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Bae, Jee-Hwan,Kwon, Ye-Na,Yang, Cheol-Woong Korean Society of Microscopy 2016 Applied microscopy Vol.46 No.3
Solder/electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) joint sample which is comprised of dissimilar materials with different mechanical properties has limited the level of success in preparing thin samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This short technical note reports the operation parameters for ultramicrotomy of solder joint sample and TEM analysis results. The solder joint sample was successfully sliced to 50~70 nm thick lamellae at slicing speed of 0.8~1.2 mm/s using a boat-type $45^{\circ}$ diamond knife. Ultramicrotomy can be applied as a routine sample preparation technique for TEM analysis of solder joints.
Development of High-Temperature Solders: Contribution of Transmission Electron Microscopy
Bae, Jee-Hwan,Shin, Keesam,Lee, Joon-Hwan,Kim, Mi-Yang,Yang, Cheol-Woong Korean Society of Microscopy 2015 Applied microscopy Vol.45 No.2
This article briefly reviews the results of recently reported research on high-temperature Pb-free solder alloys and the research trend for characterization of the interfacial reaction layer. To improve the product reliability of high-temperature Pb-free solder alloys, thorough research is necessary not only to enhance the alloy properties but also to characterize and understand the interfacial reaction occurring during and after the bonding process. Transmission electron microscopy analysis is expected to play an important role in the development of high-temperature solders by providing accurate and reliable data with a high spatial resolution and facilitating understanding of the interfacial reaction at the solder joint.
FBDTester 2.0: Automated test sequence generation for FBD programs with internal memory states
Song, Jiyoung,Jee, Eunkyoung,Bae, Doo-Hwan Elsevier 2018 Science of computer programming Vol.163 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>As Function Block Diagram (FBD) programs are used to implement safety-critical systems such as nuclear reactor protection systems, it is crucial to generate effective test cases. FBD programs are running on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that execute the programs repeatedly within a particular scan time. Among the elements of FBD programs, function blocks and feedback variables save the inputs or outputs of the previous scan cycle into internal memories. The data stored in the internal memory are used to operate the function blocks of the next scan cycle. Researchers have recently developed an automated test generation technique aiming to satisfy several structural test coverage criteria for FBD programs. Among them, Jee et al.'s approach has an advantage of generating tests from FBD programs without requiring any intermediate models. However, test sequence generation for FBD programs with internal memory states was not fully automated in Jee et al.'s approach. This paper extends Jee et al.'s work by generating test sequences from FBD programs with internal memory states in a fully automated manner. The key technique involves explicitly unwinding FBD programs and solving the test requirements using an SMT solver. We conduct experiments on increasing the coverage of test requirements by unwinding cycles and evaluating the effectiveness of the test set using mutation analysis with several subject programs, including a real-world reactor protection system. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is able to generate effective test sequences for FBD programs. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach, we compared the test sequence generation time required for our approach with those for other approaches. The comparison results show that even excluding the generation time of test models of other approaches, the proposed approach increased the time-efficiency by more than 11 times.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Developing algorithms to generate test sets for Function Block Diagram programs. </LI> <LI> Defining Function Block Conditions for all the standard function blocks. </LI> <LI> Implementing an automated test sequence generation tool using Yices SMT solver. </LI> <LI> Demonstrating improved fault-detection effectiveness and time efficiency. </LI> </UL> </P>
Hwan-Deuk Kim,Hye-Jin Jeon,Min Jang,Seul-Gi Bae,Sung-Ho Yun,Jee-Eun Han,Seung-Joon Kim,Won-Jae Lee 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2022 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.37 No.2
The ovary undergoes substantial physiological changes along with estrus phase to mediate negative/positive feedback to the upstream reproductive tissues and to play a role in producing a fertilizable oocyte in the developing follicles. However, the disorder of estrus cycle in female can lead to diseases, such as cystic ovary which is directly associated with decline of overall reproductive performance. In gene expression studies of ovaries, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay has been widely applied. During this assay, although normalization of target genes against reference genes (RGs) has been indispensably conducted, the expression of RGs is also variable in each experimental condition which can result in false conclusion. Because the understanding for stable RG in porcine ovaries was still limited, we attempted to assess the stability of RGs from the pool of ten commonly used RGs (18S, B2M, PPIA, RPL4, SDHA, ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT1, YWHAZ, and TBP) in the porcine ovaries under different estrus phase (follicular and luteal phase) and cystic condition, using stable RG-finding programs (geNorm, Normfinder, and BestKeeper). The significant (p < 0.01) differences in Ct values of RGs in the porcine ovaries under different conditions were identified. In assessing the stability of RGs, three programs comprehensively agreed that TBP and YWHAZ were suitable RGs to study porcine ovaries under different conditions but ACTB and GAPDH were inappropriate RGs in this experimental condition. We hope that these results contribute to plan the experiment design in the field of reproductive physiology in pigs as reference data.
Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Bcl-2 in Human Gastric Adenomas
( Jee Hyun Park ),( Kyung Hee Kang ),( Se Hwan Kim ),( Jong Hyup Lee ),( Chang Min Cho ),( Young Oh Kweon ),( Sung Kook Kim ),( Yong Hwan Choi ),( Han Ik Bae ),( Mi Sung Kim ) 대한내과학회 2005 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.20 No.3
Background: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis. An increased expression has been implicated in the development and progression of human gastric cancers and colorectal adenomas and cancers. This study aimed to determine the involvement and association of COX-2 and Bcl-2 in precancerous gastric adenomas. Methods: Seventy-nine gastric polyps were obtained by endoscopic mucosal resection or polypectomy from January, 2000 to July, 2003. Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and Bcl-2 was observed, and their relationships with various clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Results: Histologically, 13 hyperplastic polyps and 66 tubular adenomas, of which 17 showed high-grade dysplasia, were observed. Increased COX-2 expression was observed in low-grade and high-grade tubular adenomas compared to hyperplastic polyps (p=0.004 and p=0.001, respectively). COX-2 expression was significantly higher in larger (>1 cm) compared with smaller (≤1 cm) tubular adenomas (p=0.034), but no relation was observed in hyperplastic polyps. While Bcl-2 expression differed significantly according to histology, increased Bcl-2 expression was observed especially in COX-2 positive low-grade tubular adenomas. Conclusion: COX-2 expression increased in a size-dependent manner in tubular adenomas, suggesting a role in polyp growth. The increased expression of Bcl-2 in tubular adenomas, especially in COX-2 positive tubular adenomas, suggests that COX-2 action may be related to Bcl-2 expression.
Bae, Jee‐,Hwan,Kang, Han‐,Byul,Ryu, Jiho,Yang, Cheol‐,Woong John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2012 Surface and interface analysis Vol.44 No.11
<P>This study examined the ternary Ni<SUB>2</SUB>SnP layer in Sn‐3.5Ag/EN‐P solder joints by using <I>in situ</I> transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM analyses confirmed that Sn from the solder diffused into the P‐rich Ni layer through the ternary Ni‐Sn‐P layer. However, Ni was neither detected in the solder region nor formed an additional Ni<SUB>3</SUB>Sn<SUB>4</SUB> IMC layer at the interface between the solder and the ternary layer during the <I>in situ</I> annealing in the TEM. This suggests that the ternary Ni‐Sn‐P layer acts as a diffusion barrier to Ni during the aging process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>