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Spine, Wockhardt Hospital, Mumbai, India
James R. Daniell,Orso L. Osti 대한척추외과학회 2018 Asian Spine Journal Vol.12 No.2
Postsurgical spine syndrome is becoming an increasingly common challenge for clinicians who deal with spinal disorders owing to the expanding indications for spinal surgery and the aging world population. A multidisciplinary approach is most appropriate for patients who are unlikely to benefit from further formal surgical intervention. Anticonvulsant medications are effective in managing neuropathic pain after surgery, whereas opioids are rarely beneficial. Neuromodulation via a surgically implanted dorsal column neurostimulator is gaining popularity owing to its substantial superiority over conventional medical management and/or further surgical intervention. However, considering that prevention is always better than cure, spinal surgeons need to be well aware of the many poor prognostic indicators for spinal surgery, particularly psychosocial overlay.
The <i>Ink4a/Arf</i> Locus Is a Barrier to Direct Neuronal Transdifferentiation
Price, James D.,Park, Ki-Youb,Chen, Jiadong,Salinas, Ryan D.,Cho, Mathew J.,Kriegstein, Arnold R.,Lim, Daniel A. Society for Neuroscience 2014 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.34 No.37
<P>Non-neurogenic cell types, such as cortical astroglia and fibroblasts, can be directly converted into neurons by the overexpression of defined transcription factors. Normally, the cellular phenotype of such differentiated cells is remarkably stable and resists direct cell transdifferentiation. Here we show that the <I>Ink4a/Arf</I> (also known as <I>Cdkn2a</I>) locus is a developmental barrier to direct neuronal transdifferentiation induced by transcription factor overexpression. With serial passage <I>in vitro</I>, wild-type postnatal cortical astroglia become progressively resistant to <I>Dlx2</I>-induced neuronal transdifferentiation. In contrast, the neurogenic competence of <I>Ink4a/Arf</I>-deficient astroglia is both greatly increased and does not diminish through serial cell culture passage. Electrophysiological analysis further demonstrates the neuronal identity of cells induced from <I>Ink4a/Arf-</I>null astroglia, and short hairpin RNA-mediated acute knockdown of p16Ink4a and p19Arf p16<SUP>Ink4a</SUP> and p19<SUP>Arf</SUP> indicates that these gene products function postnatally as a barrier to cellular transdifferentiation. Finally, we found that mouse fibroblasts deficient for <I>Ink4a/Arf</I> also exhibit greatly enhanced transcription factor-induced neuronal induction. These data indicate that <I>Ink4a/Arf</I> is a potent barrier to direct neuronal transdifferentiation and further suggest that this locus functions normally in the progressive developmental restriction of postnatal astrocytes.</P>
Cosmological constraints from the SDSS luminous red galaxies
Tegmark, Max,Eisenstein, Daniel J.,Strauss, Michael A.,Weinberg, David H.,Blanton, Michael R.,Frieman, Joshua A.,Fukugita, Masataka,Gunn, James E.,Hamilton, Andrew J. S.,Knapp, Gillian R.,Nichol, Robe American Physical Society 2006 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.74 No.12
A novel CHD7 mutation in an adolescent presenting with growth and pubertal delay
Maria-Christina Antoniou,Thérèse Bouthors,Cheng Xu,Franziska Phan-Hug,Eglantine Elowe-Gruau,Sophie Stoppa-Vaucher,Almer van der Sloot,James Acierno,Daniele Cassatella,Celine Richard,Andrew Dwyer,Nelly 대한소아내분비학회 2019 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.24 No.1
Mutations in the CHD7 gene, encoding for the chromodomain helicase DNAbinding protein 7, are found in approximately 60% of individuals with CHARGE syndrome (coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear abnormalities and/or hearing loss). Herein, we present a clinical case of a 14-year-old male presenting for evaluation of poor growth and pubertal delay highlighting the diagnostic challenges of CHARGE syndrome. The patient was born full term and underwent surgery at 5 days of life for bilateral choanal atresia. Developmental milestones were normally achieved. At age 14 his height and weight were -2.04 and -1.74 standard deviation score respectively. He had anosmia as well as prepubertal testes and micropenis (4 cm×1 cm). The biological profile showed low basal serum testosterone and gonadotropins (testosterone, 0.2 nmol/L; luteinizing hormone, 0.5 U/L; follicle-stimulating hormone, 1.3 U/L), and otherwise normal pituitary function and normal imaging of the hypothalamic-pituitary area. The constellation of choanal atresia, anosmia, mild dysmorphic features, micropenis and delayed puberty were suggestive of CHARGE syndrome. Targeted genetic testing of CHD7 was performed revealing a de novo heterozygous CHD7 mutation (c.4234T>G [p.Tyr1412Asp]). Further paraclinical investigations confirmed CHARGE syndrome. Despite the presence of suggestive features, CHARGE syndrome remained undiagnosed in this patient until adolescence. Genetic testing helps clarify the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum to facilitate diagnosis, thus promoting optimal follow-up, treatment, and appropriate genetic counselling.
Bramble, Jonathan P.,Tate, Daniel J.,Revill, Derek J.,Sheikh, Khizar H.,Henderson, James R.,Liu, Feng,Zeng, Xiangbing,Ungar, Goran,Bushby, Richard J.,Evans, Stephen D. WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.20 No.6
<P><B>Abstract</B></P>10.1002/adfm.200902140.abs<P>A novel method of creating planar aligned columnar discotic liquid crystals (cDLCs) on surfaces, which also gives control over the azimuthal angle, is presented. Surfaces are chemically patterned with stripes via microcontact printing of organothiol self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold, or via deep UV patterning of organosilane SAMs on silicon. These are then used to isolate long droplets of cDLCs by dewetting in the isotropic phase. Upon cooling from the isotropic into the hexagonal columnar phase, polarizing microscopy reveals that the cDLC aligns in a planar orientation. Results for three triphenylene derivatives (HAT‐6, HHTT, H7T) and for a phthalocyanine derivative (8H<SUB>2</SUB>Pc) are presented. H7T and HAT‐6 are found to align with the director perpendicular to the stripe direction, but HHTT and 8H<SUB>2</SUB>Pc align parallel to the stripe direction. This relatively simple new method for creating planar aligned columnar phases of DLCs gives control over the azimuthal angle: a condition required for organic field‐effect transistor applications of cDLCs.</P>
Yu, Iris K.M.,Tsang, Daniel C.W.,Chen, Season S.,Wang, Lei,Hunt, Andrew J.,Sherwood, James,De Oliveira Vigier, Karine,Jé,rô,me, Franç,ois,Ok, Yong Sik,Poon, Chi Sun Elsevier 2017 Bioresource technology Vol.245 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Valorisation of bread waste for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) synthesis was examined in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-, tetrahydrofuran (THF)-, acetonitrile (ACN)-, and acetone-water (1:1v/v), under heating at 140°C with SnCl<SUB>4</SUB> as the catalyst. The overall rate of the process was the fastest in ACN/H<SUB>2</SUB>O and acetone/H<SUB>2</SUB>O, followed by DMSO/H<SUB>2</SUB>O and THF/H<SUB>2</SUB>O due to the rate-limiting glucose isomerisation. However, the formation of levulinic acid (via rehydration) and humins (via polymerisation) was more significant in ACN/H<SUB>2</SUB>O and acetone/H<SUB>2</SUB>O. The constant HMF maxima (26–27mol%) in ACN/H<SUB>2</SUB>O, acetone/H<SUB>2</SUB>O, and DMSO/H<SUB>2</SUB>O indicated that the rates of desirable reactions (starch hydrolysis, glucose isomerisation, and fructose dehydration) relative to undesirable pathways (HMF rehydration and polymerisation) were comparable among these mediums. They also demonstrated higher selectivity towards HMF production over the side reactions than THF/H<SUB>2</SUB>O. This study differentiated the effects of polar aprotic solvent-water mediums on simultaneous pathways during biomass conversion.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bread waste was valorised for the synthesis of HMF, with yields of 26–27mol%. </LI> <LI> Fastest HMF production took place in ACN/H<SUB>2</SUB>O and acetonitrile/H<SUB>2</SUB>O systems. </LI> <LI> Slow glucose isomerization hindered HMF formation in DMSO/H<SUB>2</SUB>O and THF/H<SUB>2</SUB>O. </LI> <LI> Similar HMF selectivity was achieved in ACN/H<SUB>2</SUB>O, acetonitrile/H<SUB>2</SUB>O, and DMSO/H<SUB>2</SUB>O. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>