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Tanaka, H.,Uchida, M.,Maekawa, T.,Bae, Y.-S.,Joung, M.,Jeong, J.H. IOP 2016 Nuclear fusion Vol.56 No.4
<P>An experiment on non-inductive plasma current start-up by electron cyclotron (EC) heating and current drive (ECH/ECCD) has been carried out on KSTAR by injecting the fundamental O-mode wave from the low-field side obliquely to the toroidal magnetic field. A plasma current up to 14.5 kA is generated by 180 kW of 84 GHz microwave power and the magnetic measurement shows the formation of a large last-closed flux surface with a diameter of 0.4 m. The soft x-ray emission profile and fast CCD images also support the existence of closed flux surfaces. The current of the cross-field-passing electrons (CFPEs) is calculated according to the paper <I>Nucl. Fusion</I> <B>52</B> 083008 in these experimental conditions, and it is shown that a CFPE current can produce the initial closed flux surfaces. The observed large increase of EC emission supports the generation of energetic electrons, like CFPEs. After the formation of the closed flux surfaces, the pressure-driven current and CFPE current do not flow in the closed flux surfaces. EC-driven current should flow in these surfaces and ramp up the plasma current. It is estimated that an EC-driven current of about one third of the total plasma current flows in the closed flux surface at the last stage.</P>
A Systematic Review of the Extrahepatic Manifestations of Hepatitis C Infection in East Asia
( Zobair M. Younossi ),( Linda Henry ),( Janus Ong ),( Atsushi Tanaka ),( Yuichiro Eguchi ),( Masashi Mizokami ),( Young-suk Lim ),( Yock Young Dan ),( Ming-lung Yu ),( Maria Stepanova ),( Sooji Lee ) 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1
Aims: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection causes a systemic infection with hepatic and extrahepatic manifestation (EHMs). Although the prevalence of EHMs in Western countries is well described, the same is not well known in East Asian countries. We performed a systematic review to quantify the prevalence of selected EHMs among CHC patients in East Asia. Methods: PubMed, Medline, and Japan databases searched (1990-Dec 2016) with “hepatitis c virus” “chronic hepatitis C”, “extrahepatic manifestations”, and respective EHM’s. Data were collected and reviewed by two per PRISMA guidelines. EHMs were by ICD-9 codes or clinically: depression:BDI-2 score>19, chronic kidney disease (CKD): eGFR of < 60 mL/ min/1.73 m2 per MDRD, diabetes (DM):fasting blood glucose level > 126 mg/dL. Pooled prevalence determined by random effects models. Results: 75 articles were identified. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 articles remained (Japan=6; China=3, Korea= 4, Taiwan=9, Asia=1) with a total of 468,656 subjects (n= 51,160 CHC and n= 417,496 non-HCV controls). HCV patient age ranged from 44-70 (mean age 55), 50% were male (range 0%-67%), and over 80% of diagnosis was established through positive HCV anti-body. CHC subjects had higher risk of lymphoma (n=2) 4.6% vs. 2.3%, OR=1.79 (1.47-2.19), P<0.0001; DM (n=11) 16.7% vs. 9.4%, OR=1.84 (1.52-2.21), P<0.0001; SS (n=2) 9.6% vs. 3.5%, OR=9.80 (1.25-76.56), P=0.0295; LP (n=5) 8.2% vs. 4.2%, OR=2.45 (1.36-4.41), P=0.0027; depression (n=1) 51.6% vs. 27.7%, OR=2.77 (1.25-6.15), P=0.0121; CKD (n=5) 3.8% vs. 1.7%, OR=2.00 (1.09-3.70), P=0.026; RA (n=2) 0.9% vs. 0.3%, OR=2.41 (1.54-3.76), P=0.0001; CVA (n=2) 25.3% vs. 19.3%, hazard ratio 1.38 (1.24-1.53), P<0.05; IHD (n=1) 25.3% vs 11.6%, OR=1.76 (1.04-2.96), P=0. 0.034. Additionally, the prevalence of MC (symptomatic and asymptomatic; n=1) in CHC was 46.9% in CHC vs. 1.9% in general population with a risk ratio of 24.7 (17.2-32.2). Conclusions: Our review found that CHC in East Asia is associated with increased risk for EHMs.
( M Hakoda ),( K Aburai ),( K Tanaka ),( K Sakai ),( H Sakai ),( M Abe ),( S Hashimoto ),( K Sakamoto ) 한국피부장벽학회 2013 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.15 No.2
Stratum Corneum Intercellular Lipid (SCL) plays a key role for the skin barrier function and investigation of its structure and function is crucial for the development of effective trans-dermal delivery of drugs and functional cosmetics. Primary constituents of SCL are simple equi-molar mixture of ceramides, fatty acids and cholesterol, though there are multiple varieties of ceramides, fatty acids involved. In order to avoid such complexity of components, there are several model SCLs proposed to investigate the mechanism of percutaneous penetration. Even though, development of simple but relevant model with structural and functional resemblance to the real SCL is still of great importance for the advancement of skin barrier research. Here we propose novel and simple method to prepare model SCL useful to investigate how materials or formulations are interact with skin. After screening of various ceramides and fatty acids with cholesterol, we have chosen equi-molar combination of ceramide3 with oleoyl group, stearic acid and cholesterol as a model SCL. To be an appropriate model to study barrier function, structural uniformity of lamellar layers in the sample is indispensable. After various trials to prepare layered SCL structures including traditional Bangham method for the liposome preparation, we have established novel method for the preparation of model SCL. That is simply to mix three components to melt at 120 °C as clear solution. After quenching to 80 °C, acetate buffer with pH 5.5 is added to be 20 wt% hydrated SCL which is a normal water content as natural stratum corneum (SC). Despite of such a simple preparation method, resulted sample showed highly desirable properties as a model SCL, namely structural characteristics similar to SC by SAXS and DSC analysis and uniformly layered lamellar structure by EM observation. By using this model, interaction and translocation of model SCL to or through SC can be analyzed.
Tanaka, T.,Abe, K.,Hayato, Y.,Iida, T.,Kameda, J.,Koshio, Y.,Kouzuma, Y.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakayama, S.,Obayashi, Y.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Takenaga, Y.,Ueno, IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.742 No.2
<P>We present the result of an indirect search for high energy neutrinos from Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) annihilation in the Sun using upward-going muon (upmu) events at Super-Kamiokande. Data sets from SKI-SKIII (3109.6 days) were used for the analysis. We looked for an excess of neutrino signal from the Sun as compared with the expected atmospheric neutrino background in three upmu categories: stopping, non-showering, and showering. No significant excess was observed. The 90% C. L. upper limits of upmu flux induced by WIMPs of 100 GeV c(-2) were 6.4 x 10(-15) cm(-2) s(-1) and 4.0 x 10(-15) cm(-2) s(-1) for the soft and hard annihilation channels, respectively. These limits correspond to upper limits of 4.5 x 10(-39) cm(-2) and 2.7 x 10(-40) cm(-2) for spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon scattering cross sections in the soft and hard annihilation channels, respectively.</P>
Immune complexes and herbal medicine
TANAKA, M. 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 1989 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EAST-WEST MEDICINE Vol.1989 No.3
It is recent tendency of herbal medicine research in Japan that various new experimental methods have been introduced into and that simple conventional methods have been seldom applied. Greater part of the topics are accumulated in the geld of immunopharmacology and clinical immunology, The newly devised methods in these fields are quite useful for the investigation of the mild, slow-acting drugs which lead to improvement in the body's restorative function It is worth noting that many immunological resealch drow the same conclusion : one of the unique characteristics of Kampo medicines, herbal medicine in Japan, is that they act only in pathological conditions. This contrasts with western medicine, where the drugs have strong actions that operate under both normal and pathological conditions. This defines the difference between western and Kampo medicine. In the former, the drugs are very powerful, they act as a prop for the physiological function of the body, but they may damage the homeostasis of the body and induce adverse effects. In contrast the actions of Kampo medicines are mild, and they act by restoring the homeostasis of the body and facilitating the natural healing process. In Japan, Kampo medicine have tended to be regarded as a inferior to modern medicine, but scientific research from medical and pharmaceutical aspects into these gradually changing such recognition of Kampo medicine. We can coneclude that the therapeutic value of Kampo medicine is being confirmed by recent developmens in research techniques, and that Kampo and western medicines may in future prove to complement each other.
Tanaka, K.,Nagaoka, K.,Murakami, S.,Takahashi, H.,Osakabe, M.,Yokoyama, M.,Seki, R.,Michael, C.A.,Yamaguchi, H.,Suzuki, C.,Shimizu, A.,Tokuzawa, T.,Yoshinuma, M.,Akiyama, T.,Ida, K.,Yamada, I.,Yasuhar IOP 2017 Nuclear fusion Vol.57 No.11
<P>Surveys of the ion and electron heat transports of neutral beam (NB) heating plasma were carried out by power balance analysis in He and H rich plasma at LHD. Collisionality was scanned by changing density and heating power. The characteristics of the transport vary depending on collisionality. In low collisionality, with low density and high heating power, an ion internal transport barrier (ITB) was formed. The ion heat conductivity (<I>χ</I> <SUB>i</SUB>) is lower than electron heat conductivity (<I>χ</I> <SUB>e</SUB>) in the core region at <I>ρ</I> < 0.7. On the other hand, in high collisionality, with high density and low heating power, <I>χ</I> <SUB>i</SUB> is higher than <I>χ</I> <SUB>e</SUB> across the entire range of plasma. These different confinement regimes are associated with different fluctuation characteristics. In ion ITB, fluctuation has a peak at <I>ρ</I> = 0.7, and in normal confinement, fluctuation has a peak at <I>ρ</I> = 1.0. The two confinement modes change gradually depending on the collisionality. Scans of concentration ratio between He and H were also performed. The ion confinement improvements were investigated using gyro-Bohm normalization, taking account of the effective mass and charge. The concentration ratio affected the normalized <I>χ</I> <SUB>i</SUB> only in the edge region (<I>ρ</I> ~ 1.0). This indicates ion species effects vary depending on collisionality. Turbulence was modulated by the fast ion loss instability. The modulation of turbulence is higher in H rich than in He rich plasma.</P>