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Kang, Hyen Sam,Yu, Seung Shin,Kim, Yeon Soo 한국유전학회 1988 Genes & Genomics Vol.10 No.4
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) transcriptional enhancer region which harbors one 19 bp palindromic sequence and two right hand motifs of this palindrome was cloned from the 235 kb genome of MCMV. This enhancer has several striking properties. It is the strongest transcription enhancer found to date. It is an extremely long enhancer, spanning > 700 bp. It consists of the long sequence repeats. Several MCMV enhancer elements containing different number of 19 bp palindrome and its right hand motif were attached to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and assayed for activity in transiently transfected Hela cells and NIH 3T3 cells in order to investigate the major functional domains of MCMV enhancer elements. Our analysis suggests that enhancer strength is correlated with the redundancy of these motifs and, especially, a cis regulatory element exists 5′ to the enhancer of the major immediately early gene of MCMV, This element negatively modulates expression in nonpermissive cell.
자궁각 임신의 임상적 고찰 및 치료적 골반경 수술의 연구
박현락(Hyen Rak Pak),권순철(Soon Chul Kwon),강인구(In Goo Kang),이상언(Sang Eon Lee),김태우(Tae Woo Kim),강승철(Seung Chul Kang),원석(Seok Won),박정근(Jeong Keun Park) 대한산부인과학회 2001 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.44 No.10
Most of treatments have been performed laparotomy, but the rapid advances in laparoscopic operative and laboratory techniques and instrument allowed to apply laparoscopic surgery to this disease. We have reviewed 342 cases of ectopic pregnancy from march 1994 to march 2001.The cornual pregnancies were 21 case (6.1%), and the laparoscopic management in 11 cases. The mean gestational age at the time of laparoscopic surgery was 9.1 1.2 (n=11) weeks, and laparotomy was 9.4 1.3 (n=10) weeks. There were no significant difference. The mean operation time of laparoscopic surgery was 72.8 25.5minutes, and laparotomy was 68.3 24.3minutes. The mean hospital days of laparoscopic surgery were 4.9 2.4days, and laparotomy were 6.6 2.3days. In conclusion, laparoscopic surgery can be used as effective and safe as laparotomy for cornual pregnancy.
CT검사에서의 환자선량 표준화에 대한 연구 : Standard Dose Abdominal CT
강승원(Seung Won Kang),정용환(Yong Hwan Jung),남태현(Tae Hyen Nam),김태은(Tae Eun Kim),권순안(Sun Ahn Gwon),민관홍(Kwan Hong Min) 대한전산화단층기술학회 2016 대한CT영상기술학회지 Vol.18 No.2
목적 : 1phase Standard Dose abdominal CT(이하 SDA CT) 검사에서 환자가 받는 선량의 차이가 최소화되도록, 각 장비 별, 검사자 별로 선량 calibration을 진행하여 선량의 차이를 최소화하고 표준화하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 1월부터 2015년 11월까지 본원에 내원한 환자중 SDA CT검사를 시행한 성인(만16세 이상)환자 3000명을 대상으로 하였다. CT Scanner로 사용한 장비는 64-slice MDCT(Brilliance CT, Philips Medical Systems, The Netherlands) 3대, 256-slice MDCT(2561CT, Philips Medical Systems, The Netherlands) 2대, 총 5대의 MDCT(이하, A, B, C. D, E)를 사용하였다. 실험 data의 수집은 선량관리프로그램(이하, Dose track)을 이용하였고 분석은 MedCalc(Version 10.0)을 이용하였으며 Box & whisker plot chart를 이용하여 median Dose Length Product (이하, median DLP)을 비교분석하였다. 본 논문에서는 SDA CT의 median DLP의 목표치를 530mGy*cm로 정하였고, 오차 허용범위를 ±10% 로 하였다. (이하 목표기준 DLP값)실험방법은 크게 세 가지로 구분하여 진행하였다. 첫 번째, 장비 선량 Calibration에서는 각 장비 별로 현재 사용하고 있는 Protocol의SDA CT의 median DLP값을 알아보고, 목표 기준 DLP값과 차이가 있을 시 오차 허용범위 안에 들어오도록 공식을 적용하여 목표 기준 mAs값을 변경하였다. 두 번째 검사자 별 선량 Calibration 에서는 10명의 검사자 별로 SDA CT의 median DLP값을 알아보고, 목표기준 DLP값과 차이가 있을 시 오차 허용범위 안에 들어오도록 protocol 수정하여 교육하였다. 세 번째, 영상평가는 영의학과 판독의 2명을 대상으로 후향적 평가(Retrospective Study)로 4점척도로 진행하였다. 결과 : 장비 선량 Calibration에서는 5대의 장비 A, B, C, D, E의 median DLP값은 490.2mGy*cm ~ 626.6mGy*cm로 나타났다. D와 E 2대의 장비에서 median DLP값은 각각 10.5%. 18.2% 차이로 목표 허용 범위에 충족되지 않았다. 공식을 이용하여 D와 E의 현재 기준 mAs값을 340mAs와 320mAs로 변경한 후, 각 장비의 median DLP값을 확인한 결과 4B6.7mGy*cm ~ 568.1mGy*cm로 나타났으며, D와 E를 포함한 모든 장비가 허용 범위 내에 충족되었다. 검사자 선량 Calibration에서는 10명의 검사자 RT1~RT10의 median DLP값은 491.SmGy*cm ~ 601.75mGy*cm로 나타났다. 검사자 RT1과 RT10,2명의 검사자 median DLP값은 각각 12.5%, 13.5% 차이로 목표 허용범위에 충족되지 않았다. Protocol 수정 후 median DLP값을 확인한 결과 498.5mGy*cm ~ 550.3mGy*cm로 나타났으며, RT1, RT10을 포함한 모든 검사자가 허용 범위 내에 충족되었다. 판독의 2명을 대상으로 진행한 영상평가에서는, 각각 3.5, 3.7 점으로 모든 영상이 판독 가능했다. 결론 : 제조사별, 모델 별, 또는 detector나 tube의 노후화에 따라 선량차이가 날 수 있으며, 자동 노출 제어 장치의 사용과 같은 다양한 조건으로 인해 선량의 차이가 나타날 수 밖에 없지만, 본 논문의 선량 calibration 방법처럼 적용하기 위해 노력한다면 동일한 검사에서 선량의 차이를 최소화 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to minimize the dose difference by conducting a calibration of each device by the inspectors and standardize for the radiation dose that the patient receives in 1 phase Standard Dose abdominal CT(SDA CT) Materials and Methods: It targeted at the 3,000 adult patients (over 16 years) who underwent SDA CT examination until November 2015 from January 2015. 64-slice MDCT (Brilliance CT, Philips Medical Systems. The Netherlands) 3 units, 256-slice MDCT (256iCT, Philips Medical Systems, The Netherlands) 2 units, a total five MDCT was used. Experimental data was collected by using Dose track and analyzed by using Medcalc(Version 10.0) and median Dose Length Product (median DLP) was compared and analyzed by using Box & whisker plot chart. In this paper, the target value of the median DLP of SDA CT was 530mGy * cm, the error tolerance range was± 10%. (Target standard DLP value) Experimental procedure was preceded by three major. First. we researched median DLP value of the current protocolin the case of Calibration of the dose for each device and changed a targeted mAs value by applying the formula to get in an error tolerance range when there was a difference between DLP values which was targeted at. Secondly, we researched the median DLP of SDA CT for each 10 inspectors and when finding the differences, inspectors were trained modified protocol to get in tolerance error range. Third, the image evaluation was preceded at 4-point scale of the retrospective evaluation (Retrospective Study) by 2 radiologists. Result : In equipment Dose Calibration, five devices A, B, C, D, E’s median DLP value were 490.2mGy * cm~626.6mGy *cm and median DLP value of D, E were 10.5%, 18.2% respectively. These were not met on the target range. Using the formula, after changing current mAs of D and E to 340mAs, 320mAs, the results showed 486.7mGy * cm~568.1 mGy * and it met on the reference range. In 10 RT inspector dose Calibration, the median DLP value appeared 491.5mGy * cm~601.75mGy * cm. Median DLP value of Inspector RTl and RT10 showed 12.5%, 13.5% respectively. These were not met on the target range. Except RT1, RT10, Median DLP values were met on the reference target range after changing the Protocol to 498.5mGy*cm ~ 550.3mGy*cm. In the image evaluation by 2 radiologists, all of the images was decipherable. Conclusion : There was a dose difference between the equipment brands, outdated model and detector were able to make a dose difference. Even variety of conditions of using automatic exposure control device can make a dose difference, but if there is the effort to apply the method of this paper, it is considered to be able to minimize the dose differences between the same examinations.
Sol Han,Hyen-Ho Hwang,Kang-Min Choi,Sungkean Kim,Seung-Hwan Lee Korean Academy of Anxiety Disorders 2024 대한불안의학회지 Vol.20 No.1
Objective : The purpose of this study is to compare the signal obtained from the frontal 2-electrodes EEG with that obtained from the temporal, central, and parietal 2 electrodes. Methods : EEGs were recorded in a total of 67 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 104 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), and 29 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). For each disease group, there were healthy controls (HC) that were paired accordingly (HC1=69, HC2=104, HC3=27). The following measurements were compared across electrodes: band power, alpha peak frequency (APF), APF power, alpha asymmetry (AA), and Kolmogorov complexity (KC). Results : Statistically significant differences were found in band power measured from frontal electrodes compared to electrodes placed in other locations. Specifically, the power of theta waves was measured higher in the temporal electorodes, alpha 1 and alpha 2 waves in the parietal, beta 1 and beta 2 in the central, and gamma waves in the temporal electrodes. Both SCZ and AD patients showed increased theta power in all electrodes. In SCZ patients, APF decreased in the central and temporal electrodes, but the APF power analysis showed no difference between the patients and controls. Additionally, AD patients exhibited increased AA in the central EEG, while SCZ patients showed decreased KC in the parietal and temporal electrodes. Conclusion : Depending on the electrode location, sensitive EEG frequencies differed. Compared with signals from other electrodes, frontal EEG in MDD patients revealed generally constant signal values, though the temporo-parieto-central electrodes appeared to be more reliable in SCZ and AD patients.