Three Hybrid Japanese Joyceans: Ryunosuke Akutagawa, Sei Ito and Haruki Murakami

( Eishiro Ito ) 한국제임스조이스학회 2012 제임스조이스저널 Vol.18 No.2

In Japan, many novelists, especially naturalistic writers, have struggled to show their originality and have written novels dealing with the author`s private life or using autobiographical details since the early twentieth century. In Japan, since the introduction of Joyce by Yonejiro Noguchi in 1918, many ambitious novelists, including the first Korean modernist writer Taewon Park, were influenced by Joyce`s innovative narrative technique, styles and methods of Modernism while they also learned how to write fictions with the autobiographical elements from him. Akutagawa left a memorandum in which he confessed how he was shocked with Joyce`s narrative method used in the first chapter of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Ito began to struggle to translate the whole text of Ulysses into Japanese soon after reading it. Probably their reactions to Joyce`s works were not unusual for Japanese novelists at that time. Haruki Murakami is different from the two precursors in that reading Japanese translations of foreign novels affected his style in Japanese. Japanese Joycean writers have learned or borrowed some literary techniques from Marcel Proust and Joyce; especially, the interior monologue and the stream-of- consciousness. However, none of the three Japanese writers seem to have succeeded to use those techniques. It is noted that both Akutagawa and Ito were influenced by Irish literature, characteristically first by Yeats` poetry and then by Joyce`s novels. Both learned Romantic poetry and then transitioned to write fictions starting autobiographical novels like Joyce. Although Murakami has a more complicated literary background than these two writers, he is also influenced by Proust and nineteenth-century European writers as well as American hard-boiled writers. For these three hybrid Japanese writers, James Joyce is a very provocative writer. They enthusiastically learned Western literature and tried to compound the elements of traditional Japanese literature and Western literature to create their hybrid literature.

일본어교육 교과서의 접속조사 “ト”의 조건표현 -만화, 평론, 일본어교육 교과서 용례 비교로부터-

이토사치코 ( Ito Sachiko ) 한국일본어교육학회 2016 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.75

This study is based on two preceding studies on the usage of conjunctive particle “TO” in spoken language (Ito, 2007) and in written language (Ito, 2006), and aimed to verify the validity of example sentences in Japanese language education textbooks (“The Textbooks”), focusing on example sentences of the usage of “TO”. By comparing the characteristics of “TO” which are newly extracted from The Textbooks and that of “TO” in these preceding studies. The study was conducted by extracting example sentences of “TO” from various publications: 732 examples from comic books, 609 from critic essays, and 403 from The Textbooks (“Three Materials”). Extracted examples were classified into 36 classifications and observed. As a result of this study, three common characteristics of “TO” were observed in all Three Materials (comic books, critic essays, and The Textbooks). Firstly, there is a cause-and-result relationship between the clauses before and after “TO”. Secondly, most of the example sentences from Three Materials end with present tense. Thirdly, when an example sentence ends with present tense, in most of the case the example sentence shows “general conditions” (Suzuki, 1986), in another words, the sentence described a general nature which does not change by repetition. This results verified the validity of the example sentences in The Textbook, in terms of the basic characteristics of “TO”. This study also pointed out that more of example sentences of the usage of “TO” in the current Japanese language education textbooks are in the form of written language, rather than spoken language.

Local Bifurcation and Instability Theory Applied to Formability Analysis

B.D. Buco,M.C. Oliveira,J.L. Alves,L.F. Menezes,K. Ito,N. Mori 한국소성가공학회 2010 기타자료 Vol.2010 No.6

Sheet metal forming components are typically studied with the aid of finite element method based virtual tryout tools, since they allow to save money, time and effort in the design, production and process set-up of deep drawn parts. In all these development phases the analysis of defects is performed with the aid of the material forming limit diagram (FLD), since it allows defining a safe region that reduces: (i) necking; (ii) wrinkling and (iii) large deformation occurrence. It is known that the FLD represented in the strain space presents some disadvantages. The local bifurcation criterion proposed by Ito and Goya defines the critical state for a local bifurcation to set in, as a function of the stress level to work-hardening rate ratio. Thus, the main advantage is that the FLD represented in the stress plane is completely objective [1]. In this work the Ito and Goya model is used to evaluate formability, as well fracture mode and direction along different strain paths: (i) uniaxial tension; (ii) equibiaxial stretch; and (iii) plane-strain. All numerical simulations are performed with the in-house code DD3IMP [2, 3] and NXT [4] in which the Ito and Goya model is implemented, is applied to analyze the results.

A NEW METHOD FOR FOURIER ANALYSIS IN GATED CARDIAC BLOOD POOL EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (ECT) AND ITS CLINICAL APPLICATION

Ito, T.,Maeda, H.,Takeda, K.,Nakagawa, T.,Yamaguchi, N.,Konishi, T.,Ichikawa, T. 대한핵의학회 1984 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.18 No.1

Two Japanese Translations of Finnegans Wake Compared : Yanase (1991-1993) and Miyata (2004)

Ito, Eishiro 한국제임스조이스학회 2004 제임스조이스저널 Vol.10 No.2

This paper aims to introduce and examine two Japanese translations of Finnegans Wake which has been considered to be "untranslatable" or one of the most difficult books to translate. But now we can enjoy it in many languages--Franch, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Japanese, Korean, etc. The basic language of FW is doubtlessly English, and most of the dominant languages are European. Naoki Yanase, the Japanese translator was challenged to complete his translation into Japanese (1991-1993). Of course some of the rich ambiguity of the original may have been lost, but he made a great effort to convey the atmosphere and tone of the original: he even translated "Joyce's style" into Japanese. Yanase's translation is a novel in its own right and a great masterpiece of Japanese literature. In June 2004, another translator, Kyoko Niyata, published a more readable Japanese translation of FW. Her abridged translation (about half the size of the original) with her detailed notes, is much more understandable than Yanase's, and plays another role for prospective Japanese readers. Comparing these two Japanese translations, we can understand these two effective methods to convey the ambiguities of Joycean words in Finnegans Wake in translation.

現代川柳における語彙·技法·内容の一断面 -「サラリーマン川柳」に見る特徴と現代日本人の心象風景-

Ito Takao 한국일본어학회 2014 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.39

本研究では一般の人々を対象とした現代川柳のうち、認知度の高い「サラリーマン川柳」を資料として、語彙·技法·内容という観点から、その特徴について分析すると共に、内容から浮かび上がる現代日本人の心象風景の一断面について、観察を試みた。その結果、語彙·主題(内容)共に「妻」に関するものが最も多く、技法の面では言葉のリズム(韻)を重要視するとともに、字体の類似性を活用したり、語彙の類義性や対照性を利用するなど、多様な方法で独特の「穿ち」「軽み」「おかしみ」が表現されていた。また、内容面では「妻」とともに「仕事」「高齢者」が主題として好まれており、「妻」に関する句では、夫の立場から詠まれたものが多く、愚痴を言いつつも、円満に過ごしたいと願う姿が見て取れた。また「仕事」を主題とした句には上司に対する不満が多くを占めるとともに、雇用問題などの社会問題も取り上げられていた。そして「高齢者」に関する句では、自身の老化が懸念されつつも、高齢化社会の中で元気に活躍する高齢者たちの姿が表れていた。

Translating Baihua Grammatical Elements in a Fifteenth-Century Korean Buddhist Text: Linguistic and Cultural Notes on the Mongsan hwasang pŏbŏ yangnok ŏnhae

Ito, Hideto 성균관대학교 동아시아학술원 2023 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.23 No.2

This article examines the fifteenth-century Korean ŏnhae 諺解 exegesis of the Mongsan hwasang pŏbŏ yangnok 蒙山和尙法語略錄 to determine the translation strategies used to render so-called baihua or vernacular Sinitic in vernacular Korean. In particular, the article aims first to clarify the linguistic features of the baihua materials from the late Southern Song period found in this text, and then to clarify the baihua comprehension and translation abilities of a fifteenth-century Buddhist intellectual who was not a trained specialist in spoken Chinese. It finds that, because Korean Buddhist temples were no longer bilingual Korean-Chinese spaces by early Chosŏn, and Korean Buddhist monks no longer had exposure to spoken Chinese, the Korean translator approached the baihua materials as if they were written in orthodox Literary Sinitic. As a result, he made a number of errors and mistranslations, especially when it came to translating vernacular Sinitic tense-aspect particles in vernacular Korean. The article concludes by briefly comparing and contrasting glossing strategies in Japan and Korea.

Characterization of Genotype-Specific Carboxyl-Terminal Cleavage Sites of Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen Precursor and Identification of Furin as the Candidate Enzyme

Ito, Kiyoaki,Kim, Kyun-Hwan,Lok, Anna Suk-Fong,Tong, Shuping American Society for Microbiology 2009 Journal of virology Vol.83 No.8

<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is a secreted version of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein that promotes immune tolerance and persistent infection. It is derived from a translation product of the precore/core gene by two proteolytic cleavage events: removal of the amino-terminal signal peptide and removal of the carboxyl-terminal arginine-rich sequence. Four RXXR motifs are present at the carboxyl terminus of the HBeAg precursor, with the first two fused as <SUP>151</SUP>RRGRSPR<SUP>157</SUP>. Genotype A possesses two extra amino acids at the first motif (<SUP>151</SUP>RRDRGRSPR<SUP>159</SUP>), which weakens the first motif and separates it from the second one. Western blot analysis of patient sera revealed a single HBeAg form for genotypes B to D but two additional forms of larger sizes for genotype A. Site-directed mutagenesis and transfection experiments with human hepatoma cell lines indicated that HBeAg of genotype B is derived from cleavage at the first (<SUP>151</SUP>RRGR<SUP>154</SUP>) motif. The major HBeAg form of genotype A corresponds to cleavage at the second (<SUP>156</SUP>RSPR<SUP>159</SUP>) motif, and the other two forms are cleavage products of the first (<SUP>151</SUP>RRDR<SUP>154</SUP>) and third (<SUP>166</SUP>RRRR<SUP>169</SUP>) motifs, respectively. Only the cleavage product of the third motif of genotype A was observed in furin-deficient LoVo cells, and an inhibitor of furin-like proprotein convertases blocked cleavage of the first and second motifs in human hepatoma cells. In conclusion, our study reveals genotypic differences in HBeAg processing and implicates furin as the major enzyme involved in the cleavage of the first and second RXXR motifs.</P>

Comprehensive Field Measurement of Indoor Air and Thermal Quality in Naturally Ventilated Office Building with Double-Skin Façade

Ito, Kazuhide,Shiraishi, Yasuyuki Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2013 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.2 No.4

Double-Skin Facade (DSF), which is a kind of passive indoor environmental control technique, is effective way to control environmental loads while maintaining the transparency especially in perimeter zone and hence the adoption example of DSF keep increasing recently. The objective of this study was to perform a field survey of air quality environment with natural ventilation through DSF and thermal environment within office building with six stories during a mild climate period in Japan. Moreover, to understand the comprehensive environmental performance of the target building, questionnaire survey was conducted to subjectively evaluate the productivity and satisfaction with the environmental factors in office space. In this field measurement, there was a positive correlation between the DSF internal ventilation flow and the amount of solar radiation on the DSF normal surface; the primary driving force for ventilation in the DSF was considered to be the buoyancy force caused by solar radiation. The results of questionnaire survey with regard to productivity level indicated the need for improvement in the thermal (temperature) and spatial environment (room size and furniture placement).

Runx3 expression in gastrointestinal tract epithelium: resolving the controversy

Ito, K,Inoue, K-i,Bae, S-C,Ito, Y Macmillan Publishers Limited 2009 Oncogene Vol.28 No.10

We reported earlier that RUNX3 is expressed in human and mouse gastrointestinal tract (GIT) epithelium and that it functions as a tumor suppressor in gastric and colorectal tissues. However, there have been conflicting reports describing the absence of Runx3 in GIT epithelial cells. A part of the controversy may be derived from the use of a specific antibody by other groups (referred to as G-poly). Here, we show further evidence to support our earlier observations and provide a possible explanation for this apparent controversy. We generated multiple anti-RUNX3 monoclonal antibodies and found that RUNX3 antibodies recognizing the RUNX3 N-terminal region (residues 1–234) react with RUNX3 in gastric epithelial cells, whereas those recognizing the C-terminal region (beyond residue 234) did not. G-poly primarily recognizes the region beyond 234 and hence, is unable to detect Runx3 in this tissue.Oncogene (2009) 28, 1379–1384; doi:10.1038/onc.2008.496; published online 26 January 2009