Les notions de vieillissement et de vieillesse dans la littérature contemporaine, première approche : Simone de Beauvoir

Jean?Charles Jambon 프랑스문화예술학회 2010 프랑스문화예술연구 Vol.33 No.-

프라이 왁스먼은 성장소설 혹은 교양소설Bildungsroman에 대립되는 성숙소설Reigfunsroman 이라는 새로운 장르를 제안했다. 영미의 페미니스트들과 더불어 왁스먼은 시몬 드 보부아르를 여성의 나이듦과 노년에 대한 연구에 있어 선구자로 간주한다. 영미와 캐나다의 몇몇 소설가들은 보부아르가 여성의 노년에 대해 자신의 작품에서 제기했던 문제에 대해 나름으로 답하고 있다. 사실, 인생의 각 시기에 마주치게 되는 문제에 관심을 가진 사람에게 보부아르의 저서 『노년』은 중요한 준거이다. 『노년』과 늙음의 관계는 『제2의 성』이 프랑스와 미국에서(미국에 미친 영향이 더 지대 했음은 주지의 사실이다) 페미니즘의 발전에 대해 가졌던 관계와 동일하다. 본 연구에서 우리는 자서전으로 간주되는 보부아르의 작품을 중심으로 인생의 각 시기에 대한 문제제기가 어떻게 전개되는지 살펴보았다. 보부아르가 오랫동안 노년을 혐오했다는 사실은 널리 알려져 있다. 늙음에 대한 이러한 공포와 거부는 실존주의 철학에 닻을 내리고 있는 죽음에 대한 그녀의 관계를 분석할 때 어렵지 않게 설명된다. 사르트르의 철학에 있어 그리고 보부아르에게 있어 주목해야 할 것은 죽음의 부조리성이다. 죽음은 전적으로 외부로부터 오는 어떤 사실, 추문이다. 오랫동안 보부아르의 사유에서 늙음과 죽음은 서로 분리되지 않았다. 이후 그녀의 생각은 서서히 성숙되어, 사르트르가 병으로 생명이 위협받게 되었을 때 그녀는 죽음이 단지 형이상학적인 추문일 뿐만 아니라 《동맥의 한 특징》이며, 무(無)일 뿐만 아니라 어떤 내밀한 현존이라는 생각을 하게 된다. 모친 사망 후 그녀는 『아주 달콤한 어떤 죽음』이라는 주목할만한 작품을 출판한다. 이 작품은 그녀가 죽음뿐만 아니라 늙음에 대해 다르게 보기 시작했음을 보여준다.

L’AMELIORATION DE LA LEGISLATION ET DE LA REGLEMENTATION

Jean‐,Marie Pontier 경희법학연구소 2008 경희법학 Vol.43 No.3

Jean Piaget에 있어서 논리의 근원 : 행동 Action

문장수 영남철학회 1996 哲學論叢 Vol.12 No.-

조선조 연시조의 발전과 수용 양상

김상진(Kim, Sang-Jean) 한국시조학회 2014 시조학논총 Vol.40 No.-

조선조 연시조는 四時歌, 五倫歌, 六歌 등의 유형으로 발전하며 각각의 계열을 형성하게 된다. 이렇듯 일련의 시조가 계열을 형성한다는 것은 그들 간에 영향관계가 있음을 의미한다. 본고는 이 가운데서 대표격이라 할 수 있는 육가계 연시조가 시대에 따라 어떻게 변모하고 있는가를 고찰하기로 한다. 이를 위해 육가의 성격에 대하여 먼저 규명하였다. 사시가와 오륜가가 그 명칭에서부터 작품의 성격을 의미하는 것과는 달리 육가는 그렇지 못하다. 더욱이 최초의 작품인 李鼈의 〈藏六堂六歌〉와 최고의 작품으로 꼽히는 退溪의 〈陶山十二曲〉이 〈장육당육가〉를 비판, 수용함으로써 육가의 성격을 모호하게 한다. 이에 본고에서는 兩者를 아우르는 육가의 성격을 ‘處의 공간에서 물러난 시기에 부르는 노래’로 정의하였다. 본격적인 논의에서는 〈도산십이곡〉을 중심으로 논의를 진행하였다. 왜냐하면 이후의 작품들이, 〈도산십이곡〉이 표방하는 溫柔敦厚의 정신과 형식을 본받아 작품을 창작하면서 〈도산십이곡〉이 육가계 연시조의 대표작이 되었기 때문이다. 즉 〈도산십이곡〉이 취하고 있는 육가의 형식과 온유돈후의 정신이 16세기말에서부터 18세기에 창작된 육가계 시조에 어떻게 수용되고 있느냐의 문제이다. 〈도산십이곡〉은 세 가지 유형으로 수용된다. 첫째는 긍정적 수용 양상이다. 이들은 〈도산십이곡〉과 근접한 시기에 창작된 것으로, 그것의 정신과 내용 모두 〈도산십이곡〉을 효방한다. 둘째는 變容的 수용 양상으로, 17세기적 상황을 반영한다. 이것은 기본적으로는 〈도산십이곡〉에 근접하고자 하였지만 작가의 의식세계나 그가 처한 상황에 따라 적절하게 변화시켜 수용한 경우이다. 셋째는 18세기에 창작된 작품에서 볼 수 있는 異形的 수용 양상이다. 이 시기의 작품들은 전반적인 맥락에서 본다면 〈도산십이곡〉이 지향하는 틀을 수용하지만, 그 구체적인 면모는 그와 다르거나 오히려 상반되게 수용하고 있는 경우이다. 이상과 같이 육가계 연시조를 통시적으로 조망함으로써, 낱낱의 작품만을 봤을때 놓치게 되는 작품들 간의 ‘관계’에 주목하고자 하였다. 요컨대 이들 작품이 모두 유기성을 지닌 연시조라는 사실을 간과하지 않았다. 그럼으로써 총체적으로는 작품의 실체에 근접하고자 하였다. Joseon Yeonsijo is a type of development such as Sasiga (四時歌), Oryunga (五倫歌), Yukga (六歌). And each line was formed. This means that the relationship between the effect of the same lines. In this paper, Yukga-line Yeonsijo is the target. Because, this is among the Yeonsijo. In order to do this, first identify the nature of the Yukga. The name alone Yukga does not know character of work. This is different from Sasiga and Oryunga. And, the first work is Li-Byeol(李鼈)’s 〈Jangyukdanoyukga (藏六堂六歌)〉 and The best works Toegye(退溪)’s 〈Dosansibigok (陶山十二曲) character is different. Therefore, the character of Yukga is ambiguous. Thus, in this paper, stipulates as follows that ‘Yukga is singing in the space of retreat’. In a real discussion, specifically focuses on Toegye’s 〈Dosansibigok〉. Becau se, later creative works is 〈Dosansibigok〉 was seen. In other words, 〈Dosansibigok〉’s the spirit of Onyudonhu (溫柔敦厚) and form. So 〈Dosansibigok〉 was the representative of the Yeonsijo. 〈Dosansibigok〉 to accommodate the three types of patterns. First, it is a acceptance of positive. This is creative the closest period from 〈Dosansibigok〉. So were imitated all spirit and form. Second is the acceptability of transformation. This reflects the situation in the 17th century. This is essentially a 〈Dosansibigok〉 attempt seen. However, the situation was because of transformation. Third is, it can see the 18th century. It is the acceptability of allogeneric. There are the overall context of generally oriented to 〈Dosansibigok〉. However, looking specifically to it is different, or the opposite. So, this paper was diachronic study as a Yukga-line Yeonsijo. In doing so, pay attention to the ‘relationship’ between the works. In addition, it is important that this work is Yunsijo in accordance with the organic. In short, the study was close to the reality of work.

韓國言語의 合成과 分析에 관하여 : A Consideration for Digital Signal Processing of Speech Recognition 音聲信號 認識을 爲한 디지탈信號 處理에 對한 考察

陳庸玉 光云大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

This paper presents a consideration for digital signal processing method of Korean speech recognition. First, the concepts of digital signal processing techniques are introduced, then we are discussed several speech recognition methods, especially, LPC (linear pridicted cofficients), ZCR (zero crossing rate), dynamic time warping algorithm etc. For voice/unvoice detection, ZCR algorithm are appropriated, then, for the formant frequency dicision, LPC method are very powerful and precisely. Resultly, we know that a few parameter for speech recognition are required, also necissitated for newly simple speech recognition algorithm, lastly, we are acknowoledged a necissity of very high speed microprocessor, as like ECL bit slice.

성패귀인의 성차에 대한 연구

정진경, 류윤상, 최현주 忠北大學校 學生生活硏究所 1994 學生生活硏究 Vol.19 No.1

본문참고

Vertical Drain 지반의 개량효과에 관한 연구

이진수,김병익 東新大學校 工業技術硏究所 1999 工業技術硏究 Vol.5 No.-

It is recognized that many effects rely on the current improvement methods of sand drain, plastic board drain and pack drain, otherwise known as vertical drain methods, form the various stabilization methods when construction takes place on a large area of soft ground. From this point of view, this study attempts to make a comparative analysis of the change in various soil parameters prior to and after the improvement of these methods, showing the effects of the method improvement, and its applications, including the correlation between the soil parameters. The analysis is based on the results of tests and measurements of sites where various vertical drain methods were actually installed in Korea, including the sand drain method (used by the Kwangyang Iron Mill construction site) and the plastic board drain method (used by the Daebul Industrial Complex construction site, and the Kwangyang Container Wharf construction site). As the results, It was found that when regular banking was used together with a vertical drain method, the improvement degree of soft clay ground was predictable when the water content was within 20%, the in void ratio was 1.0, and when the unit weight was 1.8 t/m³, the undrained shear strength was 6 t/ m².

大學生 適應生活檢査變因과 MMPI 變因과의 相關硏究 : 大學生의 性格的인 問題에 관련된 變因의 探索을 위한 基礎硏究

朴鎭玹,金武吉,申東魯 全北大學校 學生生活硏究所 1985 學生生活硏究 Vol.13 No.-

This study was intended to examine the problmeatic trends in personality among college students by analysing their MMPI scales, and to relate the MMPI scales to several groups of variables related to their life-adjustment(e.g. their life-environment conditions, their general personality traits, and their awareness of problem) to find out the variables which might determine their personality symptoms. This study is carried out by analysing the data collected from a number of psychological tests and questionares, which the Giuidance and Counseling Center of Chon-buk-National University presented to the freshman of the university during the period of orientation, and from MMPI which was administered to them after two years. The tests and questionaires include : 1) The questionaire of Life Environment : This was specifically designed to measure student's home environmental variables, such as the place of growing-up, parental absences, father's education, home economic status, cultural facilities, birth order, harmonious relationship within family and parent's method of rearing up, and his individual traits and living conditions such as sex, number of college-entrance exam, religion, perception of health standards, preference for departments, friendship with opposite sex, perspects and a major. 2) Personality Inventories : The Personality Inventory, developed by Chung Won-sik and Kim Ho-kwon, measured validity, sociability (family), sociability(friend), conformity, adaptability, mood, emotional stability and leadership. In addition to the inventory, irrational thinking, negative thinking, aggressiveness and neurotic behaviors were measured to complete the variables of personality traits. 3) Student-life Adjustment scale : This scale measured the student's awareness of problem on 11 variables, such as physical health, personality, home, academic achievement, friend, recreation, sex, marriage, career planning and values. 4) MMPI : the MMPI(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), developed by Hathaway and McKinley, provided scores on 10 "clinical scales", which included Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic deviate, Masculinity-femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania and Social introversion, and 4 "validity scales" which measured Cannot say score, Lie score, Validity score and Correction score. The study made various statistical analysis such as follows : 1) A series of one-tailed t tests for each of the MMPI subscales to find out the signifiant differences in personality traits between male group and female one. 2) χ^2 tests for each of 10 clinical scales of MMPI to find out the significant defferences in the number of personality disorders (T≥70) between sampling group and standardized one. 3) Simple and canonical correlation analysis of the 10 clinical scales of MMPI in relation to the life-environmental variables, 13 general personality traits, and 11 awareness-of-problem variables respectively. This study was shown the following facts : 1) Based on M and SD for each of the MMPI subscales, we could find that the sampling group was similar to the standardized, supported more by χ^2 tests for clinical scales in particular except for Hysteria and Hypomania, and that females were significantly higher than males in Histeria with neurotic personality, where as males were significantly higher than females in Schizophrenia with mental disorders, supported by t ratios for each of the MMPI subscales in particular. 2) Students' general personality traits and their MMPI scales were related on five independent dimensions : the first related sociability(friend) to Social introversion ; the second related adaptability, sociability(friend) and leadership to Hysteria, Paranoia and Hypomania ; the third related mood, emotional stability, sociability(friend) and adaptability to Hysteria and Depression but Schizophrenia ; the fourth related adaptability, conformity and mood to Psychopathic deviate without Hypochondriasis or Schizophrenia ; and finally the last related adaptability, nonagressive conformity and negative thinking to Hypochondriasis, Psychopathic deviate and Psychasthenia. 3) Students' life environmental factors and their MMPI scales were related on two independent dimensions : the first related perception of health standards and birth order, for female in particular, to Hysteria, Depression and Hypomania ; and the second related sex(male), major(humanities), non-urban residence, parent's method of rearing up, religion(Buddism), friendship with opposite sex and helpless perspects to Psychasthenia and schizophrenia. 4) No canonical variate were found which might relate students' awareness―of―problem to their MMPI scales significantly. Therefore, it was difficult to find out a constructive relationship between two sets. Finally, this study was an exploratory one rather than testing a specific hypothesis. Therefore, it should be asked for succeeding studies with more sophisticated hypothesis in this way. The facts, which have been found in the study, will be useful for those who want to test more sophiscated hypothesis of the relations in student's problem in personality.

일부지역의 구급차 안전사고에 영향을 주는 요인 분석 : focus on Gwangju Metropolitan City

조진만,오용교,김정현 한국응급구조학회 2002 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.6 No.1

This is a study to evaluate the effects of the safety of ambulance driving and the occurrence of ambulance traffic accidents and to provide basic information for the description of various factors to reduce the ambulance traffic accidents. The major instruments of this study were Korean Self-Analysis Driver Opinionnaire. Questionnaire contains 8 items which measure driver's opinions or attitudees: driving courtesy, emotion, traffic law, speed, vehicle condition, the use of drugs, high-risk behavior, human factor. To take the analysis of data, the total of 187 drivers were investigated ambulance drivers in Gwangju Metropolitan City from 2002. 1. September to 2002. 20. September. The data were analyzed by the path analysis SPSS program. The result are as follows : 1. There was desirable attitude group(58.4%) and undesirable attitude group(41.7%) on safety ambulance driving. 2. It have suggested that risk factors of ambulance traffic accident much affected with emotion and speed control on safety ambulance driving(Y(Accident) = -2.00 + 0.6 X1(Emotion Control) + 0.4 X₂ (Speed control) + E). 3. Almost 92.1% of respondents have agreed to necessity of emergency medical technics for ambulance drivers.

의상디자인 교육용 하이퍼미디어 코스웨어 개발연구

조진숙,한명숙 복식문화학회 2000 服飾文化硏究 Vol.8 No.5

This paper focuses on the development of a fashion design educational program that will faster the talent and aesthetic consciousness of fashion design students. The goal of progressive educational methods with cutting edge technology is to elevate educational efficiency, and ultimately rear creative designers. To fulfill its objective, this paper presents a courseware program on fashion design education utilizing hyper media that include animation, photographs, pictures, sounds and characters. By the utilization of such comprehensive source of information media, a hypermedia courseware was developed fur elementary education in fashion design with the following conclusions: 1.The program enables the students to customize their fashion design education, The students of fashion design education programs are able to choose and adjust their own programs to suit their requirements and intellectual level. 2.The program effectively motivates. Much like a constant sequence of various images on a screen that can provoke profound heart-felt emotions and inspire creativity, the program can stimulate and motivate the students. 3.The program provides a consistent education. To advance the overall quality of fashion design education, the problem of dissonance in educational content should be resolved and possible individual errors in delivery rectified. The present program will solve such problems, and establish coherent standards that will withstand the test of time regardless of time or place. 4.The program is cost effective. Since the present program frees the teacher from the time consuming drudgery of preparing various texts and lesson plans, have the materials delivered and handled, it reduces the time and cost previously required. 5.The program has the capability to be upgraded. The accumulated know-how of teachers and the total experience of the program can be linked with other programs for limitless expansion.