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Perireceptor Events in Pheromone Perception in Scarab Beetles
W. S. Leal,H. Wojtasek,Jean-Francois Picimbon,S.Kuwahara,H.Saito,M.Hasegawa Korean Society of Applied Entomology 1998 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.1 No.1
Despite the remarkable diversity of the sex pheromone chemistry in scarab beetles, various species utilize a common type of $\gamma$-lactone in their chemical communication channels. These compounds differ primarily in length of the alkenyl side chain and the stereochemistry at the chiral center. Two species, Anomala osakana and Popillia japonica, utilize the opposite enantioners of japonilure as sex pheromones. Each species produces only one of the enantiomers that functions as its own sex pheromone and as a behavioral antagonist to the alloreceiver. Pheromone binding proteins(PBPs) have been characterized, which are present in these and several other scarab species. In most cases there was only one class of PBP, which was expressed in both sexes. A. osakana and P. japonica possess each one single PBP with high homology to each other. Ineach species the same PBP seems to recognize both enantiomers of japonilure, i. e., the pheromonal and the "stop" signals. Based on the N-terminal sequences, the antennae-specific proteins from various other species were highly conserved within the family and showed moderate homology to putative odorant binding protein from Drosophila melanogaster(47%), Lygus lineolaris(45-50%) and the ABPX protein from Bombyx mo가(30-35%). From analysis of extracts of soluble antennal proteins from several species, significant degradation of the $\gamma$-lactones (buibuilactone, japonilure) was detected, essentially in all of them, even in species that do not use these compounds as pheromones. Recently a peculiar pheromone with a diamide moiety [1, 3-dimethly-2, 4-(1H, 3H)-quinazolinedione] was isolated from Phyllopertha diversa, which was rapidly degraded by antennal enzymes from this species. Beetles that utilize lactones as their pheromones possess little or no ability to metabolize this compound. compound.
T. Ogawa,M. Nakayama,M. Haraguchi,M. Kuwahara,M. Fukui,S. Matsuo,T. Okamoto 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.47 No.1
We have macroscopically and microscopically investigated the localized surface plasmons (LSPs)on Ag anoparticles embedded in porous TiO2 glass. We have prepared TiO2 glass containing Ag nanoparticles (Ag/TiO2) by the sol-gel process and changed the porosity of the TiO2 glass by drying under a high vacuum condition. Using a spectrometer, we have macroscopically measured the absorption spectra (ABS) on all Ag nanoparticles and using near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), we have microscopically measured the scattering spectra on a single Ag nanoparticle in the Ag/TiO2 after each drying process. Fitting the spectra derived from the numerical calculation based on the Mie theory to that evaluated from the ABS and the NSOM measurements, we have evaluated the deviation of the full width at half maximum evaluated by the experimental measurements from that derived from the theoretical calculation (FWHM) and the bound (Hashin-Shtrikman bounds) of the porosity of the TiO2 glass by the use of the Hashin Shtrikman limit, similar to the literature [1]. It has been found that the FWHM of the scattering spectra on the single Ag nanoparticle can be much smaller than one of the ABS on all Ag nanoparticles in the Ag/TiO2. This result is due to that the ABS is influenced by the aggregation and the size distribution of all Ag nanoparticles. Furthermore, on extrapolating from the plot of FWHM vs porosity, the FWHM is reduced to zero when the porosity is about 15 %.