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정홍열 국제지역학회 1998 국제지역연구 Vol.2 No.1
After the Second World War, the U.S. became a new leading power among a Capitalist Countries. However, her position start to shake from 1970s when current account balance was getting worse. In 1980s, her leading power was further weaken as European countries and Japan recovered their economic strength. To regain her hegemony, American turn her eyes to regionalism and set up the NAFTA which bound economies of U.S. Canada and Mexico more closely. But U.S. still feel insufficient to contract the expanding influence of EU and Japan. Therefore, U.S. mapped out a new initiative, namely FTAA, in which all of the countries of North and South America are included. U.S. also tried to intensify the relationship of APEC. In this context, I first survey the background of establishment and main agreement's contents of NAFTA, and then review the impacts of NAFTA on integration policy of central and south America. Based on results, I will predict the direction of development of NAFTA and change of world economic discipline in next century.
6대 都市의 산업구조 分析 : 立地商(LQ)을 중심으로 based on Location Quotients
정홍열 成均館大學校 韓國産業硏究所 1998 韓國經濟 Vol.25 No.-
The location quotients is a technique used for assessing one region's specialization in an industry or some other activities. The nation has usually played benchmark role in this model. In order to measure the extent of economic concentration, the number of employees is most frequently used, but sales, gross regional products and value added have also been used. Fortunately, this kinds of data can be easily obtained from published regional data, and this makes location quotients very versatile and popular tools. However, empirical studies that involve this method is very rare in Korea. In this respect, I will first review the theoretical contents of location quotients including its advantages and limitations, and then apply this to 6 largest cities in Korea in order to find out what industries are specialized in each cities and how the degree of such specialization changed as time passed.
EU 공동농업정책의 발전 : 보장부문(Guarantee Section)의 개혁을 중심으로
정홍열 서울대학교 국제지역원 2000 국제지역연구 Vol.9 No.2
유럽연합의 공동농업정책(Common Agricultural Policy)은 1957년 체결된 로마 조약에 근거하여 설립되었으며, 1962년에는 EAGGF를 창설하여 농업부문을 지원함으로써 유럽연합 발전에 초석을 이루고 있다. 그러나 EAGGF 보장부문의 고가격지원정책과 수출보조금 제도는 연합체에 큰 재정적 부담을 안겨 주었으며, 또한 회원국들 뿐 만 아니라 세계 주요 곡물수출국과 계속하여 마찰을 일으켜 왔다. 이러한 문제점들을 개선하기 위해 유럽연합은 지난 40여년 간 EAGGF 보장부문을 지속적으로 개혁해 어느 정도 성과를 거두기도 하였다. 그러나 핵심적인 문제는 아직 그대로 남아 있으며, 현재 EU가 경제통화동맹(EMU)과 회원국 확대 정책을 추구함에 따라 향후 더욱 더 많은 문제를 야기할 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 맥락에서 논문에서는 처음 공동농업정책(CAP)이 설립될 당시의 상황과 공동농업정책의 발전과정, 보장부문(Guarantee Section) 중심의 개혁 내용들을 자세히 살펴 봄으로 이 정책이 가진 문제점들을 찾아보고, 이를 바탕으로 미래의 개혁 방안을 제시해 본다. The Development of Agricultural Policy of the EU: with focus on the Reform of the Guarantee Section The Common Agricultural Policy of the EC was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, and soon became a cornerstone of the Community. It covered over 90 percent of agricultural goods and was regarded as one of the most developed of the EU's policies. Since the 1980s, however, the CAP has caused not only financial crisis but also much political and economic conflict due to its particularly high price support system. Its export refund system has also disturbed the world agricultural market and created problems for the major exporters of farm products. Furthermore, the large share of agricultural expenditure in the EC budget has continued to block the development of other EU programs. To settle these disputes, the EU has introduced a number of reforms over the past 30 years. Even though these attempts achieved some significant progress, the key problems still existed. Moreover, the operations of the CAP are expected to be more complicated in the future due to the EU pursuit of the EMU and the Fourth enlargement. In this paper, I first examine the prevailing economic and political conditions when the CAP was established. Then I review how the CAP, especially Guarantee Section, has evolved and reformed during the past 30years. In the conclusion, I will discuss the main problems of the CAP, and suggest the direction of future reform.
중국의 시대별 지역개발정책과 지역 간의 소득격차에 대한 硏究
정홍열 韓國東北亞經濟學會 2009 동북아경제연구 Vol.21 No.1
China is a country that has undergone rapid economic growth after adopting on open-door & reform policy in 1978. However, there have been growing concerns regarding increasing regional inequalities. The present study examines the evolution of regional income disparities among different provinces and their changing trends & magnitude, using a time-series analysis of income data sets for the period of 1952-2006. The organization of this paper is as follows: Section 2 discusses some recent data on the issue and the inequality measures utilized in this work. Section 3 reports the empirical findings with respect to overall interprovincial inequalities in the set period. Section 4 attempts to explore the regional policies of Chinese government and its impacts on the overall changes in regional income inequality in more details. In the concluding section, I present possible countermeasures China can take to avert the trend of its widening income inequalities.
Soybean molecular breeding platform based on variation blocks
Yul-Ho Kim,Hyang-Mi Park,Sunghoon Lee,Yu-Young Lee,Su Jeong Kim,Whang-Bae Sohn,Su-Young Hong,Jeong-Hwan Nam,Kibum Kweon,Jin-Cheol Jeong 한국육종학회 2015 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2015 No.07
Much effort has been expended to find agronomically important QTLs for improving soybean yield. However, the complexity of genome, such as genome duplication, limits the utility of genome-wide association studies and linkage analyses to identify genes controlling yield traits. We propose the variation block method, a three-step process for recombination block detection and comparison. The first step is to detect variations by comparing short-read DNA sequences of the cultivar to a reference genome of the target crop. Next, sequence blocks with variation patterns are examined and defined. The boundaries between the variation-containing sequence blocks are regarded as recombination sites. All the assumed recombination sites in the cultivar set are used to split the genomes, and the resulting sequence regions are named as variation blocks. The practicality of this approach was demonstrated by the identification of a putative locus determining soybean hilum color and known genes such as flower color gene. We suggest that the variation block method is an efficient genomics method for recombination block-level comparison of crop genomes. We expect that this method holds the prospect of developing crop genomics by bringing genomics technology to the field of crop breeding.
Hong-Yul Seo,Ki-Gyung Kim,Mi-Jeong Jun,Tae-Woo Kim,Sun-I Kim,Hyojoong Kim,Seunghwan Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2015 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10
The genus of Cinara (Aphididae: Lachninae) live on the roots, trunk, branches, twigs, shoots or foliage of Coniferae and can be easily distinguished in having the very big body, apterae up to 5-6 ㎜ in length and short antennae which are shorter than half the body length. Most of species are monoecious without host alternation and attended by ants. Based on body appearance and COI gene sequence, we report Cinara cuneomaculata (Del Guercio) on Larix kaempferi, C. largirostris Zhang G. & W. Zhang on Pinus thunbergii and P. dnesiflora, C. smaragdina (Pashtshenko) on Abies holophylla and C. piceae on Juniperus rigida, for the first time in Korea.