Government Policy Toward Open Source Software

Nichols, Albert L. 한국지적재산권학회(구 지적소유권학회) 2003 知的所有權法硏究 Vol.7 No.-

OSS is becoming more widely used Primarily for certain types of servers. There is no "market failure" in proprietary software highly competitive and innovative falling quality-adjusted prices. Best choice depends on specific needs, specific software available. No reason to impose a uniform choice or presumption as to which is superior. Future is sure to involve a mix of proprietary and open-source software. Policies should allow flexibility, innovation in all types of software.

Bloodstream Infections and Frequency of Pretreatment Associated With Age and Hospitalization Status in Sub-Saharan Africa

Nichols, Chelsea,Cruz Espinoza, Ligia Maria,von Kalckreuth, Vera,Aaby, Peter,Ahmed El Tayeb, Muna,Ali, Mohammad,Aseffa, Abraham,Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten,Breiman, Robert F.,Cosmas, Leonard,Crump, J Oxford University Press 2015 Clinical infectious diseases Vol.61 No.suppl4

<P><B><I>Background.</I></B> The clinical diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) in sub-Saharan Africa is routinely confused with malaria due to overlapping symptoms. The Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) recruited febrile inpatients and outpatients of all ages using identical study procedures and enrollment criteria, thus providing an opportunity to assess disease etiology and pretreatment patterns among children and adults.</P><P><B><I>Methods.</I></B> Inpatients and outpatients of all ages with tympanic or axillary temperatures of ≥38.0 or ≥37.5°C, respectively, and inpatients only reporting fever within the previous 72 hours were eligible for recruitment. All recruited patients had one blood sample drawn and cultured for microorganisms. Data from 11 TSAP surveillance sites in nine different countries were used in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was used to compare frequencies of pretreatment and BSIs in febrile children (<15 years old) and adults (≥15 years old) in each country. Pooled Cochran Mantel–Haenszel odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for overall trends.</P><P><B><I>Results.</I></B> There was no significant difference in the odds of a culture-proven BSI between children and adults among inpatients or outpatients. Among both inpatients and outpatients, children had significantly higher odds of having a contaminated blood culture compared with adults. Using country-pooled data, child outpatients had 66% higher odds of having <I>Salmonella</I> Typhi in their bloodstream than adults (OR, 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–2.73). Overall, inpatient children had 59% higher odds of pretreatment with analgesics in comparison to inpatient adults (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.28–1.97).</P><P><B><I>Conclusions.</I></B> The proportion of patients with culture-proven BSIs in children compared with adults was similar across the TSAP study population; however, outpatient children were more likely to have <I>Salmonella</I> Typhi infections than outpatient adults. This finding points to the importance of including outpatient facilities in surveillance efforts, particularly for the surveillance of typhoid fever. Strategies to reduce contamination among pediatric blood cultures are needed across the continent to prevent the misdiagnosis of BSI cases in children.</P>

인공두뇌 시스템 시대의 문화 작용

Nichols, Bill 한국예술종합학교 영상원 영상이론과 2002 영상이론 Vol.- No.1

컴퓨터는 객체 이상이다: 또한 컴퓨터는 자아와 환경에 대한 사고의 새로운 방식을 제안하고, 인간다움과 인간적인 세계에서 산다는 것의 의미를 구축하는 새로운 방식을 제안하는 도상이자 은유이다. 인공두뇌 시스템은 계산 능력이 있는 기계와 장치들의 전체 배열을 포함한다. 그런 시스템은 한계가 있을지라도 역동적인 지능지수를 가진다.

Aesthetic Contexts for My Music

Jeff Nichols 이화여자대학교 음악연구소 2005 정기학술대회 자료집 Vol.2005 No.-

The ‘Aceh Method’: archiving the endangered languages of vernacular architecture

Julie Nichols,Kyra Wood,Darren Fong,Susan Avey,Cut Dewi,Pudentia MPSS 국립민속박물관 2020 International Journal of Intangible Heritage Vol.15 No.1

This paper reviews the significance and practical application of the ‘Aceh Method’. The Aceh Method is a multi-modal approach to the documenting and archiving of various forms of vernacular architecture. It is currently being trialled in Aceh and Bali, and has the potential for application to a broad range of built cultural heritage contexts. The paper provides a literature review to establish the background, definitions and significance of the method. It likens some of the aims and challenges of this approach to the complex activity of recording a rare local dialect or an endangered language. Through this lens, and through the contribution of notes on rewards and challenges from workers in the field, the paper outlines the application of the Method in post-disaster archiving activities in Aceh where most archives have been lost, and its application for mitigating the loss of information in the face of rapid urban development in Bali. The literature review and analysis of the pilot studies so far suggest the Aceh Method provides a conceptual as well as a practical response to post-disaster loss and the mitigation of that loss in the documentation of everyday vernacular architecture in Aceh. However, the methodology in its current form requires revision for its use in Bali. Processes of documenting vernacular architecture appear to require nuanced and ethical responsibility similar to that needed for documenting an endangered language, and the insight from this interdisciplinary review offers another means of interpreting complex vernacular environments.

New Conceptions of Musical Time in Music in Postwar America - Carter and Babbitt

Jeff Nichols,김대호 서울대학교 동양음악연구소 2000 동양음악 Vol.22 No.-

Sound of Rivers : Stone Drum

Charles Nichols(찰스 니콜스),Mark Lorang(마크 로랑) 한국전자음악협회 2014 에밀레 Vol.12 No.-

컴퓨터음악 작곡가이자 전자 바이올린 연주자 찰스 니콜스는 호소(湖沼)학자 마크 로랑의 연구를 예술적으로 해석하기 위해서, 비디오 아티스트 겸 애니메이터 앰버 부스넬, 안무가 니콜 브레들리 브로닝, 시인 마크 기본스, 무용가 알리슨 헤더, 나레이터 스티브 캄과 협업하였다. 컴퓨터 프로세싱의 오디오, 소리화된sonified 데이터정보, 전자 바이올린, 컴퓨터 프로세싱의 비디오, 애니메이션, 낭독 시, 그리고 춤을 위한 멀티미디어 작품을 만들어 실시간으로 연주하고, 이후 고정fixed 매체의 형태로 재작업하였다. 세 종류의 음악형태가 이 작품을 위해 만들어졌다. 첫째로 낭독하는 시에서 하천의 소리와 움직임을 의성어로 표현하였고, 시인이 이 시를 읊조리는 음성을 녹음한 후 이의 배음과 길이, 음높이를 변조하거나 그래뉼러화(매우 세세한 단위로 나누어 재조합)granularized하여 시의 반주가 되는 에코 효과의 배경음악으로 추가하였다. 둘째로 하천 주변 환경의 소리를 분광 분석한 결과를 대역 필터의 데이터 처리나 하천의 속이나 그 위에서 얻은 녹음 소리를 처리하는 데 활용하여 화음 효과를 만들어 냈으며, 활로 켜는 현의 물리적 모형의 합성 데이터정보로 하천의 속도와 깊이, 북쪽이나 동쪽에서 오는 바람의 속도를 활의 속도, 음고, 활의 압력과 위치에 활용하여 단순한 선율을 생성하였다. 셋째, 시에서 언급되는 음악가의 정통 재즈나 대중음악 선율에서 따온 리듬 동기와 선율 조각들로 만들어진 악구를 페이저, 딜레이, 리버브 효과가 가미된 라이브 전자 현악기가 연주한다. With the intention of translating the research of limnologist Mark Lorang into art, computer music composer and electric violinist Charles Nichols collaborated with video artist and animator Amber Bushnell, choreographer Nicole Bradley Browning, poet Mark Gibbons, dancer Allison Herther, and narrator Stephen Kalm, on a multimedia piece for computer-processed audio, sonified data, electric violin, computer-processed video, animation, narrated poetry, and dance, performed live and later reworked into a piece for fixed media. Three kinds of music were composed for the piece. First, to illuminate the onomatopoeia of river sounds and movements in the narrated poetry, source recordings of the poet reciting his text were stripped of their harmonic partials, stretched in time, shifted in pitch, and granularized, creating an echoing chorus of text-painting accompaniment. Second, data from spectral analyses of environmental sound at the field station were mapped to bandpass filterbanks, processing audio recordings taken in and above the river, producing a harmonic wash, and data of river velocity and depth, and wind velocity from the North and East were mapped to bow speed, pitch, bow pressure and position synthesis parameters, of a bowed string physical model, producing simple melodies. Third, a live electric violin, processed with phasers, delays, and reverb, played phrases based on rhythmic motives and melodic fragments from Jazz standards and Pop tunes of artists mentioned in the poem.

동양연극의 연극공간 ; 원형극장: 새 시대를 위한 옛 형식

( Richard Nichols ) 한국연극학회 2004 한국연극학 Vol.0 No.23

Making Culture Into Magic: How Can It Bring Tourists and Residents?

Terry Nichols Clark 한국행정학회 2007 International Review of Public Administration Vol.12 No.1

I Globalization encourages a New Political Culture (NPC), stressing individualism and egalitarianism, and new modes of governance and public adminstrationII. Consumption and amenities rise in salience to individual citizens and political leaders--with more income, education, and the NPC. Culture and tourism are key parts of this transformation. III. What makes culture magical? Scenes. Culture comes packaged with more: buildings, restaurants, and an audience; a performance can resonate only if it connects to values and concerns of the audience. We sketch 12 types of scenes like Disney Heaven and Bohemia, then 15 dimensions for interpreting like traditionalism, egalitarianism, etc. IV. How to make culture magical? By constructing integrated components of culture and tourism. How? Collect data on many dimensions of consumption (restaurants, types of nearby shops, crime rates, and more). Codify these into types like Disney Heaven or Bohemia. Then calibrate attractive powers of each type of scene and dimension for different types of tourists or residents. To implement this program, we have developed a large data base of 40,000 US zip codes and are working with others internationally along parallel lines (in France, Italy, Britain, Germany, Japan, and Korea). This policy-linked analysis tool is more powerful than most past tourism and culture studies. I Globalization encourages a New Political Culture (NPC), stressing individualism and egalitarianism, and new modes of governance and public adminstration II. Consumption and amenities rise in salience to individual citizens and political leaders--with more income, education, and the NPC. Culture and tourism are key parts of this transformation. III. What makes culture magical? Scenes. Culture comes packaged with more: buildings, restaurants, and an audience; a performance can resonate only if it connects to values and concerns of the audience. We sketch 12 types of scenes like Disney Heaven and Bohemia, then 15 dimensions for interpreting like traditionalism, egalitarianism, etc. IV. How to make culture magical? By constructing integrated components of culture and tourism. How? Collect data on many dimensions of consumption (restaurants, types of nearby shops, crime rates, and more). Codify these into types like Disney Heaven or Bohemia. Then calibrate attractive powers of each type of scene and dimension for different types of tourists or residents. To implement this program, we have developed a large data base of 40,000 US zip codes and are working with others internationally along parallel lines (in France, Italy, Britain, Germany, Japan, and Korea). This policy-linked analysis tool is more powerful than most past tourism and culture studies.

Glenohumeral joint capsular tissue tension loading correlates moderately with shear wave elastography: a cadaveric investigation

Charles W. Nichols,Jean-Michel Brismée,Troy L. Hooper,Antony Bertrand-Grenie,Kerry K. Gilbert,Marc-Olivier St-Pierre,Jeegisha Kapila,Stéphane Sobczak 대한초음파의학회 2020 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.39 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the mechanical properties of capsular tissue using shear wave elastography (SWE) and a durometer under various tensile loads, and to explore the reliability and correlation of SWE and durometer measurements to evaluate whether SWE technology could be used to assess tissue changes during capsule tensile loading. Methods: The inferior glenohumeral joint capsule was harvested from 10 fresh human cadaveric specimens. Tensile loading was applied to the capsular tissue using 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-kg weights. Blinded investigators measured tissue stiffness and hardness during loading using SWE and a durometer, respectively. Intraobserver reliability was established for SWE and durometer measurements using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The Pearson product-moment correlation was used to assess the associations between SWE and durometer measurements. Results: The ICC3,5 for durometer measurements was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 0.96; P<0.001) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88 to 0.98; P<0.001) for SWE measurements. The Pearson correlation coefficient values for 1-, 3-, and 5-kg weights were 0.56 (P=0.095), 0.36 (P=0.313), and -0.56 (P=0.089), respectively. When the 1- and 3-kg weights were combined, the ICC3,5 was 0.72 (P<0.001), and it was 0.62 (P<0.001) when the 1-, 3-, and 5-kg weights were combined. The 8-kg measurements were severely limited due to SWE measurement saturation of the tissue samples. Conclusion: This study suggests that SWE is reliable for measuring capsular tissue stiffness changes in vitro at lower loads (1 and 3 kg) and provides a baseline for the non-invasive evaluation of effects of joint loading and mobilization on capsular tissues in vivo.