Influence of land development on stormwater runoff from a mixed land use and land cover catchment

Paule-Mercado, M.A.,Lee, B.Y.,Memon, S.A.,Umer, S.R.,Salim, I.,Lee, C.-H. Elsevier BV 2017 Science of the Total Environment Vol.599 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Mitigating for the negative impacts of stormwater runoff is becoming a concern due to increased land development. Understanding how land development influences stormwater runoff is essential for sustainably managing water resources. In recent years, aggregate low impact development-best management practices (LID-BMPs) have been implemented to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff on receiving water bodies. This study used an integrated approach to determine the influence of land development and assess the ecological benefits of four aggregate LID-BMPs in stormwater runoff from a mixed land use and land cover (LULC) catchment with ongoing land development. It used data from 2011 to 2015 that monitored 41 storm events and monthly LULC, and a Personalized Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM). The four aggregate LID-BMPs are: ecological (S1), utilizing pervious covers (S2), and multi-control (S3) and (S4). These LID-BMPs were designed and distributed in the study area based on catchment characteristics, cost, and effectiveness. PCSWMM was used to simulate the monitored storm events from 2014 (calibration: R<SUP>2</SUP> and NSE>0.5; RMSE <11) and 2015 (validation: R<SUP>2</SUP> and NSE>0.5; RMSE <12). For continuous simulation and analyzing LID-BMPs scenarios, the five-year (2011 to 2015) stormwater runoff data and LULC change patterns (only 2015 for LID-BMPs) were used. Results show that the expansion of bare land and impervious cover, soil alteration, and high amount of precipitation influenced the stormwater runoff variability during different phases of land development. The four aggregate LID-BMPs reduced runoff volume (34%–61%), peak flow (6%–19%), and pollutant concentrations (53%–83%). The results of this study, in addition to supporting local LULC planning and land development activities, also could be applied to input data for empirical modeling, and designing sustainable stormwater management guidelines and monitoring strategies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A long-term monitoring of stormwater runoff and LULC change was implemented. </LI> <LI> PCSWMM was used to assess the response of runoff on land development and LID-BMPs. </LI> <LI> Land use and rainfall pattern influenced the variability of stormwater runoff. </LI> <LI> LID-BMPs help to reduce the negative impacts of land development. </LI> <LI> LID-BMPs design depends on site characteristics, needs and community resources. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Asymmetric Mode of Ca ²⁺ -S100A4 Interaction with Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Generates Nanomolar Affinity Required for Filament Remodeling

Elliott, Paul ,R.,Irvine, Andrew ,F.,Jung, Hyun ,Suk,Tozawa, Kaeko,Pastok, Martyna ,W.,Picone, Remigio,Badyal, Sandip ,K.,Basran, Jaswir,Rudland, Philip ,S.,Barraclough, Roger Cell Press 2012 Structure Vol.20 No.4

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Filament assembly of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) is selectively regulated by the small Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-binding protein, S100A4, which causes enhanced cell migration and metastasis in certain cancers. Our NMR structure shows that an S100A4 dimer binds to a single myosin heavy chain in an asymmetrical configuration. NMIIA in the complex forms a continuous helix that stretches across the surface of S100A4 and engages the Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-dependent binding sites of each subunit in the dimer. Synergy between these sites leads to a very tight association (K<SUB>D</SUB> ∼1 nM) that is unique in the S100 family. Single-residue mutations that remove this synergy weaken binding and ameliorate the effects of S100A4 on NMIIA filament assembly and cell spreading in A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells. We propose a model for NMIIA filament disassembly by S100A4 in which initial binding to the unstructured NMIIA tail initiates unzipping of the coiled coil and disruption of filament packing.</P>

Unacceptable but Indispensable: Opium Law and Regulations in Guangdong, 1912-1936

Xavier Paulès 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2013 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.7

During most of the period from 1912 to 1936, Guangdong Province was independent from the central government. The local authorities there were facing a dilemma regarding opium, as others were elsewhere in China. On the one hand, opium was considered the symbol of China’s weakness, and its suppression was a top priority; on the other hand, opium taxes represented an indispensable source of fiscal income. Some Guangdong power holders were truly committed to a suppression agenda, especially from 1913 to 1924. During this period, with the exception of a brief interlude from 1915 to 1916, opium laws were prohibition laws. Even if these laws were not always enforced with full vigor, the drug remained illegal in Guangdong. After 1924, opium was legalized, and the authorities openly ruled an opium monopoly. They came out with increasingly comprehensive regulations, which proved successful in increasing opium revenues. Yet, as this article makes clear, there was nothing like direct government control: traditional tax-farming arrangements with local opium merchants (though under stricter supervision) remained the backbone of the monopoly. The article also pays attention to the influence of the Six-Year Plan (1935–1940) launched by the Nanking government. As a credible set of suppression laws, it appealed to the Guangdong progressive elites who were hostile to opium. They urged the local autocrat Chen Jitang to take similar action. Chen made attempts to launch his own plans for suppressing opium, but they were unconvincing and nothing concrete came out of them. This article suggests that, in order to obtain a better understanding of how easily Chen Jitang was driven out of power in the summer of 1936, it is necessary to take into account the significant contribution of the Six-Year Plan in undermining his legitimacy.

ALMOST-INVERTIBLE SPACES

Long, Paul E.,Herrington, Larry L.,Jankovic, Dragan S. Korean Mathematical Society 1986 대한수학회보 Vol.23 No.2

A topological space (X,.tau.) is called invertible [7] if for each proper open set U in (X,.tau.) there exists a homoemorphsim h:(X,.tau.).rarw.(X,.tau.) such that h(X-U).contnd.U. Doyle and Hocking [7] and Levine [13], as well as others have investigated properties of invertible spaces. Recently, Crosseley and Hildebrand [5] have introduced the concept of semi-invertibility, which is weaker than that of invertibility, by replacing "homemorphism" in the definition of invertibility with "semihomemorphism", A space (X,.tau.) is said to be semi-invertible if for each proper semi-open set U in (X,.tau.) there exists a semihomemorphism h:(X,.tau.).rarw.(X,.tau.) such that h(X-U).contnd.U. The purpose of the present article is to introduce the class of almost-invertible spaces containing the class of semi-invertible spaces and to investigate its properties. One of the primary concerns will be to determine when a given local property in an almost-invertible space is also a global property. We point out that many of the results obtained can be applied in the cases of semi-invertible spaces and invertible spaces. For example, it is shown that if an invertible space (X,.tau.) has a nonempty open subset U which is, as a subspace, H-closed (resp. lightly compact, pseudocompact, S-closed, Urysohn, Urysohn-closed, extremally disconnected), then so is (X,.tau.).hen so is (X,.tau.).

High Blocking Temperature of Magnetization and Giant Coercivity in the Azafullerene Tb ₂ @C ₇₉ N with a Single‐Electron Terbium–Terbium Bond

Velkos, Georgios,Krylov, Denis S.,Kirkpatrick, Kyle,Spree, Lukas,Dubrovin, Vasilii,Bü,chner, Bernd,Avdoshenko, Stanislav M.,Bezmelnitsyn, Valeriy,Davis, Sean,Faust, Paul,Duchamp, James,Dorn, Harry John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2019 Angewandte Chemie. international edition Vol.58 No.18

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The azafullerene Tb<SUB>2</SUB>@C<SUB>79</SUB>N is found to be a single‐molecule magnet with a high 100‐s blocking temperature of magnetization of 24 K and large coercivity. Tb magnetic moments with an easy‐axis single‐ion magnetic anisotropy are strongly coupled by the unpaired spin of the single‐electron Tb−Tb bond. Relaxation of magnetization in Tb<SUB>2</SUB>@C<SUB>79</SUB>N below 15 K proceeds via quantum tunneling of magnetization with the characteristic time <I>τ</I><SUB>QTM</SUB>=16 462±1230 s. At higher temperature, relaxation follows the Orbach mechanism with a barrier of 757±4 K, corresponding to the excited states, in which one of the Tb spins is flipped.</P>

De Novo San Luis Valley Syndrome-like der(8) Chromosome With a Concomitant dup(8p22) in a Mexican Girl

Alma Laura Sánchez-Casillas,Horacio Rivera,Anna Gabriela Castro-Martínez,José Elías García-Ortiz,Carlos Córdova-Fletes,Paul Mendoza-Pérez 대한진단검사의학회 2017 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.37 No.1

Dear Editor, The rec(8)dup(8q)inv(8)(p23.1q22.1) chromosome associated with San Luis Valley Syndrome (SLVS OMIM 179613) is usually diagnosed in Hispanic patients from the USA Southwest where a founder carrier Spaniard lived around 1800 [1, 2]. This rec(8) has an 8q duplication of 47.90 Mb and an 8p deletion of 11.65 Mb [3, 4]. Excluding two de novo rec(8)dup q chromosomes characterized only by G-bands and included in a recent compilation [5], cytogenomic analyses identified nine comparable de novo der(8)dup q/del p chromosomes with or without a simultaneous 8p gain. We describe a Mexican mestizo girl with a de novo SLVS-like der(8) but with a concomitant 8p22p23.1 duplication.

High‐Mobility Air‐Stable Naphthalene Diimide‐Based Copolymer Containing Extended π‐Conjugation for n‐Channel Organic Field Effect Transistors

Kim, Ran,Amegadze, Paul S. K.,Kang, Il,Yun, Hui‐,Jun,Noh, Yong‐,Young,Kwon, Soon‐,Ki,Kim, Yun‐,Hi WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.23 No.46

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A high‐performance naphthalene diimide (NDI)‐based conjugated polymer for use as the active layer of n‐channel organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is reported. The solution‐processable n‐channel polymer is systematically designed and synthesized with an alternating structure of long alkyl substituted‐NDI and thienylene–vinylene–thienylene units (PNDI‐TVT). The material has a well‐controlled molecular structure with an extended π‐conjugated backbone, with no increase in the LUMO level, achieving a high mobility and highly ambient stable n‐type OFET. The top‐gate, bottom‐contact device shows remarkably high electron charge‐carrier mobility of up to 1.8 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> (<I>I</I><SUB>on</SUB>/<I>I</I><SUB>off</SUB> = 10<SUP>6</SUP>) with the commonly used polymer dielectric, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Moreover, PNDI‐TVT OFETs exhibit excellent air and operation stability. Such high device performance is attributed to improved π–π intermolecular interactions owing to the extended π‐conjugation, apart from the improved crystallinity and highly interdigitated lamellar structure caused by the extended π–π backbone and long alkyl groups.</P>

Urban planning and building smart cities based on the Internet of Things using Big Data analytics

Rathore, M.M.,Ahmad, A.,Paul, A.,Rho, S. Elsevier 2016 COMPUTER NETWORKS - Vol.101 No.-

The rapid growth in the population density in urban cities demands that services and an infrastructure be provided to meet the needs of city inhabitants. Thus, there has been an increase in the request for embedded devices, such as sensors, actuators, and smartphones, leading to considerable business potential for the new era of the Internet of Things (IoT), in which all devices are capable of interconnecting and communicating with each other over the Internet. Thus, Internet technologies provide a way of integrating and sharing a common communication medium. With this knowledge, in this paper, we propose a combined IoT-based system for smart city development and urban planning using Big Data analytics. We propose a complete system consisting of various types of sensor deployment, including smart home sensors, vehicular networking, weather and water sensors, smart parking sensors, and surveillance objects. A four-tier architecture is proposed that includes 1) Bottom tier-1, which is responsible for IoT sources and data generation and collection, 2) Intermediate tier-1, which is responsible for all types of communication between, for instance, sensors, relays, base stations, and the Internet, 3) Intermediate tier 2, which is responsible for data management and processing using a Hadoop framework, and 4) Top tier, which is responsible for application and usage of the data analysis and the results generated. The system implementation consists of various steps that begin with data generation and move to collection, aggregation, filtration, classification, preprocessing, computing and decision making. The proposed system is implemented using Hadoop with Spark, voltDB, Storm or S4 for real time processing of the IoT data to generate results to establish the smart city. For urban planning or city future development, the offline historical data are analyzed with Hadoop using MapReduce programming. IoT datasets generated by smart homes, smart parking weather, pollution, and vehicle data sets are used for analysis and evaluation. This type of system with full functionality does not currently exist. Similarly, the results demonstrate that the proposed system is more scalable and efficient than existing systems. Moreover, system efficiency is measured in terms of throughput and processing time.

Establishing the Rules of Engagement

Paul S. Cha 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2012 International Journal of Korean History Vol.17 No.1

이 논문은 개항기 치외법권과 불평등조약관한 문제를 재고찰하는 것이다. 이 두 용어는 조선정부와 선교사와 같은 외국인 사이의 강압과 분리의 이미지를 상기시킨다. 강압이 있었음을 부정하지 않지만, 이 논문은 개항기 미국 선교사, 미국 공사, 조선정부가 그들의 관계를 규정하기 위해 어떻게 경합했는지를 보여주는 것에 초점을 둔다. 19세기 후반에 조선에 들어온 상인들, 무역업자들과 달리, 선교사들은 조선에 정착하려고 했다. 이들은 지방 곳곳을 다니며 복잡한 관계망을 만들고 지방공동체의 일부로 완전히 편입되었다. 더욱이 선교사들은 조선정부에서 19세기 초부터 금지한 종교마저 전파시키려했다. 이런 이유로 선교사들은 종종 지방관료와 충돌에 휘말리고 이런 마찰은 종종 불평등조약과 치외법권 문제와도 연루되었다. 일반적 견해는 종교적 자유의 부재에 대해 불평하는 선교사들은 치외법권과 불평등조약을 통해 미국 공사가 조선정부로부터 선교할 수 있는 권리를 획득할 수 있도록 요구했다는 것이다. 하지만 이러한 해석은 미국 선교사, 미국 공사, 조선정부의 복잡한 관계를 단순화 한 것이다. 첫째, 미국 선교사와 미국공사가 비슷한 이해관계를 가지고 있었지만, 그들은 그들 각자 별개의 목적을 가지고 있는 두 집단이었다. 미국 공사의 개입을 설득하기 위해 선교사는 애매한 종교적 자유에 대한 관념이 아닌 구체적인 법률을 근거로 제시해야 했다. 치외법권과 불평등조약은 선교사와 조선정부의 갈등을 미국 공사가 중재할 수 있는 중요한 근거가 되었다. 또한 조선정부에게 “문명화” 되고 “근대화”된 정부가 어떻게 운영되는지 가르쳐 주는 역할을 담당 할 수 있었다. 이런 방식으로 치외법권과 불평등조약은 선교사와 조선을 단순히 분리시키는 것이 아니라, 이 조선과 선교사과 같은 외국인 사이의 활동수칙을 정하는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 이 역동적인 과정을 논증하기 위해 평양기독교 박해사건(1894)과 대구사건(1900)을 다룰 것이다. 이 두 사건은 선교사들이 개항장 이외의 지역에 거주할 수 있는 권리를 획득하는 것에 중요한 역할을 했다. 이 두 사건에 대한 기존의 해석은 조선인들에게 기독교가 얼마나 영향력이 있었는지 보여주는 사건이며, 이로 하여 1984년 이후 평양에서 많은 사람들이 개종하는 주된 이유라는 것이다. 이와 반대로, 이 논문은 이 두 사건이 단순히 기독교의 영향력을 보여주는 것이 아님을 설명하는 것이다. 선교사들과 조선정부의 경합은 그들의 관계가 어떤 형식으로 가야하는지를 규정하기 위한 투쟁을 보여주는 것이다. 경합이라는 말이 제시하듯 이 논문은 선교사와 미국 공사가 그렇게 강한 권력은 가지고 있지 않았을 뿐더러 조선 정부가 흔히 생각하듯 약하지 않았다는 것을 증명할 것이다. This article revisits the issues of extraterritoriality and unequal treaties during the “open ports” period. These two concepts typically conjure images of coercion and of separation between the Chos?n government and foreigners like missionaries. While not denying the existence of coercion, this article directs focus to how American Protestant missionaries, the U.S. legation, and the Chos?n state engaged in a contest to define the terms of their relationships during the “open ports” period. To begin with, missionaries were unlike most other groups of foreigners coming to the country during the late nineteenth century. Unlike merchants and traders, missionaries aimed to settle down in Chos?n Korea as many spent years if not decades in the country. They traversed the countryside, created complex networks of relations, and became integral parts of many local communities. Furthermore, missionaries specifically attempted to spread a religion that the Chos?n government had banned since the start of the nineteenth century. For these reasons, missionaries often became embroiled in conflicts with local officials and these conflicts often involved unequal treaties and extraterritoriality. The conventional wisdom holds that missionaries, disgruntled over the lack of religious freedom, called on unequal treaties and extraterritoriality to have the U.S. legation intercede on their behalf to win from the Chos?n state the right to proselytize. This interpretation, however, simplifies a complex relationship between American missionaries, the U.S. legation, and the Chos?n state. First, while they may have shared some common interests, missionaries and U.S. officials represented two distinct groups possessing two distinct sets of objectives. To convince the U.S. legation to intercede on their behalf, missionaries needed to base their claims on specific laws rather than abstract notions of religious freedom. Secondly, the significance of unequal treaties and extraterritoriality was that they allowed the U.S. legation to play a role in mediating disputes between missionaries and the Chos?n government and “teaching” the latter how a “civilized” and “modern” government operated. In this manner, rather than simple separation, extraterritoriality and unequal treaties played an important role in determining the rules of engagement between foreigners like missionaries and the Chos?n state. To demonstrate this process and dynamic, this article examines two disputes: the P’y?ngyang Persecution (1894) and the Taegu Incident (1900). Taken together, these two disputes played an important role in securing the “right” of missionaries to reside outside of treaty ports. The conventional interpretations of these two events has been that they proved the power of Christianity to the Korean populace and was one major reason why so many in the P’y?ngyang area converted after 1894. This article demonstrates, in contrast, that the significance of the P’y?ngyang Persecution and the Taegu Incident extends beyond the issue of demonstrating the power of Christianity. These contests between missionaries and the Korean state represented a struggle to define the grounds on which their relationships would proceed. As the term “contest” suggests, this article will demonstrate that missionaries and the U.S. legation were not as powerful nor the Chos?n government as weak as is commonly believed.

노아의 홍수와 운석공

양승훈(Paul S. Yang) 창조론오픈포럼 2012 창조론오픈포럼 Vol.6 No.1

So far young earth creationism. Then can the Noah"s Flood be really compatible with young earth creationism? This paper shows that major meteor craters on the planet are challenging that the Noah"s Flood is not compatible with young earth creationism. If craters were formed by astroids before the Noah"s Flood, if the Noah"s Flood is global and catastrophic, the only option we can take is to admit that the earth is old and numerous catastrophes were happened before the Noah"s Flood and before the creation of human.