Effect of electrochemical reduction on the structural and electrical properties of anodic TiO2 nanotubes

Muhammad Asim Rasheed,Kamran Ahmad,Nilem Khaliq,Yaqoob Khan,Muhammad Aftab Rafiq,Abdul Waheed,Attaullah Shah,Arshad Mahmood,Ghafar Ali 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.3

The effect of electrochemical reduction on the structural and electrical properties of amorphous as well as annealed TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) is investigated under ambient conditions. TNTs were prepared by anodizing titanium sheet in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing NH4F and de-ionized water at 40 V for 6 h. Electrochemical reduction is carried out in 1 M aqueous KOH solution for ~15 s at 3 V. TNTs are characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS and impedance spectrometer. XRD results confirm an increase in dspacing for (101) and (200) planes, after electrochemical reduction. XPS data reveal that electrochemical reduction produced prominent shifts of ~0.7e1.0 eV in the binding energies of TNTs. Interestingly, these shifts recover completely (in case of amorphous TNTs) and partially (in case of anatase TNTs) within ~7 days after reduction process due to oxygen uptake. Partial recovery in the binding energies of anatase TNTs is due to the fact that the oxygen vacancies are thermodynamically more stable as compared to amorphous TNTs. Similarly, the electrochemical reduction process decreases the impedance values of TNTs by more than three orders of magnitudes (from MU to kU). The impedance values also recover to the similar values before reduction in a span of ~7days.

ESL Materials and Gender Representation: A Corpus-Based Study of Secondary School Textbooks in Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Ahmad,Muhammad Asim Mahmood,Ali Raza Siddique,Samina Ali Asghar 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2021 Asian Women Vol.37 No.1

This study investigates the representation of genders (female and male) in ESL materials taught to the students of Grades 9 and 10 in public and private schools in Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, a content analysis approach was applied to check for gender discrimination in the said materials using features like nouns, pronouns, tokens, titles, inclusion, and exclusion. The material was analyzed using AntConc 3.4.4.0. The results found that the materials represented the genders unequally and appeared to have been designed to maintain male dominance. These results lead to the conclusion that the said materials are gender biased, which may result in gender discrimination in the real world. The study therefore suggests that both genders should be represented equally.

Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Articulate Manipulator for Academic Applications

Muhammad Asim Ali,Farhan Ali Shah International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2024 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.24 No.1

The objective of this work is to design a low cost yet fully functional 4-DOF articulate manipulator for educational applications. The design is based on general purpose, programmable smart servo motors namely the Dynamixel Ax-12. The mechanism for motion was developed by formulating the equations of kinematics and subsequent solutions for joint space variables. The trajectory of end-effector in joint variable space was determined by interpolation of a 3rd order polynomial. The solutions were verified through computer simulations and ultimately implemented on the hardware. Owing to the feedback from the built-in sensors, it is possible to correct the positioning error due to loading effects. The proposed solution offers an efficient and cost-effective platform to study the trajectory planning as well as dynamics of the manipulator.

Integrated adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical micropollutant, ciprofloxacin employing biochar-ZnO composite photocatalysts

Muhammad Amir,Tahir Fazal,Javed Iqbal,Aamir Alaud Din,Ashfaq Ahmed,Asim Ali,Abdul Razzaq,Zulfiqar Ali,Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman,박영권 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.115 No.-

The expensive carbonaceous substrates including graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubeshave been coupled with ZnO to improve the properties and photocatalytic performance of carbon basedZnO photocatalysts. To replace these expensive materials, biochar offers as a low-cost alternative to preparebiochar-based photocatalysts. In this study, Calotropis gigantea leaves derived biochar-ZnO (BC-ZnO)composites were synthesized to overcome the ZnO related problems (charge recombination, wider bandgap, and poor visible light absorption). Different BC-ZnO (BCZ-1–3) composites were characterized toevaluate their intrinsic properties and composites were employed to degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP). BCZ-3composite exhibited slower recombination of electron-hole pairs, lower band gap (2.97 eV), and betterlight absorption in visible region than ZnO. The enhanced adsorptive-photocatalytic degradation efficiencywas attained up to 98.5% using BCZ-3 than BC (46.2%) and ZnO (41.4%). The O2 and OH radicalswithin BCZ-3 are dominant reactive species indulged in CIP photocatalytic degradation. BCZ-3 photocatalystexhibits 80% degradation of CIP after four regeneration cycles. The maximum adsorption capacitywas achieved 54.18 mg g1 for BCZ-3 than BC (46.20 mg g1) and ZnO (15.55 mg g1). The results showthat BCZ-X composites can be used as stable, efficient, economical, and sustainable composite for therecovery of pharmaceutical wastewater.

A Study of Aerosol Properties over Lahore (Pakistan) by Using AERONET Data

Muhammad Ali,Salman Tariq,Khalid Mahmood,Asim Daud,Adila Batool,Zia-ul-Haq 한국기상학회 2014 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.50 No.2

It is well established that aerosols affect the climate in avariety of ways. In order to understand these effects, we require aninsight into the properties of aerosols. In this paper we present a studyof aerosol properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), singlescattering albedo (SSA) and aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) overmega city of Lahore (Pakistan). The data from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET) have been used for the period December 2009 toOctober 2011. The seasonal average values of AOD, asymmetryparameter (ASY) and volume size distribution in coarse mode wereobserved to be highest in summer. On the other hand, the averagevalues of Angstrom exponent (AE) and imaginary part of refractiveindex (RI) were found to be maximum in winter. The average valueof real part of RI was found to be higher in spring than in all otherseasons. The SSA exhibited an increasing trend with wavelength inthe range 440 nm - 1020 nm in spring, summer and fall indicating thedominance of coarse particles (usually dust). However, a decreasingtrend was found in winter in the range 675 nm - 1020 nm pointingtowards the dominance of biomass and urban/industrial aerosols. Asfar as aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) is concerned, we have foundthat during the spring season ARF was lowest at the surface of Earthand highest at top of the atmosphere (TOA). This indicates that theatmosphere was warmer in spring than in all the remaining seasons.

ON THE NORMS OF SOME SPECIAL MATRICES WITH GENERALIZED FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

RAZA, ZAHID,ALI, MUHAMMAD ASIM The Korean Society for Computational and Applied M 2015 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.33 No.5

In this study, we define r-circulant, circulant, Hankel and Toeplitz matrices involving the integer sequence with recurrence relation U_n = pU_n-1 + U_n-2, with U₀ = a, U₁ = b. Moreover, we obtain special norms of above mentioned matrices. The results presented in this paper are generalizations of some of the results of <xref>[1</xref>, <xref>10</xref>, <xref>11]</xref>.

Electrochemical sensing of H2O2 using cobalt oxide modified TiO2 nanotubes

Ullah Rahim,Rasheed Muhammad Asim,Abbas Shafqat,Rehman Khalil-ul,Shah Attaullah,Ullah Karim,Khan Yaqoob,Bibi Maryam,Ahmad Mashkoor,Ali Ghafar 한국물리학회 2022 Current Applied Physics Vol.38 No.-

Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) modified anatase titanium dioxide nanotubes (ATNTs) have been investigated for the electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ATNTs have been synthesized by a two-step anodization process. ATNTs were then modified with Co3O4 employing chemical bath deposition method. The structure and morphology of ATNTs and their modification with Co3O4 has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction by scanning electron microscopy. H2O2 sensing has been studied in 0.1 M PBS solution, by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Variation in the peak positions and current densities was observed with addition of H2O2 for Co3O4 modified ATNTs. Sensitivity and limit of detection improved with modification of ATNTs with Co3O4 with precursor concentration up to 0.8 M. However, at higher precursor concentrations sensitivity and limit of detection toward H2O2 deteriorated. Co3O4 Modified ATNTS using 0.8 M precursor concentration are comparatively more suitable for H2O2 sensing applications due to the optimum formation of Co3O4/ATNTs heterojunctions.

Highly dispersive substitution box (S-box) design using chaos

Faheem, Zaid Bin,Ali, Asim,Khan, Muhamad Asif,Ul-Haq, Muhammad Ehatisham,Ahmad, Waqar Electronics and Telecommunications Research Instit 2020 ETRI Journal Vol.42 No.4

Highly dispersive S-boxes are desirable in cryptosystems as nonlinear confusion sublayers for resisting modern attacks. For a near optimal cryptosystem resistant to modern cryptanalysis, a highly nonlinear and low differential probability (DP) value is required. We propose a method based on a piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) with optimization conditions. Thus, the linear propagation of information in a cryptosystem appearing as a high DP during differential cryptanalysis of an S-box is minimized. While mapping from the chaotic trajectory to integer domain, a randomness test is performed that justifies the nonlinear behavior of the highly dispersive and nonlinear chaotic S-box. The proposed scheme is vetted using well-established cryptographic performance criteria. The proposed S-box meets the cryptographic performance criteria and further minimizes the differential propagation justified by the low DP value. The suitability of the proposed S-box is also tested using an image encryption algorithm. Results show that the proposed S-box as a confusion component entails a high level of security and improves resistance against all known attacks.

Implementation of Class-Based Low Latency Fair Queueing (CBLLFQ) Packet Scheduling Algorithm for HSDPA Core Network

( Sohail Ahmed ),( Malik Muhammad Asim ),( Nadeem Qaisar Mehmood ),( Mubashir Ali ),( Babar Shahzaad ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2020 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.14 No.2

To provide a guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) to real-time traffic in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) core network, we proposed an enhanced mechanism. For an enhanced QoS, a Class-Based Low Latency Fair Queueing (CBLLFQ) packet scheduling algorithm is introduced in this work. Packet classification, metering, queuing, and scheduling using differentiated services (DiffServ) environment was the points in focus. To classify different types of real-time voice and multimedia traffic, the QoS provisioning mechanisms use different DiffServ code points (DSCP).The proposed algorithm is based on traffic classes which efficiently require the guarantee of services and specified level of fairness. In CBLLFQ, a mapping criterion and an efficient queuing mechanism for voice, video and other traffic in separate queues are used. It is proved, that the algorithm enhances the throughput and fairness along with a reduction in the delay and packet loss factors for smooth and worst traffic conditions. The results calculated through simulation show that the proposed calculations meet the QoS prerequisites efficiently.

Effects of prilled fat supplementation in diets with varying protein levels on production performance of early lactating Nili Ravi Buffaloes

Anwar Saba,Khalique Anjum,Hifzulrahman,Tahir Muhammad Naeem,Azam Burhan E,Tausif Muhammad Asim,Qamar Sundas,Tahir Hina,Tipu Murtaza Ali,Haque Muhammad Naveed ul 아세아·태평양축산학회 2024 Animal Bioscience Vol.37 No.8

Objective: The objective of the current study was to find out the independent and interactive effects of prilled fat supplementation with protein on the production performance of early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes.Methods: Sixteen early lactating buffaloes (36.75±5.79 d in milk; mean±standard error) received 4 treatments in 4×4 Latin-square design according to 2×2 factorial arrangements. The dietary treatments were: i) low protein low fat, ii) low protein high fat, iii) high protein low fat, and iv) high protein high fat. The dietary treatments contained 2 protein (8.7% and 11.7% crude protein) and fat levels (2.6% and 4.6% ether extract) on a dry matter basis.Results: The yields of milk and fat increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Energy-, protein-, and fat-corrected milk yields also increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Increasing dietary protein increased the protein yield by 3.75% and lactose yield by 3.15% and increasing dietary fat supplies increased the fat contents by 3.93% (p≤0.05). Milk yield and fat-corrected milk to dry matter intake ratios were increased at high protein and high fat levels (p≤0.05). Milk nitrogen efficiency was unaffected by dietary fat (p>0.10), whereas it decreased with increasing protein supplies (p≤0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen and cholesterol were increased by increasing protein and fat levels, respectively (p≤0.05). The values of predicted methane production reduced with increasing dietary protein and fat.Conclusion: It is concluded that prilled fat and protein supplies increased milk and fat yield along with increased ratios of milk yield and fat-corrected milk yields to dry matter intake. However, no interaction was observed between prilled fat and protein supplementation for production parameters, body weight, body condition score and blood metabolites. Predicted methane production decreased with increasing protein and fat levels. Objective: The objective of the current study was to find out the independent and interactive effects of prilled fat supplementation with protein on the production performance of early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes. Methods: Sixteen early lactating buffaloes (36.75±5.79 d in milk; mean±standard error) received 4 treatments in 4×4 Latin-square design according to 2×2 factorial arrangements. The dietary treatments were: i) low protein low fat, ii) low protein high fat, iii) high protein low fat, and iv) high protein high fat. The dietary treatments contained 2 protein (8.7% and 11.7% crude protein) and fat levels (2.6% and 4.6% ether extract) on a dry matter basis. Results: The yields of milk and fat increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Energy-, protein-, and fat-corrected milk yields also increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Increasing dietary protein increased the protein yield by 3.75% and lactose yield by 3.15% and increasing dietary fat supplies increased the fat contents by 3.93% (p≤0.05). Milk yield and fat-corrected milk to dry matter intake ratios were increased at high protein and high fat levels (p≤0.05). Milk nitrogen efficiency was unaffected by dietary fat (p>0.10), whereas it decreased with increasing protein supplies (p≤0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen and cholesterol were increased by increasing protein and fat levels, respectively (p≤0.05). The values of predicted methane production reduced with increasing dietary protein and fat. Conclusion: It is concluded that prilled fat and protein supplies increased milk and fat yield along with increased ratios of milk yield and fat-corrected milk yields to dry matter intake. However, no interaction was observed between prilled fat and protein supplementation for production parameters, body weight, body condition score and blood metabolites. Predicted methane production decreased with increasing protein and fat levels.