Aquatic Ecological Health and Characteristics of Chironomids Outflow Accidents in Tap Water

Ihn-Sil Kwak(곽인실) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5

In 2020, the chironomids larvae spill from activated carbon at a water purification plant occurred. The Chironomus(Diptera: Chironomidae) is a freshwater benthic invertebrate that is an dominant organism used for environmental pollution and water quality monitoring. In this study, we performed morphological classification and genetic species identification using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene on mitochondrial DNA for an accurate species classification of Chironomus larvae found in tap water purification plants in species, including twelve Chironomus kiiensis, six Chironomus flaviplumus, one Chironomus dorsalis, and one Polypedilum yongsanensis (not included Genus Chironomus) in Incheon. mentum, the mandible, the antenna, and the claw. Based on the COI sequences of 21 individuals of 17 Chironomus species registered in NCBI Genbank, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 20 individuals investigated in this study consist of the same clade with corresponding species of the high homology (99~100%) including C. kiiensis, C. flaviplumus, C. dorsalis, and P. yongsanensis. These results will be used as main classification indicator for monitoring freshwater ecosystems by providing integrated morphological and genetic information for the species identification of Korean Chironomus.

자연적인 기온과 강수량 증가로 인한 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집 구성의 변화

홍철,김원석,곽인실,Hong, Cheol,Kim, Won-Seok,Kwak, Ihn-Sil 한국하천호수학회 2017 생태와 환경 Vol.50 No.3

기온과 강수량의 변화에 따른 저서성 대형무척추동물 우점종의 변화를 알아보기 위하여, 섬진강 본류 20지점을 대상으로 2013년과 2014년 5월과 9월 년 2회씩 총 4회에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 서식환경에 중요한 요인으로 작용하는 기온, 강수량, 수질요인과 하상 구성을 수집하고 측정하였다. 섬진강의 평균기온은 2013년에 비해 2014년 $0.2^{\circ}C$증가하였고, 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 기온이 증가하는 양상이 뚜렷하여 $3^{\circ}C$ 이상의 차이를 보였다. 또한 연 누적강수량 (ACP)도 저위도로 갈수록 증가되었다. 섬진강은 강우 전 5월 ($7.6{\sim}11.3^{\circ}C$)에 비하여 강우 후 9월($21.7{\sim}24.5^{\circ}C$)에 기온이 2배 이상 높아지며, CP는 강우 전(263 mm~287.5 mm)과 강우 후(756.3 mm~882 mm)에 약 3배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 여름철 집중 강우로 인한 유실효과로, 개체수와 종 수는 5월이 9월보다 높았다. 5월은 깔따구류와 세갈래하루살이, 9월은 네점하루살이, 큰줄날도래, 세갈래하루살이가 우점을 차지하였다. 생물지수와 환경요인 간의 상관성 분석 결과, 하상 구성 중 호박돌 및 모래와 높은 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 섬진강의 기온과 CP, 우점종 출현과의 집괴분석한 결과 강수량과 기온에 따라 2그룹으로 크게 나뉘었으며, 우점종과 지리적인 위치가 반영되어 세부적인 그룹으로 나뉘어짐을 파악하였다. To investigate the changes of dominant species of benthic macroinvertebrates according to the changes of temperature and precipitation, we surveyed twenty sites of the main Seomjin River in May and September in 2013 and 2014. The temperature, precipitation, water quality factors and substrate composition, which are important factors in benthos habitat environment, were collected and measured. The average temperature of the Seomjin River increased by $0.2^{\circ}C$ in 2014 compared to 2013, and the temperature increased from upstream to downstream, showing a difference of more than $3^{\circ}C$. Also, the annual cumulative precipitation (ACP) was increased toward low latitude. The temperature of Seomjin River increased more than twice in September ($21.7{\sim}24.5^{\circ}C$) after rainfall compared to May ($7.6{\sim}11.3^{\circ}C$) before rainfall, and CP (cumulative precipitation) increased about 3 times before rainfall (263 mm~287.5 mm) and after rainfall (756.3 mm~882 mm). Due to washing effect by summer precipitation, total number of species and individuals for benthic macroinvertebrates were higher in May than in September. Chironomidae sp. and Choroterpes altioculus were dominated in May, Ecdyonurus levis, Macrostemum radiatum and Choroterpes altioculus were dominated in September. As a result of correlation analysis between community indices and environment factors, it was found that there is a high correlation with boulder and sand among substrate compositions. According to the results of cluster analysis based on temperature, CP and the dominant species of benthic macroinvertebrates in Seomjin River, it was divided into two groups following temperature and CP, and the dominant species and geographical position were reflected and divided into detailed groups.

군화분석을 활용한 담수 퇴적물 내 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집특성 연구

송재하 ( Jea-ha Song ),곽인실 ( Ihn-sil Kwak ),이종현 ( Jong-hyeon Lee ),공동수 ( Dong-soo Kong ) 한국물환경학회 2023 공동춘계 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2023 No.0

퇴적생태계 내 저서성 대형무척추동물 생물군의 출현특성

송재하 ( Jea-ha Song ),곽인실 ( Ihn-sil Kwak ),이종현 ( Jong-hyeon Lee ),공동수 ( Dong-soo Kong ) 한국물환경학회 2024 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2024 No.-

Cell death response induced by heat stress and heavy metal (Pb) exposure during zebrafish embryogenesis

Kiyun Park(박기연),Ihn-Sil Kwak(곽인실) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.10

오존(O₃) 노출에 의한 조각깔따구(Glyptotendipes tokunagai)의 체색 변화 및 heat shock protein 70 발현 변화

김원석,최보형,김문경,채선하,곽인실,Kim, Won-Seok,Choi, Bohyung,Kim, Moon-Kyung,Chae, Seon Ha,Kwak, Ihn-Sil 한국하천호수학회 2020 생태와 환경 Vol.53 No.4

오존은 수돗물 정수장에서 이용되는 소독 물질로 미세오염 물질들을 비롯해서 박테리아나 병원성 미생물체를 효과적으로 제거하는 것으로 많은 연구가 보고되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 실내 사육 중인 붉은 체색을 지닌 Glyptotendipes tokunagai를 대상으로 서로 다른 농도의 오존 노출에 따른 영향을 파악하기 위해 치사율, 체색 변화와 heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) 유전자 발현을 측정하였다. 오존에 노출된 G. tokunagai에서 농도-시간 의존적으로 치사율 증가가 관찰되었다. 또한 체색 변화는 오존 농도에 따라 붉은색의 체색이 체절마다 엷어지며 탈색되고 경직되는 현상이 보였다. HSP70 유전자 발현은 저농도인 0.2~0.5 ppm에서 노출 10분과 20분에 유의한 수준으로 높게 나타났으나(P<0.05), 30분 노출 후에는 발현량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 생리적으로 저산소층에 대해 적응능력이 뛰어난 깔따구 경우에도 오존은 매우 강력한 치사 효과를 유발하여 30분 노출 후 경직과 헤모글로빈 파괴로 인한 탈색이 유발되는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서 본 결과는 수돗물 정수장에서 병원성 미생물을 제거하는 데 사용되는 오존이 수생물에 주는 영향성을 파악하는 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Ozone (O₃) is a general disinfectant to remove micro-pollutants in water treatment system. Previous studies have reported effect of ozone to bacteria and pathogens removal, but its effect to the relatively large organisms has little known. In this study, we investigated potential effects of ozone toxicity to the non-bite midge larvae (Glyptotendipes tokunagai) with accumulate mortality, coloration change and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). The accumulate mortality rate of G. tokunagai increased in a dose-time dependent manner and the highest mortality rate was observed to 75% at 30 minute of exposure duration with 2.0 ppm of ozone concentration. Exposure to ozone was a factor increasing body color of the larvae. The tendency of HSP70 mRNA expression showed up-regulation in ozone exposure at 20 minute. After that time, the expression of HSP70 in exposed group decreased to a similar level of control group. Our results clearly showed that ozone toxicity affects physical and molecular activity of G. tokunagai, implying the potential hazardous of ozone in the aquatic ecosystem including macroinvertebrates.

국내 담수어류 45종의 먹이원 분석(문헌자료 분석을 중심으로)

지창우,이대성,이다영,곽인실,박영석,Ji, Chang Woo,Lee, Dae-Seong,Lee, Da-Yeong,Kwak, Ihn-Sil,Park, Young-Seuk 한국하천호수학회 2020 생태와 환경 Vol.53 No.4

We analyzed food sources of 45 fish species in 28 genera of 12 families based on literature data in freshwater ecosystems of South Korea. The food sources of 45 fish species included in a total of 26 phyla, 42 classes, 94 orders, 189 families and 294 genera. Among them, animal food sources were 16 phyla, 24 classes, 54 orders, 126 families and 212 genera, whereas plant food sources were relatively small with 10 phyla, 18 classes, 42 orders, 63 families and 82 genera. The animal food sources were classified into Arthropod, Insecta, Diptera and Chironomidae according to taxa. Meanwhile, Bacillariophyta, Bacillariophyceae, Cymbellales and Cymbellaceae were the most abundant among the plant sources. Self-Organized Map (SOM) and network analysis were conducted the food sources were classified into taxonomic groups and the feeding types of fish : 45 fish species were divided into five groups, characterizing 1) fishvores, 2) invertebratevores, planktivores including 3) zooplankton and 4) phytoplankton, and 5) omnivores. The network analysis presented link association between fishes and food sources. Macroinvertebrate including diptera and ephemeroptera were revealed as hub food sources based on network analysis. This literature study would expect that the application model with the food source of fish could be utilized for the evaluation of the food network or chain in freshwater ecosystems. 국내 담수 어류 12과, 28속, 45종의 먹이원을 문헌 조사한 결과, 동물류 먹이원은 16문, 24강, 54목, 126과, 212속으로 조사되었으며 식물류 먹이원은 10문, 18강, 42목, 63과, 82속으로 나타났다. 동물류 먹이원 중 가장 많은 어류가 섭식한 먹이원은 분류군에 따라 절지동물문, 곤충강, 파리목, 깔따구과로 조사되었으며, 식물류 먹이원은 돌말문, 윷돌말강, 반달돌말목, 반달돌말과로 조사되었다. SOM을 이용하여 45종 어류의 유형화 결과, 어류를 주로 포식하는 어류와 저서무척추동물을 포식하는 어류, 동물플랑크톤을 섭식하는 어류, 식물플랑크톤을 섭식하는 어류, 잡식성 어류 5가지 유형으로 나타났다. 네트워크 분석의 허브 점수가 높은 상위 5종의 어류는 블루길, 몰개, 수수미꾸리, 남방종개, 새코미꾸리 순으로 나타났으며 먹이원 중 허브 점수가 높은 상위 5 종류의 먹이원은 파리목, 하루살이목, 이지목, 김발돌말목, 쪽배돌말목 순으로 조사되었다.

초음파 진동 테이블이 질화알루미늄 세라믹의 ELID 연삭 가공에 미치는 영향

곽태수(Tea-Soo Kwak),정명원(Myung-won Jung),김건희(Geon-Hee Kim),곽인실(Ihn-Sil Kwak) Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2013 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.30 No.12

This study has focused on the effect of ultrasonic vibration table in ELID grinding process of aluminum nitride ceramics. Aluminum nitride ceramics has superior physical and chemical properties and widely used in IC, LSI substrate, package and so on. To achieve the high effective machining of brittle and high strength ceramics as like aluminum nitride, machining method combined ELID grinding and ultrasonic vibration has been adopted in this study. From the experimental results, material removal rate, MRR has been increased maximum 36 percent and spindle resistance has been decreased in using ultrasonic table. Surface roughness of ground surface became a little worse in using ultrasonic table but was somewhat improved in feed direction.

ELID 연삭 모니터링 시스템의 개발과 구조 세라믹스 적용 사례

곽태수(Tae-Soo Kwak),김경년(Gyung-Nyun Kim),곽인실(Ihn-Sil Kwak) Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2013 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.30 No.12

This study has focused on development of ELID monitoring system and its application to ELID grinding of structural ceramics. ELID monitoring system was consisted of grinding equipment, ELID power supply, grinding wheel, electrode and monitoring program. It can give a real time data to check spindle grinding resistance, wheel revolution, dressing current and voltage in ELID grinding process. The performance of developed system was evaluated by applying to grinding of structural ceramics, silicon carbide and alumina. As the results of experiments, monitored data for spindle resistance and ELID dressing current was useful to check steady-state ELID grinding process. From the comparison of spindle resistance between ELID grinding and conventional grinding process according to change of depth of cut, it could be confirmed that the spindle resistance in ELID grinding was lower than conventional grinding process.

담수 퇴적물 환경인자에 따른 저서성 대형무척추동물 분포특성

송재하 ( Jea-ha Song ),곽인실 ( Ihn-sil Kwak ),이종현 ( Jong-hyeon Lee ),공동수 ( Dong-soo Kong ) 한국물환경학회 2023 공동춘계 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2023 No.0