayyaru, Sivasankaran,Ahn, Young-Ho THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING 2018 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY -S Vol.67 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Polyethersulfone (PES)/sulfonated TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (STiO<SUB>2</SUB>) nanoparticles (NPs) UF blended membranes were fabricated with different loadings of STiO<SUB>2</SUB>. The modified membranes exhibited significant improvement in surface roughness, porosity, and pore size when compared to the PES membrane. The P-STiO<SUB>2</SUB> 1 and P-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> 1 blended membranes exhibited higher water flux, approximately 102.4% and 62.6%, respectively, compared to PES. SPP-STiO<SUB>2</SUB> and P-STiO<SUB>2</SUB> showed lower Rir fouling resistance than the P-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> blended membrane. Overall, the STiO<SUB>2</SUB>-blended membranes provide high hydrophilicity permeability, anti-fouling performance, and improved BSA rejection attributed to the hydrogen bonding force and more electrostatic repulsion properties of STiO<SUB>2</SUB>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A new hydrophilic surface-modified additive, sulfonated TiO<SUB>2</SUB>, was prepared. </LI> <LI> The PES/STiO<SUB>2</SUB> modified UF membranes were prepared via phase inversion method. </LI> <LI> For the P-STiO<SUB>2</SUB>, 102.4% showed higher water flux compared to PES membrane. </LI> <LI> The STiO<SUB>2</SUB> membranes showed lower Rir fouling resistance of 3.4% than TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (23.2%). </LI> <LI> –SO<SUB>3</SUB>H group in the STiO<SUB>2</SUB> has a stronger hydrophilic group, than to the TiO<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>