Flehmen Induction with Goats by the Urine of Twenty Animal Species

Kang M. S,H. Sasada,K. Kanomata,T. Fukuoka,J. Masak 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 1988 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.12 No.1

Flehmen Induction with Goats by the Urine of Twenty Animal Species

Kanomata, K],Fukuoka, T,Sasada, H,Masaki, J,Kang, M.S 제주대학교 1988 논문집 Vol.26 No.-

Flehmen은 많은 동물에 있어 求愛과정중에 흔히 볼 수 있는 반응으로 알려져 있다. 反雛動物에 대한 최근의 연구에서 flehmen은 鋤鼻器官에 대해 어떤 pheromone 물질을 운반하는 메키니즘에 수반된 것일지도 모른다고 시사하고 있다. 그래서 이들 변화는 발정 발견을 위해 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각 되었다. 本 實驗은 다른 동물의 尿가 같은 동물의 尿처럼 flehmen을 誘起할 수 있을지 확인하기 위하여 Saanen과 이들 雜種인 雄山羊 8頭, 雌山羊 3頭, 去勢한 山羊 3頭를 공시하였다. 尿는 15種의 哺乳動物, 3種의 鳥類,2種의 파충류 등 모두 20種을 채취하여 실험할 때까지 냉동 보존 했다. 尿는 주로 코에 spray 해주었으나 약간 굳어 있는 것에 대해서는 코로 냄새를 맡게 했다. flehmen 지속시간은 0,1-9, 20-39 및 40초 이상 등 네가지로 구분 기록하였다. 각각의 尿는 어느 山羊에 있어서도 반응을 일으켰다. Sample 間 및 번식주기에 따라 강도에 많은 차이를 나타냈다. 개체 차이가 현저했음에도 불구하고 일반적으로 雄山羊은 雌山羊보다 더 강한 반응을 보였다. 거세산 山羊은 중간형을 나타냈다. Antiandrogen을 주사한 雄山羊의 반응은 억제되는 경향이었다. 이 결과는 산양에서 flehmen이 同種에서 처럼 다른 種의 尿로 부터도 誘起될 수 있다는 것과 그리고 androgen은 이 반응을 조절하는 factor의 하나일지도 모른다는 것을 시사했다. Flehmen is well-known response which often occures during the process of courtship in most mammals. Recent studies with domestic ruminants suggest that the flehmen may be involved in the mechanism of transferring some pheromonal substances to vomeronasal organ. Thus, variety of its significance has been supposed, besides that male animals may use it for estrus detection. In this experiment, 8 male, 3 female and 3 castrated goals of Saanen and its hybrid were used to ascertain whether urine from alien species can induce flehmen as that from same species. Urine was collected from twenty species consisting of 15 mammals. 3 birds and 2 reptiles and frozen until use. Mostly urine was sprayed to the nose of goats, but some coagulated ones were sniffed. Duration of flehmen was scored to four ranks as 0, 1-19, 20-39 and >40 sec. Each urine sample induced the response in any goats. However, much differnce in the intensity was found between the samples and according to the reproductive state of the receptor goats. Although individual difference was manifest, male goats generally showed more intense respomse than did female. Castrated goats showed the intermediate pattern. Administration of antiandrogen to the male goat tended to reduce the response. The results indicate that flehmen in the goat could occur for the urine of alien species as that of same species and the androgen may be one of factors regulating the response.

Flehmen Induction with Goats by the Urine of Twenty Animal Species

Kang, M.S.,Sasada, H.,Kanomata, K.,Fukuoka, T.,Masaki, J. 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1989 畜産論叢 Vol.4 No.1

Flehmen is well-known response which often occurs during the procesa of courtship in most mammals. Recent studies with domestic ruminants suggest that the flehmen may be involved in the mechanism of transferring some pheromonal substances to vomeronasal organ. Thus, variety of its significance has been supposed, besides that male animals may UK it for estrus detection. In this experiment, 8 male, 3 female and 3 castrated goats of Saanen and its hybrid were used to ascertain whether urine from alien species can induce flehrnen aa that from same species. Urine was collected from twenty species consisting of 15 mammals, 3 birds and 2 reptiles and frozen until UM. Mostly urine was sprayed to the nose of goats, but some coagulated ones were miffed. Duration of flehmen was scored to our ranks as 0, l-19, 20-39 and > 40 sec. Each urine sample induced the response in any goats. However, much difference in the in-tensity was found between the samples and according to the reproductive state of the receptor goats. Although individual difference was manifest, male goats genenlly showed more intense response than did female. Castrated goats showed the intermediate pattern. Administration of antiandrogen to the male goat tended to reduce the response. The results indicate that flehmen in the goat could occur for the urine of alien species as that of same species and the androgen may be one of the factors regulating the response.

저성능 자기차폐실에서 64채널 DROS 2차 미분계 시스템의 잡음 특성

김진목,이용호,유권규,김기웅,권혁찬,박용기,Kim, J.M.,Lee, Y.H.,Yu, K.K.,Kim, K.,Kwon, H.,Park, Y.K.,Sasada, Ichiro 한국초전도학회 2006 Progress in superconductivity Vol.8 No.1

We have developed a second-order double relaxation oscillation SQUID(DROS) gradiometer with a baseline of 35 mm, and constructed a poorly magnetically-shielded room(MSR) with an aluminum layer and permalloy layers for magnetocardiography(MCG). The 2nd-order DROS gradiometer has a noise level of 20 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 1 Hz and 8 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 200 Hz inside the heavily-shielded MSR with a shielding factor of $10^3$ at 1 Hz and $10^4-10^5$ at 100 Hz. The poorly-shielded MSR, built of a 12-mm-thick aluminum layer and 4-6 permalloy layers of 0.35 mm thickness, is 2.4mx2.4mx2.4m in size, and has a shielding factor of 40 at 1 Hz, $10^4$ at 100 Hz. Our 64-channel second-order gradiometer MCG system consists of 64 2nd-order DROS gradiometers, flux-locked loop electronics, and analog signal processors. With the 2nd-order DROS gradiometers and flux-locked loop electronics installed inside the poorly-shielded MSR, and with the analog signal processor installed outside it, the noise level was measured to be 20 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 1 Hz and 8 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 200 Hz on the average even though the MSR door is open. This result leads to a low noise level, low enough to obtain a human MCG at the same level as that measured in the heavily-shielded MSR. However, filters or active shielding is needed fur clear MCG when there is large low-frequency noise from heavy air conditioning or large ac power consumption near the poorly-shielded MSR.

열린 자기차폐실의 심자도 시스템

김진목,이용호,권혁찬,유권규,김기웅,박용기,Kim, J.M.,Lee, Y.H.,Kwon, H.,Yu, K.K.,Kim, K.,Park, Y.K.,Sasada, Ichiro 한국초전도학회 2007 Progress in superconductivity Vol.9 No.1

We have installed a 61-channel magnetocardiography (MCG) system inside a magnetically shielded room (MSR) with a size of $2.4\;m\;{\times}2.4\;m\;{\times}2.4\;m$. The MCG system consists of 1st-order axial gradiometers containing double relaxation oscillation SQUIDs (DROSs) with pick-up coils of a base line of 70 mm. The MSR holds a shielding factor of 50 at 0.1 Hz and 10000 at 100 Hz, when its door in the middle on a front wall is closed. On opening the MSR door, we have obtained the characteristics of the MCG system with a 2.9 Hz noise generated from an air conditioning unit at 13 m distance off the MSR. In an open-door MSR ($140^{\circ}$ opening), a noise at the center channel increases up to $700\;fT/Hz^{l/2}$ at 2.9 Hz and $1.7\;pT/Hz^{1/2}$ at 60 Hz. MCG signals for a healthy human do not show distortion until the door opens to $45^{\circ}$, but show the effect of noise when the door opens further at $90^{\circ}$ and $140^{\circ}$. With the door opens to $45^{\circ}$, MCG measurement can be performed with ease of door operation and without creating claustrophobia for the patient.

Noise Characteristics of Readout Electronics for 64-Channel DROS Magnetocardiography System

김진목,김기담,이용호,유권규,김기웅,권혁찬,Kim J. M.,Kim K. D.,Lee Y. H.,Yu K. K.,Kim K. W.,Kwon H. C.,Sasada Ichiro The Korean Superconductivity Society 2005 Progress in superconductivity Vol.7 No.1

We have developed control electronics to operate flux-locked loop (FLL), and analog signal filters to process FLL outputs for 64-channel Double Relaxation Oscillation SQUID (DROS) magnetocardiography (MCG) system. Control electronics consisting of a preamplifier, an integrator, and a feedback, is compact and low-cost due to larger swing voltage and flux-to-voltage transfer coefficients of DROS than those of dc SQUIDs. Analog signal filter (ASF) serially chained with a high-pass filter having a cut-off frequency of 0.1 Hz, an amplifier having a gain of 100, a low-pass filter of 100 Hz, and a notch filter of 60 Hz makes FLL output suitable for MCG. The noise of a preamplifier in FLL control electronics is $7\;nV/{\surd}\;Hz$ at 1 Hz, $1.5\;nV/{\surd}\;Hz$ at 100 Hz that contributes $6\;fT/{\surd}\;Hz$ at 1 Hz, $1.3\;fT/{\surd}\;Hz$ at 100 Hz in readout electronics, and the noise of ASF electronics is $150\;{\mu}V/{\surd}\;Hz$ equivalent to $0.13\;fT/{\surd}\;Hz$ within the range of $1{\sim}100\;Hz$. When DROSs are connected to readout electronics inside a magnetically shielded room, the noise of 64-channel DROS system is $10\;fT/{\surd}\;Hz$ at 1 Hz, $5\;fT/{\surd}\;Hz$ at 100 Hz on the average, low enough to measure human MCG.