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탈수초화 동물 모델과 <sup>1</sup>H 자기공명분광영상
조한별,이수지,박신원,강일향,마지영,정현석,김지은,윤수정,류인균,임수미,김정윤,Cho, Han Byul,Lee, Suji,Park, Shinwon,Kang, Ilhyang,Ma, Jiyoung,Jeong, Hyeonseok S.,Kim, Jieun E.,Yoon, Sujung,Lyoo, In Kyoon,Lim, Soo Mee,Kim, Jungyoon 대한생물정신의학회 2017 생물정신의학 Vol.24 No.1
The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ($^1H-MRS$) is a tool used to detect concentrations of brain metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate, choline, creatine, glutamate, and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). It has been widely used because it does not require additional devices other than the conventional magnetic resonance scanner and coils. Demyelination, or the neuronal damage due to loss of myelin sheath, is one of the common pathologic processes in many diseases including multiple sclerosis, leukodystrophy, encephalomyelitis, and other forms of autoimmune diseases. Rodent models mimicking human demyelinating diseases have been induced by using virus (e.g., Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus) or toxins (e.g., cuprizon or lysophosphatidyl choline). This review is an overview of the MRS findings on brain metabolites in demyelination with a specific focus on rodent models.
Kim, Jieun,Jung, Jong-Min,Lee, Jechan,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Choi, Tae O,Kim, Jae-Kon,Jeon, Young Jae,Kwon, Eilhann E. Elsevier 2016 Bioresource technology Vol.212 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study fundamentally investigated the pseudo-catalytic transesterification of dried <I>Nannochloropsis oceanica</I> into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) without oil extraction, which was achieved in less than 5min via a thermo-chemical pathway. This study presented that the pseudo-catalytic transesterification reaction was achieved in the presence of silica and that its main driving force was identified as temperature: pores in silica provided the numerous reaction space like a micro-reactor, where the heterogeneous reaction was developed. The introduced FAME derivatization showed an extraordinarily high tolerance of impurities (<I>i.e</I>., pyrolytic products and various extractives). This study also explored the thermal cracking of FAMEs derived from <I>N. oceanica</I>: the thermal cracking of saturated FAMEs was invulnerable at temperatures lower than 400°C. Lastly, this study reported that <I>N. oceanica</I> contained 14.4wt.% of dried <I>N. oceanica</I> and that the introduced methylation technique could be applicable to many research fields sharing the transesterification platform.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> High tolerance against impurities. </LI> <LI> Fast methylation less than 5min via the pseudo-catalytic transesterification. </LI> <LI> Pseudo-catalytic transesterification in the presence of porous material. </LI> <LI> Converting <I>N. oceanica</I> into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) without oil extraction. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Kim, Jieun,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Kwon, Eilhann E. Elsevier 2016 ENERGY Vol.100 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This work offers a mechanistic investigation of the thermal degradation of lignin in the recovery of energy from biomass waste (<I>i.e.,</I> lignin). Particularly, this work describes the influence of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in the pyrolysis process since pyrolysis process has been known as an intermediate step for gasification. This work experimentally justifies the effectiveness of the influence of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in pyrolysis of lignin at temperatures higher than ∼550 °C. Our GC/TOF-MS analysis of pyrolytic oil obtained at temperature lower than ∼500 °C indicated the thermal degradation of lignin via the thermal bond dissociation of phenolic compounds from the macromolecule of lignin: these phenolic compounds identified in the N<SUB>2</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB> environment were nearly identical. The unknown reaction induced by CO<SUB>2</SUB> at temperatures higher than ∼550 °C simultaneously and independently occurred with dehydrogenation of VOCs (volatile organic carbons), which significantly enhanced the generation of CO via providing the additional source of C and O. Thus, this work shows that the ratio of CO to H<SUB>2</SUB> was significantly enhanced in the presence of CO<SUB>2</SUB>, the enhancement of which reached up to ∼1000% at 650 °C as compared to the case in N<SUB>2</SUB>. In order to enhance the identified influence of CO<SUB>2</SUB>, the porous material (<I>i.e.,</I> activated alumina) was used in pyrolysis of lignin. Our experimental work shows that employing the porous material was indeed effective to enhance the generation of syngas. This observation indirectly implied not only that employing porous materials could enhance the generation of pyrolytic gases, but also that the reaction rate induced by CO<SUB>2</SUB> would be very fast. In summary, this study experimentally justifies the fact that exploiting CO<SUB>2</SUB> as reaction medium enhances not only the thermal efficiency of the thermo-chemical process, but also the sustainability of biomass-derived fuel via achieving the virtuous circle of carbon.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Enhanced thermal cracking behavior induced by CO<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Tailoring the ratio of CO to H<SUB>2</SUB> by means of using the different amount of CO<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Enhanced generation of CO in the presence of CO<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Simultaneous reaction between CO<SUB>2</SUB> and VOCs at temperatures higher than 550 °C. </LI> </UL> </P>
Enhanced thermal destruction of toxic microalgal biomass by using CO<sub>2</sub>
Jung, Jong-Min,Lee, Jechan,Kim, Jieun,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Kim, Hyung-Wook,Jeon, Young Jae,Kwon, Eilhann E. Elsevier 2016 Science of the Total Environment Vol.566 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This work confirmed that dominant microalgal strain in the eutrophic site (the Han River in Korea) was <I>Microcystis aeruginosa</I> (<I>M. aeruginosa</I>) secreting toxins. Collected and dried microalgal biomass had an offensive odor due to microalgal lipid, of which the content reached up to 2±0.2wt.% of microalgal biomass (dry basis). This study has validated that the offensive odor is attributed to the C<SUB>3–6</SUB> range of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which was experimentally identified by the non-catalytic transformation of triglycerides (TGs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) in microalgal biomass into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In particular, this study mechanistically investigated the influence of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in the thermal destruction (<I>i.e.</I>, pyrolysis) of hazardous microalgal biomass in order to achieve dual purposes (<I>i.e.</I>, thermal disposal of hazardous microalgal biomass and energy recovery). The influence of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in pyrolysis of microalgal biomass was identified as 1) the enhanced thermal cracking behaviors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the thermal degradation of microalgal biomass and 2) the direct gas phase reaction between CO<SUB>2</SUB> and VOCs. These identified influences of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in pyrolysis of microalgal biomass significantly enhanced the generation of CO: the enhanced generation of CO in the presence of CO<SUB>2</SUB> was 590% at 660°C, 1260% at 690°C, and 3200% at 720°C. In addition, two identified influences of CO<SUB>2</SUB> (<I>i.e.</I>, enhanced thermal cracking and direct gas phase reaction) occurred simultaneously and independently. The identified gas phase reaction in the presence of CO<SUB>2</SUB> was only initiated at temperatures higher than 500°C, which was different from the Boudouard reaction. Lastly, the experimental work justified that exploiting CO<SUB>2</SUB> as a reaction medium and/or chemical feedstock will provide new technical approaches for controlling syngas ratio and <I>in-situ</I> air pollutant control without using catalysts.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Identification of dominant microalgal strains as <I>M. aeruginosa</I> was carried out. </LI> <LI> Enhanced thermal destruction induced by CO<SUB>2</SUB> </LI> <LI> Direct gas phase reaction between CO<SUB>2</SUB> and volatile organic carbons (VOCs) </LI> <LI> Significant tar reduction in the presence of CO<SUB>2</SUB> </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Kim, Geon Ha,Kim, Jieun E.,Rhie, Sandy Jeong,Yoon, Sujung The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Science 2015 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.24 No.4
<P>Oxidative stress is induced by an imbalanced redox states, involving either excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or dysfunction of the antioxidant system. The brain is one of organs especially vulnerable to the effects of ROS because of its high oxygen demand and its abundance of peroxidation-susceptible lipid cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a central role in a common pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Antioxidant therapy has been suggested for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, although the results with regard to their efficacy of treating neurodegenerative disease have been inconsistent. In this review, we will discuss the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and <I>in vivo</I> measurement of an index of damage by oxidative stress. Moreover, the present knowledge on antioxidant in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and future directions will be outlined.</P>
Kim, Jae-Jung,Park, Young-Mi,Baik, Kyu-Heum,Choi, Hye-Yeon,Yang, Gap-Seok,Koh, InSong,Hwang, Jung-Ah,Lee, Jieun,Lee, Yeon-Su,Rhee, Hwanseok,Kwon, Tae Soo,Han, Bok-Ghee,Heath, Karen E,Inoue, Hiroshi,Yo Springer-Verlag 2012 HUMAN GENETICS Vol.131 No.3
<P>Height is a highly heritable trait that involves multiple genetic loci. To identify causal variants that influence stature, we sequenced whole exomes of four children with idiopathic short stature. Ninety-five nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) were selected as potential candidate variants. We performed association analysis in 740 cohort individuals and identified 11 nsSNPs in 10 loci (DIS3L2, ZBTB38, FAM154A, PTCH1, TSSC4, KIF18A, GPR133, ACAN, FAM59A, and NINL) associated with adult height (P < 0.05), including five novel loci. Of these, two nsSNPs (TSSC4 and KIF18A loci) were significant at P < 0.05 in the replication study (n = 1,000) and five (ZBTB38, FAM154A, TSSC4, KIF18A, and FAM59A loci) were significant at P < 0.01 in the combined analysis (n = 1,740). Together, the five nsSNPs accounted for approximately 2.5% of the height variation. This study demonstrated the utility of next-generation sequencing in identifying genetic variants and loci associated with complex traits.</P>