향원(鄕原)은 왜 덕(德)의 적(賊)인가?

이장희(Lee, Jang-Hee) 사회와철학연구회 2012 사회와 철학 Vol.0 No.24

‘향원’은 맹자가 ‘덕의 적’으로 명명된 인물이다. ‘향원’의 어떤 특성이 맹자로 하여금 그처럼 강도 높은 비난을 하게 되었는지를 궁구해 보는 게 이 논문의 목적이다. 선행 연구의 하나로 이혜경은 그 이유를 향원의 ‘위선성’에서 찾았다. 향원이 완벽한 덕성을 갖추지 않은 자임에도 불구하고 군자처럼 굴었던 것이 비난의 표적이라는 것이다. 이혜경은 흥미롭게도 이러한 맹자의 비난이 ‘마음의 윤리’라는 잣대에 기댄 불공정한 비난이라고 비판한다. 완벽한 덕성을 구현했다고 자부하기 힘든 많은 사람들이 그럼에도 불구하고 ‘선’을 이루려고 노력하는 것을 어떤 면에서 더 높이 평가해야 한다는 것이다. 유학의 역사에서 맹자를 위시한 대부분의 주류 유학자들은 ‘마음의 윤리’에 기대어 지나치게 높은 윤리적 기준을 강요한 것이 오히려 ‘위선자’를 양산하게 만들었다는 것이다 본 논문은 맹자 ‘향원장’에 대한 치밀한 분석을 토대로 이혜경의 이와 같은 해석이 잘못되었으며 향원에 대한 맹자 비판의 핵심은 ‘위선성’이 아니라 ‘사이비성’임을 강조할 것이다. 또 이러한 맹자의 비판 근저에 높여 있는 맹자 윤리학의 성격을 ‘덕 윤리학(virtue ethics)’의 시각에서 파악하는 것이 맹자의 향원에 대한 비판을 이해하는 데 중요한 실마리를 제공할 수 있음을 보여주고자 한다. A ‘village honest man’ is called ‘the enemy of virtue’ by Mencius. This paper aims to explore the central features of the village honest man that lead Mencius to criticize him so harshly Lee Hye Kyong has attributed the criticism to the ‘hypocrisy’ of the village honest man. Although he has not perfected his virtues, the village honest man pretends to be an ‘examplary person(君子),’ and that"s the reason Mencius attacked him. Interestingly, Lee does not endorse Mencius"s criticism. She, rather, criticizes Mencius an ordinary person who strive to be virtuous is more likely to be like the village honest man, and hence it is more proper to encourage him or her rather than to devalue him or her. According to Lee, the mainstream Confucianism adopt the ethical standard from the viewpoint of ‘the ethics of mind,’ and this standard is almost beyond attainable for ordinary people. And in turn this lofty standard easily makes one to be a hypocrite. Based on the careful examination of the chapter, ‘the Village Honest Man,’ in the Mencius, this paper will show that Lee"s analysis is mistaken for the core of Mencius"s criticism lies not in ‘hypocrisy’ but in ‘that which seems but is not.’ And it also shows that Mencius"s ethical thought can be best characterized and understood in terms of ‘virtue ethics.’

일반논문 : 예(禮)와 덕(德)

이장희 ( Jang Hee Lee ) 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2015 동방학 Vol.32 No.-

전통사회에서 예는 사덕(四德)의 하나이며 인간들 사이에 지켜져야 마땅한 규범인 까닭에 예의 “윤리적” 성격이 의심되어본 적은 없었다. 하지만 오늘날 예의 “윤리성”에 대해 그것이 무엇인지 확연히 손에 잡히게 느끼는 사람은 드물 것이다. 예를 윤리적인 것이라고 부르기에는 현대적 감수성으로 쉽게 받아들여지지 않는 요소들이 있는 것이다. 이는 앞서 언급한 계급적이고 가부장적인 요소 이외에도, 단순한 관습성을 넘어선 윤리성을 예의 어디에서 담보할 수 있는지 쉽게 떠오르지 않기 때문이다. 이 글은 예의 ‘윤리적 성격’에 대한 탐구를 기존 연구에 기대어 하고자 한다. 공자의 사상에서 ‘예’의 중요성을 새삼 부각시킨 허버트 핑가레트의 글에서 시작하여 예의 성격을 인(仁)과의 관계를 통해 파악하고자 시도한 뚜웨이밍과 신광래의 글, 그리고 의(義)와의 관계에서 예를 바라본 이명한의 글을 통하여 예의 성격을 고찰할 것이다. 그리고 마지막으로 덕(德)으로서의 예와 규범으로서의 예라는 두 층위에서 예를 검토해봄으로써 예의 ‘윤리적 성격’에 대해 종합적이고 포괄적인 시야를 확보하고자 시도할 것이다. In traditional society there has never been a doubt about the value of li as one of the four virtues as well as the norm people should abide by. However, today there are few people who can clearly understand li``s "ethical validity." We can point to some elements that are not considered desirable in today``s society. In addition to being classiest and patriarchical, it is not easy to think of ethical elements in li that can go beyond simple conventionality. This paper aims to explore the ethical nature of li based on previous studies, namely, Herbert Fingarett``s study on the significance of li in Confucius``s thought, Tu Wei-ming``s exploration of the relation between jen 仁 and li, Kwong- loi Shun``s careful examination on the subject of li``s relation jen, and Myeong-hwan Lee``s understanding of li in terms of the concept of yi 義. Finally, characterizing li as objective norm and subjective virtue as well, I will attempt to gain some comprehensive perspective on the ethical nature of li.

BEZ235 (PIK3/mTOR inhibitor) Overcomes Pazopanib Resistance in Patient-Derived Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cells

Kim, Hee Kyung,Kim, Sun Young,Lee, Su Jin,Kang, Mihyeon,Kim, Seung Tae,Jang, Jiryeon,Rath, Oliver,Schueler, Julia,Lee, Dong Woo,Park, Woong Yang,Kim, Sung Joo,Park, Se Hoon,Lee, Jeeyun Neoplasia Press 2016 Translational oncology Vol.9 No.3

<P><I>BACKGROUND:</I> Although pazopanib treatment has become the standard chemotherapy in salvage setting for metastatic sarcoma patients, most patients progress after pazopanib treatment in 4 to 6 months. After failure to pazopanib, patients have limited options for treatment. Therefore, subsequent therapy in patients who failed to pazopanib is urgently needed and the use of patient derived cells or patient derived tumors for accompanying testing with various pharmacological inhibitors could offer additional treatment options for these patients. <I>METHODS:</I> Patient derived tumor cells were collected from ascites at the time of progression to pazopanib and a 13-drug panel was tested for drug sensitivity. We confirmed the results using <I>in vitro</I> cell viability assay and immunoblot assay. We also performed the genomic profiling of PDX model. <I>RESULTS:</I> The growth of patient derived tumor cells was significantly reduced by exposure to 1.0 μM AZD2014 compared with control (control versus AZD2014, mean growth = 100.0% vs 16.04%, difference = 83.96%, 95% CI = 70.01% to 97.92%, <I>P</I> = .0435). Similarly, 1.0 μM BEZ235 profoundly inhibited tumor cell growth <I>in vitro</I> when compared to control (control versus BEZ235, mean growth = 100.0% vs 7.308%, difference = 92.69%, 95% CI = 78.87% to 106.5%, <I>P</I> < .0001). Despite the presence of CDK4 amplification in the patient-derived tumor cells, LEE011 did not considerably inhibit cell proliferation when compared with control (control vs LEE011, mean growth = 100.0% vs 80.23%, difference = 19.77%, 95% CI = 1.828% to 37.72%, <I>P</I> = .0377). The immunoblot analysis showed that BEZ235 treatment decreased pAKT, pmTOR and pERK whereas AZD2014 decreased only pmTOR. <I>CONCLUSION:</I> Taken together, upregulation of mTOR/AKT pathway in sarcoma patient derived cells was considerably inhibited by the treatment of AZD2014 and BEZ235 with downregulation of AKT pathway (greater extent for BEZ235). These molecules may be considered as treatment option in STS patient who have failed to pazopanib in the context of clinical trials.</P>

The Application of Everyday Behavioral Pattern to Gesture Interface

Jang,Sun Hee,Lee,Kyung Won (사)한국디지털디자인협의회 2006 (사)한국디지털디자인협의회 conference Vol.2006 No.2

CO전화반응에 관한 연구

이태진,김장희,김윤갑 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 1989 연구보고 Vol.17 No.2

The experimental rate equation and optinum operating of CO shift reaction over the industrial CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃catalyst ICI 52-1 was investigated with process variables (temperature, space velocity, and H₂O/CO ratio). The activation energy of the reaction to 150℃~200℃ is 14˚Kcal/mole. Reaction rate model expressions are derived, to allow optimization of reactor design. And this model is shown to fit the experimental results well.

목욕문화를 중심으로 한 한국형 장애인 복지시설 계획을 위한 현장연구

이희봉,장은희 中央大學校 建設環境硏究所 1997 環境科學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

This study has a purpose of design for the disabled. Through a cultural field study on several rehabilitation facilities, some meaningful results were discovered. Bath facilities, copied from code in Western culture are not suited to the disabled. Normal professional architects designed them without much understanding of real life of the disabled. Unexpected activities like cleaning dish and washing clothes take place at the bathroom routinely. Standard design and arrangement of "lavatory+ toilet stool +bath tub" becomes meaningless, therefore it should be replanned. Even everyday simple activity like moving to the bathtub and taking shower turns out difficult one with great effort. In order to design suited to them, cultural field study to understand every detail of their life as a programming stage is necessary prior to design stage.

Poly(acrylic acid)와 Poly(ethylene oxide)의 착체형성에 대한 용매와 온도의 영향

이장우,안희준 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1998 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.55 No.-

수소 결합을 통한 고분자 착체 형성에 있어서 용매의 종류와 온도의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)와 poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) 착세계에 대하여 용매는 순수 물 및 물-메탄올(30 wt%) 혼합 용매의 두 종류를 선택하여 이들 용매에서의 착체 형성거동의 차이를 모세관 점도계, 전위차계 및 UV 분광기를 사용하여 여러온도에서 조사하였다. 환원점도의 측정을 통하여 물에 메탄올을 첨가하면 최대 착체 형성점에 해당하는 반복단위 몰비가 [PEO]/[PAA]=1.2:1 부근에서 1.5:1로 이동함이 밝혀졌다. UV 측정에서 용액의 흡광도가 일정하게 되는 소위 "isobestic"점으로부터 이탈 현상은 착체 형성에 대한 용매효과를 다시 입증해 주었다. 그리고 여러 온도에서 pH 측정을 통하여 추정한 열역학적 성질들의 변화로부터 30℃이상의 고온에서는 혼합용매에서의 착체 형성 거동이 순수 용매의 경우에 비하여 더욱 불리해졌다. 이것은 물에서는 수소결합은 물론 소수성 상호작용도 착체 안정화에 큰 기여를 하나, 물-메탄올에서는 주로 수소결합만이 착체 형성에 관여하고 있기 때문이라 생각된다. To investigate the effects of solvent type and temperature on the interpolymer complexation via hydrogen bonding, a study was made on the complex system of poly(acrylic acid(PAA) and poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) in two kinds of solvent systems, pure water and water-MeOH(30 wt%) mixed solvent, at various temperatures using the Ubbleohde viscometer, pH-meter and UV spectrophotometer. The repeating unit mole ratio at the most optimum complexation as confirmed by the reduced viscosity measurement was shifted from [PEO]/[PAA] 1.2:1 to 1.5:1 by the addition of methanol to water. From the UV measurement, the deviation from the "isobestic point" (where the absorbance of the solution remains constant) has presente another evidence for the solvent effect on complexation. In addition, the analysis of the changes in thermodynamic properties upon complexation as estimate from pH measurement at several temperatures reveals that the complex formation in mixed solvent became more unfavorable compared to that in pure solvent at high temperatures above 30℃. This could be explained by considering that in water the hydrophobic interaction as well as the hydrogen bonding may greatly contribute to the stabilization of the polymer complex formed, while in water-methanol the main stabilizing force would be the hydrogen bonding alone.

CO와 CO₂혼합물의 선택적인 메탄화반응

이태진,김장희,성진기 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 1991 연구보고 Vol.19 No.1

The kinetics of CO and CO2 methanation on supported ruthenium catalyst were studied at partial pressure of carbon oxides below 0.02 atm and at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 170 and 210℃. The simultaneous methanation of mixtures of CO and CO2 was also investigated in the same conditions. The rate of CH4 formation for CO hydrogenation is described by the expression The rate of CH4 formation for CO2 hydrogenation is described by equation It was found that in the simultaneous methanation of the CO and CO2 over Ru catalyst CO entirely suppresses the hydrogenation of CO2 whereas CO2 does not affect the methanation of CO. Thus, the kinetics of the methanation of mixtures of CO and CO2 is described by equation derived from equation of methanation of CO. These results involves the selective methanation of CO in the gas mixture under conditions of this study which CO2 remains virtually unreacted.

장애인 주거복지시설 계획을 위한 심층 현장연구 : 기숙사형의 세면, 목욕, 위생 시설을 중심으로 Focused on the Bathroom Facilities of Dormitory Type

이희봉,장은희 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.19 No.8

This is the field study on the residential facilities for the physically handicapped. Main method is based on anthropological method, mainly participant observation and deep ethnographic interview. Several problems are found: due to the disregard of basic design criteria for the handicapped, ignorance of subculture of the handicapped different from architect's or planner's, and indifference of the Korean culture fro, the Western culture. Existing facilities do not fit to simple activity like washing face, hair or foot, showering, and bathing, which consumes heavy labor. Designers should consider and design their extra activities like washing clothes, and dishes during bathing. Instead of imposing or designer's criteria to the disabled, he should understand and learn from the insiders' culture. After interpreting the problems, some meaningful and feasible proposals are provided.

폴리머 콘크리트 복합체를 이용한 교통안전 시설물 개발

이명호,이재철,이승우,서장일,박세희 강원대학교 부설 석재복합신소재 제품연구센터 2004 석재연 논문집 Vol.9 No.-

폴리머 콘크리트 복합체를 이용하여 악천후에도 시인성이 좋고 주위의 경관과 어울리는 자동점멸 표지병을 개발하였다. 아날로그 회로에 비해 설계상의 난해한 점이 있으나 상대적으로 간편한 디지털 회로를 사용하여 자동점멸 회로를 구성하였으며, 작업의 능률을 높이고 개발비를 줄이기 위하여 OrCAD를 사용한 Simulation을 실시후 회로를 구성하였다. 표지병의 시공시와 같은 환경에서의 실험에서는 디지털회로의 작은 전류와 표지병간의 거리, 전선의 저항으로 인하여 클럭 및 클리어 신호에 전압강하와 상승/하강 시간의 증가가 나타났다. 표지병은 전자회로와 함께 설치되어야 하므로 방수성을 고려하여 표지병과 전자회로를 일체형으로 설계하였다. 실제 시공시의 환경에서 시행한 실험에서 나타난 문제점을 검토하였으며, 향후 연구방향에 관하여 고찰하였다. Using polymer concrete composite, the automatic-on/off road marker that is well distinguished in a bad weather condition of rainy or foggy day and is well harmonized with. Digital circuit that is hard to design but simpler than an analog circuit is used in designing the automatic-on/off circuit, and it order to raise the working efficiency and lower the development cost, OrCAD, a simulation tool of electric circuit, was used in simulating the circuit. In an experiment conducted under the circumstance of practical application, voltage drop and raising/lowering time increment in the clock and the clear signals are occurred because of small current of digital circuit and resistance of electrical line. Because that the road marker is assembled with the digital circuit, it is designed as one assembled unit by considering water proof. Some problems occurred in the experiment and the future work are discussed.