戰後世界의 勢力均衡體制 樹立을 爲한 聯合國會議에 關한 硏究 : 東北亞問題에 關係되는 事項을 中心으로 With Special Emphasis on Facts Related to Far East-Asia Affairs

徐仲錫 慶北大學校 平和問題硏究所 1976 평화연구 Vol.1 No.1

The year of 1943 was the decisive year to determine the victor and the loser of the World War Two. In the European war theatre more than 300,000 Nazi soldiers were surrendered to the Red Army of the Soviet Union following a fatal defeat in the battlefield of Stalingrad at the end of January, 1943. Meanwhile, in the Pacific theatre, the Japanese forces were forced to take a general retreat after the defeats in naval and ground encounters of the Guadalcanal campaigns. In the same year the general picture of the war situations in the East and the West was decisively in favor of the Allied forces, pushing the Axis forces into the corner. The favorable war situations made the allied nations to believe that the time had come for them to discuss the post-war settlements and to adjust their respective positions. With this aim, the heads of the victorstates launched a series of direct and personal contacts, which were later described as "Diplomacy by Conferences". Ⅰ. Moscow Four Foreign Ministers' Conference (Oct. 18-30, 1943) : As the prospect of victory of the Allied side was getting brighter, the confliction of interests in the ranks of allied side, which was divided into two, that is, Anglo-American vs. Soviet Union was primarily called to adjust the confliction of interests in the ranks of allied side. The meeting was also served as sort of preparatory meeting for the Three Big Heads Meeting (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin). After the meeting, the discussion at which were devoted to the post-war peace maintenance system, the four foreign ministers issue statement on the punishments of war criminals and the Declaration of General Security. Ⅱ. Cairo Conference (Nov.22-26, 1943) : The Conference called by the initiative of Presidents Roosevelt of the United States was attended by three big heads of the United State, Great Britain and China : Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai Shek. Focal point of issue discussed at the conference was post-war settlements with Japan. The conference adopted and issued the Cairo Declaration which spelled out that : Japan should be stripped off all islands on the Pacific Ocean which it had occupied or pirated since 1914 ; all the territories it had pirated from China should be returned to the Republic of China ; Korea should be given independence and the allied side would continue war against Japan until it unconditionally surrender. Ⅲ. Teheran Conference (Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943) : This conference was attended by three big heads, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, who primarily discussed post-war settlements with Germany and a Roosevelt's plan to establish a world peace organization. that is, the United Nations. At this conference, some of important issues regarding the Far East were also discussed and some decisions were reached. The Big Three agreed and reaffirmed ; a) continued cooperation among three allied nations and determination to continue war efforts; b) guarantee of independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran and c) establishment of the secondary frontline (Overload-Secondary Frant). These agreements were summarized in the from the Iran Declaration. At the Teheran Conference, Stalin particularly promised to Roosevelt the participations of the Soviet Union in the Pacific war after the surrender of Nazi Germany, concerted efforts to persuade Turkey to enter the anti-Axis war and support of Tito-led partisans. Along with the Moscow Conference, the Teheran Conference had an important significance in that it provided for post-war channels of approach among the three big allied nations. (the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union.) and that the United States and Great Britain approved the demands by the Soviet Union for the punishment of war criminals and post-war settlements in Europe. Ⅳ. Yalta Conference (Feb. 4-11, 1945) : This conference was the second and the last meeting of the Three Big Heads, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, since the Teheran Conference. Two months after the Yalta conference. President Roosevelt of the United States suddenly passed away and Prime Minister Churchill of Britain had to leave, though short period it was, from the active political stage following the defeat of his party in the general elections that took place six months after the Yalta Conference. The sudden death of President Roosevelt and absence of Prime Minister Churchill in the active political stage provided Stalin with golden opportunity to willfully and cunningly exploit the post-war confusion and chaos to expand the territory of the Soviet Union which led to building up the largest empire in the world history. The Yalta Conference was the most important one of innumerable conferences in which the leaders of the allied nations got together during the World War Two. The Conference which was almost exclusively devoted to the discussion of post-war settlements with Germany was unique in that it led to create a new "Balance of power" in the post-war period. Moreover, the conditions for the Russian participation in the Pacific war were also decided at the Yalta Conference. It was the so-called Yalta Agreement which spelled out that in exchange for the participation in the Pacific war two or three months after German is surrender, the Soviet Union was assured with : a) the maintenance of the status quo of Outer Mongolia (Mongolian Peoples Republic) ; b) the retrieval of southern Saghalien and adjacent islands to the Soviet Union; c) acknowledgement of Russia's prevailing interests over the port of Talien, internationalization of Talien and recovery of the Russian lease of the Port Arthur naval base; ed) Sino-Russo joint management of the main railroad in eastern Manchuria and e) concession of the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union. However, it was decided at the Yalta Conference that any decisions concerning China should be subjected to the approval of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, which was later translated into an agreement with the Nationalist Chinese government. Besides, the principle of unanimous decision among the big powers was also affirmed at the Yalta Conference. The principle was designed to assure the Soviet Union with right to express its positions, on one hand and to guaranteed both the United States and Great Britain for freedom of actions in the conduct of policies on the other. The experiences of the Legaue of Nations which excluded the Soviet Union made the principle inevitable. As shown in the foregoing, the post-war settlements, reconstructions and the post war peace maintaining system were discussed and decided at various conferences attended by the delegates of the major allied powers. By the time when the inaugural meeting of the United Nations opened at the end of April, 1945 however, the allied nations had already split into two camps of influence, clashing with each other. However, the United States and Great Britain, avoiding direct confrontation with the other side, finally succeeded to make the Soviet Union agree on issuing Potsdam Declaration against Japan in July 26, 1943 after the July meeting in Potsdam, which was attended by Three Bid Heads of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union. The Potsdam meeting reaffirmed the earlier agreement on the tie schedule of Russia's participation in the Pacific war against Japan. But the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union continued to grow. Therefore, the United States' dropping atomic bombs on Japan in August, 1945 in the wake of imminent Russia's participation in the Pacific war may well be described as a strategy stemming from the American political design to bring Japan under its knees before the Russian participation gained wider political implications.

요한공동체의 자기이해

서중석 연세대학교 신과대학 1999 신학논단 Vol.27 No.-

본 소론의 목적은 요한복음서를 산출한 요한공동체의 구성원들이 규정하고 있는 자신들의 기원과 현상태에 관한 자기 이해의 특성을 주로 서막에 집중하여 규명하려는 것이다. 하나님에 의해 세상으로 보내진 예수에 대한 요한의 독특한 묘사의 배후에는 그 묘사에 강력한 영향을 끼친 요한 공동체가 있다. 그 요한 공동체의 실체를 인식하는 것은 요한을 해석하는 데에 필수적이다. 요한의 예수에 대한 묘사와 요한공동체를 밀접히 관련시키려는 주요한 작품 중 하나는 믹스의 것이다. 믹스는 하늘에서 내려온 예수를 요한의 소종파적 성격과 관련시킴으로써 요한 연구를 위한 새로운 관점을 제시했다.

한국형 가상기술시장모형과 발전전략

정상철,서중석 忠南大學校 地域開發硏究所 1998 地域開發論叢 Vol.10 No.-

A Technomart supports and activates the comprehensive technology intercourse, interacting three functions; Cyber Market, Physical Market, and Support System. This study is about the Cyber-Technomart, which is one of foregoing those, at the same time, comprehensive support system that generally projects those in terms of concept, structure, and function. According to this view, it has suggested a normative model and developmental strategy.

Alloy 600 합금의 내부식성 향상을 위한 레이저 표면 합금화

김정수,서정훈,강석중,신진국,국일현 한국레이저가공학회 1999 한국레이저가공학회지 Vol.2 No.1

The surface of Alloy 600 was alloyed using a continuous wave CO₂ laser beam in order to improve its corrosion resistance. Laser surface alloying (LSA) was done by melting the surface electroplated with Cr of the alloy. The Cr concentration of the alloyed surface was 28∼30 at.%, which is similar to that of Alloy 690. Alloying elements in the alloyed layer was observed to be distributed very homogeneously all over the alloyed region. According to the electrochemical and modified Huey tests, the corrosion resistance, in particular the grain boundary corrosion resistance, of the LSA specimens was significantly improved, compared with that of the as-received(AR) specimen. This improved corrosion resistance of the alloyed specimen might be attributed to the high Cr content, which could make possible formation of more stable and dense passive film onto its surface.

사망 진단서(시체 검안서) 작성의 문제점

김규석,임용수,이중의,서길준,윤여규,어은경,염석란,정연권,이윤성 대한응급의학회 2000 대한응급의학회지 Vol.11 No.4

Background: This study was conducted to analyze the current problems in completing death certificates and to identify the correct method for completing death certificates Methods: We reviewed 262 death certificates in three hospitals from March 1 to April 30, 2000, and 119 death certificates in one hospital from March 1 to 31, 2000. We identified major and minor errors and analyzed and compared them retrospectively. Results: A total of 381 death certificates were reviewed: 59 in Seoul National University Hospital,101 in Ewha Woman's University Hospital, and 102 in Gachon Medical College Hospital, which has no education program for completing death certificates in postgraduate training, and 119 in Samsung Medical Center which has an education program for completing death certificates. 358 certificates(94.0%) had at least one error. There were only 23 death certificates(6.0%) without an error. In 182 cases(47.8%), there was one major error. In 321 death certificates(84.3%), there were more than two errors. A comparison of Samsung Medical Center with the other hospitals showed that the number of total errors was statistically different(p=0.001). Conclusion: There were few death certificates without an error in this study. In a hospital which has postgraduate training in completing death certificates, there are fewer errors than in other hospitals which have no training course. Emergency physicians actually certify many deaths, so they must know the correct method of completing death certificates for statistics on morbidity and mortality.

Christ and the Law in Romans 10:4

Suh, Joong-Suk 연세대학교 연합신학대학원 2001 Yonsei journal of theology Vol.6 No.-

The Period Reflected in Galatians 2. 7-9

Suh, Joong-Suk 연세대학교 연합신학대학원 1999 Yonsei journal of theology Vol.4 No.-

A purpose of this paper is to determine the period and situation reflected in Paul's account on the Jerusalem Conference in Galatians 2.7-9. Just what situation is reflected in Paul's writing of 2.7-8, and 2.9? Is the period reflected in vv.7-8 the same as the period at v.9?This is certainly a valid question since the two reveal certain discrepancies. First, vv.7-8 shows a conference situation between Paul and Peter with vv.7-8 seemingly implying an agreement between the two alone. But at v.9, the conference is enlarged to include James, Cephas, and John on one side and Barnabas and Paul on the other as to reflect a group conference. Second, Peter is seen as the representative figure for the circumcised at vv.7-8, but at v.9, his name appears after James in a group of three as to imply James as the head. Third, at vv.7-8, the name "Peter" is used, but at v.9, it is "Cephas." In light of these differences, do the two reflect a same situation, or could they possibly they possibly reveal two difference time periods?

Paul's Gospel in Conflict

Suh, Joong-Suk 연세대학교 신과대학 1996 신학논단 Vol.24 No.-

In 1 Corinthians 15:3.4. Paul introduces his gospel. What is Paul's purpose in revealing such information? This paper seeks to examine Paul's stated position in regard to the twelve apostles. Namely, how did he distinguish himself from them, and where did he place himself in respect to them? In 1 Corinthiand 15:3.4. Paul reveals his gospel. "...that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures, and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures", Concerning this message, Paul reveals that he delivered by oral transmission what he himself "received".

Forfeiture of Glory and the Johannine Community

Suh, Joong-Suk 연세대학교 신과대학 1994 신학논단 Vol.22 No.-

Behind the characteristics of John's portrayal of Jesus who has been sent by God into the world, there is the Johannine community which influence John in a greater degree. The recognition of the existence of the johannine community is indispensable for interpreting John. One of the most prominent works to coherently connect John's description of jesus to the Johannine community is that of Wayne A. Meeks. With publication of Meeks' significant article, "The Man from Heaven in johannine Sectarianism, new perpective of the study on John has announced. Meeks demonstrates in this article that

Justification by Faith in Paul's Letters

Suh, Joong-Suk 연세대학교 신과대학 2002 신학논단 Vol.30 No.-

Contrary to Dunn's position that being "justified" (Gal. 2.16a) is not 'entrance into' but rather limited to 'remaining in' from the position of covenantal nomism, being "justified" cannot be limited to 'remaining in.' The contrast between works of the law and Christ that appears in v.16a also appears in v.16c and in both contrasts, the same verb is used. In the case of v.16c, because the verb cannot be read as being limited to 'remaining in,' it is difficult to argue that in v.16a, the same verb must be understood as being limited to 'remaining in.' Rather in v.16a, 'justified' is best understood in reference to entering into salvation through works of the law and Paul stands in opposition to it. Justification by faith, that one is justified through faith in Christ Jesus, is Paul's theological response to the issue of whether Gentile Christians can be included in the people of God, included as the people of the covenant. This response addresses the issue of the whole of Judaism as well. In his effort to respond affirmatively to this issue, Paul removes the boundary that existed between the Jews and Gentiles and redefines the traditional understanding of 'boasting' about the law as the important traits of being Jewish. It is through this 'zeal' and 'boasting' that a Jew identifies himself as a member of the people of Israel, the ones with privilege, and are the means to maintain that status. From this position, the boasting done by the Jews are not 'boasting about the self', a view held historically by those who maintained an individualistic perspective including Augustine, Luther, Bultmann, Kasemann and others. It is 'boasting about the law.' At the same time Paul is unfolding his doctrine of justification, he attempts to reject the Jewish boasting about the law (Rom. 3.27). The doctrine of justification of Romans 3.28 is given as a basis for removing this boasting. Paul's doctrine of justification emphasized the abolition of the dividing wall between the Jews and Gentiles that was established through the works of the law, and that is now removed through the faith in Christ. This doctrine of justification is not to be understood in an individualistic manner focused on the change to the individual character. Rather it is to be focused on the social dimension, in the restoration of correct human relationships. The doctrine of justification declares as its basis that there is no difference between the two groups, the circumcised and the uncircumcised, the Jews and Greeks (Gentiles). To abolish the wall between the Jews and Gentiles, Paul expands the understanding of Jewish exclusivity. God is also the God of the Gentiles (Rom. 10.12). Here Paul redefines the understanding of the 'people of God.' He contrasts between the 'external' Jew and the 'internal' Jew and between the 'circumcision of the flesh as an external sign' and the 'circumcision of the heart' (Rom. 2.28-29). In this redefinition of the people of God, there are those who are Jews by birth but rejected and there are who are Gentiles but accepted. "Those who were not my people, I will call 'my people'" (Rom. 9.25). Paul states that God will "justify the circumcised on the ground of faith and the uncircumcised through that same faith" (Rom. 3.30). By his statement, Paul reveals that he sought to unify the two groups who shared the common faith into one group, that is salvation by faith.