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Control of Rumen Microbial Fermentation for Mitigating Methane Emissions from the Rumen
Mitsumori, Makoto,Sun, Weibin Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.1
The rumen microbial ecosystem produces methane as a result of anaerobic fermentation. Methanogenesis in the rumen is thought to represent a 2-12% loss of energy intake and is estimated to be about 15% of total atmospheric methane emissions. While methanogenesis in the rumen is conducted by methanogens, PCR-based techniques have recently detected many uncultured methanogens which have a broader phylogenetic range than cultured strains isolated from the rumen. Strategies for reduction of methane emissions from the rumen have been proposed. These include 1) control of components in feed, 2) application of feed additives and 3) biological control of rumen fermentation. In any case, although it could be possible that repression of hydrogen-producing reactions leads to abatement of methane production, repression of hydrogen-producing reactions means repression of the activity of rumen fermentation and leads to restrained digestibility of carbohydrates and suppression of microbial growth. Thus, in order to reduce the flow of hydrogen into methane production, hydrogen should be diverted into propionate production via lactate or fumarate.
食品中의 殘留 動物用 醫藥品等의 規制에 關한 國際的 動向
Dr,K Mitsumori 대한수의학회 1994 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.1994 No.-
FAO/WHO 에서는 동물약품(동물약)의 대사과정 및 상태를 고려한 새로운 잔류규제 평가법으로서, 가축으로부터의 식용조직에 적용되는 최대 잔류기준치(maximum residue limit: MRL)을 설정하고 있다. M R L 이란 식품중에 함유가능한 동물약의 최대잔류농도이다. MRL은 독성실험 데이타에 근거한 일일 섭취허용량(ADI)와 적절히 사용된 경우의 식품중의 잔류치 및 잔류 분석한계치로부터 설정된다. 잔류동물약품에는 원래의 화합물과 동일한 방법으로 추출이 불가능한 결합형 잔류물이 다량 포함되어 있다. 특히 그러한 잔류물중에 체내에 흡수될 가능성이 있는 잔류물의 독성이 중요한 문제이다. FAO/WHᄋ에서는 이러한 경우에 식품내 잔류치(추출가능한 잔류물과 비추출성의 흡수가능한 결합형 잔류물의 가산치)를 계산한 후에 M R L 을 설정한다. 미국에서는 독성 및 잔류 data로부터 결합형 잔류물의 존재를 고려한 독자의 잔류기준치(tolerance) 를 이미 설정하고 있으며, 유럽공동체(EC) 에 있어서도 FAO/WHᄋ의 MRL 의 개념을 도입하여 동물약의 잔류기준치의 개정이 행하여지고 있다. 일본에서는 가축과 양식어패류의 질병예방을 위해 항생물질과 합성항균제등의 동물약의 사용이 허가되어 있으나, 이러한 약물이 그러한 식품중에 함유되어서는 안된다고 규정되어 있다. 그러나 일본에 있어서도 MRL 의 개념을 고려한 동물약의 잔류기준치 작성에 대한 검토작업이 추진되고 있어 1994년에 새로운 잔류규제안이 제안되어 있다.
Shinkai Takumi,Takizawa Shuhei,Fujimori Miho,Mitsumori Makoto 아세아·태평양축산학회 2024 Animal Bioscience Vol.37 No.2
Ruminal methane production functions as the main sink for metabolic hydrogen generated through rumen fermentation and is recognized as a considerable source of greenhouse gas emissions. Methane production is a complex trait affected by dry matter intake, feed composition, rumen microbiota and their fermentation, lactation stage, host genetics, and environmental factors. Various mitigation approaches have been proposed. Because individual ruminants exhibit different methane conversion efficiencies, the microbial characteristics of low-methane-emitting animals can be essential for successful rumen manipulation and environment-friendly methane mitigation. Several bacterial species, including <i>Sharpea</i>, uncharacterized Succinivibrionaceae, and certain <i>Prevotella</i> phylotypes have been listed as key players in low-methane-emitting sheep and cows. The functional characteristics of the unclassified bacteria remain unclear, as they are yet to be cultured. Here, we review ruminal methane production and mitigation strategies, focusing on rumen fermentation and the functional role of rumen microbiota, and describe the phylogenetic and physiological characteristics of a novel <i>Prevotella</i> species recently isolated from low methane-emitting and high propionate-producing cows. This review may help to provide a better understanding of the ruminal digestion process and rumen function to identify holistic and environmentally friendly methane mitigation approaches for sustainable ruminant production. Ruminal methane production functions as the main sink for metabolic hydrogen generated through rumen fermentation and is recognized as a considerable source of greenhouse gas emissions. Methane production is a complex trait affected by dry matter intake, feed composition, rumen microbiota and their fermentation, lactation stage, host genetics, and environmental factors. Various mitigation approaches have been proposed. Because individual ruminants exhibit different methane conversion efficiencies, the microbial characteristics of low-methane-emitting animals can be essential for successful rumen manipulation and environment-friendly methane mitigation. Several bacterial species, including Sharpea, uncharacterized Succinivibrionaceae, and certain Prevotella phylotypes have been listed as key players in low-methane-emitting sheep and cows. The functional characteristics of the unclassified bacteria remain unclear, as they are yet to be cultured. Here, we review ruminal methane production and mitigation strategies, focusing on rumen fermentation and the functional role of rumen microbiota, and describe the phylogenetic and physiological characteristics of a novel Prevotella species recently isolated from low methane-emitting and high propionate-producing cows. This review may help to provide a better understanding of the ruminal digestion process and rumen function to identify holistic and environmentally friendly methane mitigation approaches for sustainable ruminant production.
Designing Picture Book of the Body for 5-6 Year Olds: Teaching Basic Knowledge about Health
Katsura Goto,Michiko Hishinuma,Kazuo Shiraki,Miwako Matsutani,Nobuko Ookubo,Yumi Sakyo,Hisako Nakayama,Akiko Ishimoto,Naoko Arimori,Yoshimi Yamazaki,Kyoko Iwanabe,Takako Shimada,Yasuko Mitsumori,Atsuk 한국간호과학회 2007 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2007 No.11