Evaluation of Somaclonal Variation for Genetic Improvement of Patchouli ($Pogostemon$ $patchouli$), an Exclusively Vegetatively Propagated Aromatic Plant

Ravindra, Nagawara Seshagirirao,Ramesh, Srinivas Iyer,Gupta, Mahesh Kumar,Jhang, Tripta,Shukla, Ashutosh Kumar,Darokar, Mahendra Pandurang,Kulkarni, Raghavendra Narayanrao 한국작물학회 2012 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.15 No.1

Patchouli ($Pogostemon$ $patchouli$) is an important, exclusively vegetatively propagated aromatic plant, whose essential oil is widely used in perfumery and cosmetic products. Forty $SC_1$ generation (first generation following $in$ $vitro$ phase) somaclones selected randomly from about 400 somaclones developed from the variety Johore, were multiplied through stem cuttings and evaluated in $SC_2$ and $SC_3$ generations to study the extent of somaclonal variation generated for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and seven constituents of the essential oil. Significant or highly significant somaclonal variation was observed for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and contents of patchouli alcohol, ${\alpha}$-guaiene, ${\alpha}$,${\delta}$-patchoulene, and ${\alpha}$-bulnesene in the essential oil. The number of somaclones significantly superior to the parental variety for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, and patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil ranged from 8 - 16 and the maximum superiority over the parental variety for these traits ranged from 21 - 79%. Broad-sense heritability estimates of plant height, herb yield, and essential oil content were 0.60 - 0.70 while those of essential oil yield and patchouli alcohol content were 0.44 and 0.47, respectively. Heritability estimates of other studied essential oil constituents were generally low (0.12 - 0.38). A high positive correlation was observed between essential oil yield and herb yield suggesting that selection for herb yield would be effective in improving essential oil yield. Patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil was negatively correlated with all the studied traits. Somaclonal variation, heritabilities of traits, and inter-trait correlations are reported for the first time in patchouli.

The Local Small Business Community Development and their Perception of Island Tourism in Penang, Malaysia

( Ravindra Kumar Perumal ),( Puvaneswaran Kunasekaran ) 한국문화관광학회 2013 문화관광연구 Vol.15 No.2

This paper presents the perception of local small-business community of Island Tourism in Penang, Malaysia. A study was conducted at Batu Ferringhi Beach, a popular destination in Penang, Malaysia for both local and foreign tourists wanting to experience the sun, sea, sand and water sports along the coast line of Batu Ferringhi. The Naturalistic Method of inquiry was used for qualitative data collection. This method is used to help the researchers understand the host-tourism relationship before conducting further investigation. There are some issues highlighted by the local business community that need to be addressed by the authorities. Investigation conducted at the Batu Ferringhi Beach, Penang revealed that the local business community received very little support from the local tourism development authorities. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribute to the existing literature in the field of island tourism development that could contribute to the sustainability of the local small business community at the beach area.

Effect of Niacin Supplementation on Rumen Metabolites in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Kumar, Ravindra,Dass, R.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.1

An experiment was conducted on 3 male rumen fistulated adult buffaloes fed on wheaten straw and concentrate mixture in a Latin square design to study the impact of niacin supplementation on rumen metabolites. Three animals were fed wheaten straw+concentrate mixture (group I, control), wheaten straw+concentrate mixture+100 ppm niacin (group II), and wheaten straw +concentrate mixture+200 ppm niacin (group III). After 21 days feeding, rumen liquor was drawn for 3 consecutive days at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h) to study the various rumen metabolites i.e., rumen pH, ammonia-N, total-N, trichloroacetic acid precipitable-N, non-protein nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, their fractions and number of protozoa. Mean pH values in strained rumen liquor (SRL) of animals in 3 groups were 6.64, 6.71 and 6.67, indicating no statistically significant difference. Results revealed a significant (p<0.01) increase in TVFA concentration among the supplemented groups (group II and III) in comparison to control group. Mean TVFA concentration (meq/dl) was 9.75, 10.97 and 11.44 in 3 groups respectively. The highest concentration of TVFA was observed at 4 h and minimum at 0 h in all the 3 groups. The percentage of acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acid was statistically similar among the three groups. The mean ammonia-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group II (16.38) and group III (15.42) than group I (18.14). Ammonia-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to all the time intervals. The mean total-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was higher (p<0.01) in group II (74.16) and group III (75.47) as compared to group I (62.04). Total-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to other time intervals and lowest value was recorded at 0 h.Concentration of TCA-ppt-N (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in control group as compared to niacin supplemented groups. Mean value of NPN (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group III (23.21) as compared to group I (25.71), whereas groups I and II, and groups II and III were similar to each other. Total protozoa number (${\times}10^4$/ml SRL) ranged from 18.06 to 27.41 in group I, 20.89 to 38.44 in group II and 27.61 to 39.45 in group III. The mean protozoa number was significantly (p<0.01) higher in SRL of group II (27.60) and III (30.59) as compared to group I (22.48). It can be concluded from the study that supplementation of niacin in the diet of buffaloes had improved the rumen fermentation by decreasing the concentration of ammonia-N and increasing protein synthesis.

InAs quantum dot-in-a-well heterostructures with InGaAs, GaAsN and GaAsSb well using digital alloy capping layer

Kumar Ravindra,Saha Jhuma,Tongbram Binita,Panda Debiprasad,Gourishetty Raveesh,Kumar Ravinder,Gazi Sanowar Alam,Chakrabarti Subhananda 한국물리학회 2023 Current Applied Physics Vol.47 No.-

In this work, the authors introduced a novel approach called digital alloy capping layer (DACL) and investigated its effect on the optical and structural properties of InAs quantum dot-in-a-well (DWELL) heterostructures. In DACL, a conventional thick well layer is digitized equally with different compositions analogous to short-period-superlattice (SPS). The DACL approach’s effect has been studied experimentally and theoretically on DWELL heterostructures with InxGa1-xAs as the well material. The photoluminescence (PL) study reveals that DACL observes a red-shift of ~55 nm as compared to AACL approached heterostructures. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) results reveal higher In-content, controlled In-out diffusion from InAs QD, and improved in-plane strain in DACL samples compared to the analog sample. The study has been extended to QD heterostructures with GaAs1-xNx and GaAs1-ySby as well materials, and comprehensive analysis has been carried out. Hence, the DWELL heterostructures with the DACL approach can be utilized to fabricate infrared photodetector devices.

Effect of Niacin Supplementation on Growth, Nutrient Utilization and Blood Biochemical Profile in Male Buffalo Calves

Kumar, Ravindra,Dass, R.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.10

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of niacin supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization, their balance and blood biochemical profile, 15 male buffalo calves (9-10 months of age, $88.4{\pm}4.37kg$ average body weight) were divided into 3 equal groups each of 5 calves, following a completely randomized design, and fed individually for 120 days with wheat straw and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements. In addition calves were supplemented with 0 ppm (control, group I), 100 ppm (group II) and 200 ppm (group III) niacin. After 90 days of experimental feeding a metabolism trial was conducted to estimate the digestibility of nutrients and their balance. Fortnightly body weights were recorded to assess their growth rate and blood was collected from the jugular vein at day 0 and subsequently at 30-day intervals from all the experimental buffalo calves to study blood biochemical parameters. Results showed that intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicelluloses were statistically similar in the 3 groups. Buffalo calves in all three groups were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance, without showing any significant effect of the treatments. Dry matter, crude protein, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrient intake ($g/d/kgW^{0.75}$) were similar in the control and niacin supplemented groups. Digestible crude protein (%) and total digestible nutrients (%) in the ration of the 3 groups were 8.07, 7.99, 7.92 and 56.70, 56.63, 56.74, respectively, and were comparable among the groups. The average daily gain (g) in-group II (567.50) was not significantly (p>0.05) higher than group I (500.0) and group III (510.0). Blood biochemical constituents (glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea-N, insulin) showed no significant effect of niacin supplementation. However, serum cholesterol (mg/100 ml) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in the 200 ppm niacin-supplemented group than in the control and 100 ppm niacin-supplemented groups. It can be concluded that supplementation of niacin at 100 and 200 ppm in the diet of buffalo calves had no significant beneficial effect on their growth and nutrient utilization.

Thermal, Micro-Structural, and Electrical Properties of a La1-xSrx Mn0.85Fe0.05Co0.05Ni0.05O3+δ (x = 0–0.4 Mole) Cathode System

Ravindra Kumar Gupta,김은이,김유항,황진명 대한금속·재료학회 2009 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.15 No.6

The oxygen stoichiometry, thermal expansion, morphology, and electrical conductivity of a co-doped perovskitetype cathode system, La1-xSrx Mn0.85Fe0.05Co0.05 Ni0.05O3+ä (x = 0–0.4 mole), are studied for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications. Sr 2+ -doping led to a decrease in the unit cell volume, oxygen stoichiometry, particle size, and activation energy, and an increase in the coefficient of thermal expansion and electrical conductivity. The sample with x = 0.3 mole exhibited four to five fold weight loss with respect to La0.75Sr0.25 MnO3+δ at an intermediate temperature range and suggested the availability of a large number of oxygen vacancies due to a co-doping effect. This sample also showed sufficiently high electrical conductivity (~76 S cm −1 ) at 650 °C, a low activation energy (~0.15 eV), and a coefficient of thermal expansion (~12.1 × 10 −6 °C −1 ) comparable to those of the adjacent components and submicron sized particles. The experimental results are explained using defect models. The oxygen stoichiometry, thermal expansion, morphology, and electrical conductivity of a co-doped perovskitetype cathode system, La1-xSrx Mn0.85Fe0.05Co0.05 Ni0.05O3+ä (x = 0–0.4 mole), are studied for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications. Sr 2+ -doping led to a decrease in the unit cell volume, oxygen stoichiometry, particle size, and activation energy, and an increase in the coefficient of thermal expansion and electrical conductivity. The sample with x = 0.3 mole exhibited four to five fold weight loss with respect to La0.75Sr0.25 MnO3+δ at an intermediate temperature range and suggested the availability of a large number of oxygen vacancies due to a co-doping effect. This sample also showed sufficiently high electrical conductivity (~76 S cm −1 ) at 650 °C, a low activation energy (~0.15 eV), and a coefficient of thermal expansion (~12.1 × 10 −6 °C −1 ) comparable to those of the adjacent components and submicron sized particles. The experimental results are explained using defect models.

In vitro Methanogenesis and Fermentation of Feeds Containing Oil Seed Cakes with Rumen Liquor of Buffalo

Kumar, Ravindra,Kamra, D.N.,Agarwal, Neeta,Chaudhary, L.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.8

Eight feeds (mixture of wheat straw and oil seed cakes in 3:1 ratio) were evaluated for methane emission and fermentation pattern with buffalo rumen liquor as inoculum in an in vitro gas production test. The cakes tested were groundnut cake (GNC), soybean cake (SBC), mustard seed cake (MSC), cotton seed cake (CSC), karanj seed cake expeller extracted (KCEE), karanj seed cake solvent extracted (KCSE), caster bean cake expeller extracted (CBCEE) and caster bean cake solvent extracted (CBCSE). The gas production (ml/g dry matter) was significantly higher with SBC and MSC followed by CSC, GNC, KCSE, KCEE, CBCSE and was the lowest with CBCEE. Methane emission was significantly lower with KCEE, KCSE, CBCEE, CBCSE (20.32- 22.43 ml/g DM) than that with SBC, GNC, CSC (27.34-31.14 ml/g DM). Mustard seed cake was in-between the two groups of oil cakes in methane production. In vitro true digestibility was highest with SBC followed by GNC, CSC, MSC, KCSE, KCEE, CBCSE and CECEE. Ammonia nitrogen level was positively correlated with the amount of protein present in the cake. Total holotrich protozoa were significantly higher with SBC, whereas, large spirotrich protozoa tended to be lower than with other cakes. The counts of small spirotrich and total protozoa were similar with all the cakes. Total volatile fatty acid production and acetate to propionate ratio were significantly higher with SBC and significantly lower with KCEE as compared to the other cakes. Among the conventional oil cakes tested in the present experiment (GNC, SBC, MSC and CSC), mustard seed cake-based feed produced the minimum methane without affecting other fermentation characteristics adversely.

A Detailed Investigation into the Electrical Conductivity and Structural Properties of [Poly(ethylene oxide)-succinonitrile]-Li(CF3SO2)2N Solid Polymer Electrolytes

Ravindra Kumar Gupta,이희우 대한화학회 2017 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.38 No.3

A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was prepared via a solution casting method from a blend of equal weight fractions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and succinonitrile, used as the polymer matrix, and a salt, Li(CF3SO2)2N (x = 0–0.3 in weight fraction). A plot of the electrical conductivity (σ25°C) vs. x showed an upturned U-shape, with the highest value being ~3.9 × 10−4 S/cm for x = 0.25 (EO/Li+ = 9.8; the optimum conducting composition). The electrolytes with x ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 showed a linear trend in their log(σT0.5) − (T−To)−1 curves with low pseudo-activation energy values, suggesting the presence of highly conductive amorphous domains, as confirmed by X-ray diffractometry measurements, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry studies. The change in PEO chain conformation with x is discussed in detail using FT-IR spectroscopy in the light of earlier results reported for PEO − Li(CF3SO2)2N SPEs.

Nicotine Addiction: Neurobiology and Mechanism

Raj Kumar Tiwari,Vikas Sharma,Ravindra Kumar Pandey,Shiv Shankar Shukla 대한약침학회 2020 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.23 No.1

Nicotine, primary component of tobaco produces craving and withdrawal effect both in humans and animals. Nicotine shows a close resemblance to other addictive drugs in molecular, neuroanatomical and pharmacological, particularly the drugs which enhances the cognitive functions. Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in brain. It stimulates presynaptic acetylcholine receptors thereby enhancing Ach release and metabolism. Dopaminergic system is also stimulated by it, thus increasing the concentration of dopamine in nuclear accumbens. This property of nicotine according to various researchers is responsible for reinforcing behavioral change and dependence of nicotine. Various researchers have also depicted that some non dopaminergic systems are also involved for rewarding effect of nicotinic withdrawal. Neurological systems such as GABAergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and brain stem cholinergic may also be involved to mediate the actions of nicotine. Further, the neurobiological pathway to nicotine dependence might perhaps be appropriate to the attachment of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, peruse by stimulation of dopaminergic system and activation of general pharmacological changes that might be responsible for nicotine addiction. It is also suggested that MAO A and B both are restrained by nicotine. This enzyme helps in degradation dopamine, which is mainly responsible for nicotinic actions and dependence. Various questions remain uninsurable to nicotine mechanism and require more research. Also, various genetic methods united with modern instrumental analysis might result for more authentic information for nicotine addiction.

RA 123 s: Three metaphor-less Algorithms for Economic Load Dispatch Solution

Manam Ravindra,Sangu Ravindra,Pamidi Lakshminarayana,Karri Manoz Kumar Reddy 대한전기학회 2022 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.17 No.2

This paper presents Rao-1, Rao-2 and Rao-3 algorithms (RA-123) approach to elucidate Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem which has Ramp Rate (RRL), Valve Point Eff ect (VPE), Prohibited Zones of Operation (POZ), and losses of lines. Besides most of the algorithms which depend on algorithmic-specifi c parameters, the proposed algorithm is independent of algorithmic-specifi c parameters. The principle contribution of this paper is to minimize the total generation cost by satisfying several constraints such as generation limits, load demand, valve point loading eff ect, and transmission losses considering metaphor-less algorithms (RA-123). The objective with VPE is considered to improve the performance of ELD. This paper determines the performance of proposed RA-123 algorithms considering diff erent constraints on each test case system and compares them. To explore, ability of proposed optimization algorithms, these are implemented on test networks having 6, 40 and 110 unit systems and outcomes are compared with results attained by prior optimization algorithms. The evaluation of results shows ability and effi cacy of (RA-123) for solving ELD problem.