Functioning and Performance of Primary Agricultural Cooperatives in Korea : A Disaggregated Analysis

( H R Sharma ),( Jung Joo Kim ) 농협대학교 협동조합경영연구소 2010 협동조합경영연구 Vol.39 No.-

한국의 농협은 다목적 농협으로서 구매, 판매, 사업을 동시에 수행하고 있는바, 이들은 한국의 농업발전에 크게 기여해 왔다. 그러나 한국의 농협도 지속되는 세계화에 부응해야 했고, 값싼 외국 농산물 수입의 증가, 대형 할인매장의 출현 등으로 거래 교섭력이 약해질 수밖에 없었으며, 안전·안심 농산물과 환경친화적 농업 등으로 도전을 받고 있다. 그 중에서도 조합원의 소득증대와 사회적 지위를 향상시키는 일이 무엇보다 중요한 도전이 되고 있다. 특히 지난 수년간은 한국 농협에 당면한 도전이 치열하였는바, 이 연구에서는 2005년부터 2009년 까지 5년간한국의 지역농협 사업성과에 대한 비교분석을 시도하였다. 보다 구체적으로 이 연구는 다음의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 계획되었다. 1. 조합원수, 재정, 구매, 판매사업량, 신용사업량, 수익성 등의 관점에서 한국의 지역농협의 현황을 분석한다. 한국의 농협에는 지역농협뿐만 아니라 지역 축협, 품목축협, 품목 원예농협, 인삼농협 등이 있지만 이 연구에서는 981개 전국 시도 지역농협만을 분석대상으로 한다. 2. 2005년과 2009년 자료를 비교하여 경제사업과 신용사업에서의 성장률을 파악한다. 3. 한국의 지역농협을 발전 형태별과 시도별로 구분하여 구매, 판매사업 등 경제사업과 신용사업에 영향을 미치는 효과를 분석한다. 이 연구에서는 농협중앙회가 발행하는 “회원농협 경영계수요람” 2005년판과 2009년판 시도별, 발전단계별 횡단면자료를 활용하였다. 농협중앙회는 전국의 시군 농협을 발전 형태에 따라, 농촌형, 준 농촌형, 준 도시형-1, 준 도시형-2, 대도시형 등 다섯 단계로 구분하고 있다. 한국의 농협은 지속적으로 합병을 단행하고 있으므로 합병된 조합은 2005년 자료와 2009년자료를 비교할 수 없으므로 2005년까지 합병된 조합의 자료는 2009년 자료와 일치되도록 합산하였다. 모든 자료는 도표로 정리하고 평균과 구성비를 계산하였으며, 전국 981개 시도별 지역농협의 종합적인 성장률을 계산하였는바, 성장률은 구매, 판매사업, 신용사업의 매출이익을 포함하였다. 지역농협의 판매사업량과 신용사업 매출이익에 영향을 미치는 원인을 찾기 위하여 다중선형회귀 모형을 가정, 통상적 최소 자승법(OLS)으로 필요한 파라메타를 계산하였다. 이 분석에 쓰인 모든 자료는 지역농협의 조합원수로 표준화 하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 조합당 조합원수는 제주, 전북, 전남, 충남이 비교적 많고 조합당 영농후계자 수는 전북, 경북, 충북이 많다. 조합당 직원수, 지점수, 사업장수는 경기, 제주, 경남, 강원이 많고 충북, 전북, 전남, 충남은 비교적 적다. 조합원 1인당 구매, 판매, 가공사업량은 전남, 전북, 충남이 다른 시도보다 많다, 이번에는 2005년과 2009년 자료를 비교한 바, 조합원수가 2005년에 비하여 2009년에 증가한 시도는 6개도이었고 감소한 시도는 충북, 전북, 전남 등 3개도이었다. 모든 시도는 직원수, 지점수, 사업장수가 지난 5년 동안 늘었고, 재정상태도 개선되었는데 총자산, 출자금, 자기자본, 부동산, 예수금 순증, 예수금 평잔이 모두 증가한 것이다. 그러나 유동자산에 관한 한모든 시도 지역농협에서 지난 5년간 크게 감소하였지만 조합원 및 준 조합원에 대한 출자배당과 이용고배당은 크게 늘었다. 모든 지역농협의 신용사업, 판매사업, 공제사업 량이 크게 증가하였지만 대출금 순증은 경기, 충남, 경북에서 감소하였고, 정책자금 대출은 모든 시도에서 감소하였다. 요컨대 대부분의 지역농협 상황이 개선되었지만, 전북, 전남, 충북, 경북 농협에서 개선이 상대적으로 부진했다. 2005년~2009년 판매, 구매사업의 매출이익이 경남, 강원, 충북에서 매년10% 이상 증가하였는데 1/3 이상의 전국 지역농협이 10% 이상의 판매, 구매 매출이익증가를 기록하였고, 12.7%의 지역농협이 판매, 구매 매출이익 감소를 기록했으며, 5.5%는 1% 이내의 증가율을 보였다. 지역농협의 신용사업 매출이익을 보면 충북과 경기의 과반수 농협이 매년 5%이상의 증가율을 보였고, 신용사업에서 마이너스 성장률을 보인 시도는 강원, 전북, 전남이었다. 대도시 지역 농협 중에서 서울 지역농협 중 2/3조합의 신용사업 매출이익이 매년 5% 이상의 증가율을 보였지만 12.3% 조합은 마이너스 성장률을 보였다. 신용사업 매출이익이 감소한 조합은 전남의 1/5조합, 경북, 강원, 충북의 13~14% 조합인 것으로 나타났다. 모든 지역농협을 포함하여 시도한 회귀분석결과 판매사업과 신용사업 간에는 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 여기에서 신용사업은 매출이익, 판매사업은 농민조합원의 조합을 통한 농산물 판매량을 변수로 채택한 것이다. 모든 지역농협을 포함한 회귀분석결과 판매사업량과 신용사업 매출이익 간에는 통계적 유의성이 없는 것으로 계산되어 이 두 사업은 실제로 독립적이고 관계가 없을 것으로 해석된다.

Effect of high electronic energy loss of 100MeV gold heavy ions in copper chalcogenides (CuX, X=S, Se) at nanoscale: Opto-electronic properties study

Sharma, R.,Sagade, A.A.,Gosavi, S.R.,Gudage, Y.G.,Ghosh, A.,Kulariya, P.,Sulaniya, I.,Mane, R.S.,Han, S.H. North-Holland 2009 Journal of non-crystalline solids Vol.355 No.31

The copper chalcogenide (CuX, X=S, Se) thin films have been irradiated with 100MeV gold swift heavy ions (SHI) at 10<SUP>11</SUP> and 10<SUP>12</SUP> ions/cm<SUP>2</SUP> fluences. The irradiation effects were probed by characterizing physical properties such as XRD, AFM, optical band gap and electrical resistivity of copper chalcogenide thin films. The increase in irradiation fluence increases the particle size, electrical conductivity and PL intensity of the materials, and the optical band edges were red shifted. The results are explained by quantifying electronic energy loss of ions in both the materials.

Relationship between Marketing and Banking Business of Primary Agricultural Cooperatives in Korea

H. R. Sharma,김정주,강병규 한국협동조합학회 2010 韓國協同組合硏究 Vol.28 No.3

This paper aims at empirically testing the hypothesis that the marketing and banking businesses of primary agricultural cooperatives in Korea are mutually supportive and that profitable banking business helps the primary agricultural cooperatives in carrying out their marketing business more successfully using province and city wise cross section data available in a publication of NACF entitled ‘Management Statistics of Member Cooperatives in 2009’. The results of the study based on multiple linear regression model show that there is no relationship between the marketing and banking business of the primary agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, the hypothesis that the marketing and banking businesses are mutually supportive and that banking business helps primary agricultural cooperatives in carrying out their marketing business more successfully is not supported empirically. The results of the study clearly signify or imply that the two businesses (marketing and banking) of primary agricultural cooperatives are independent of each-other and that these cooperatives can perform both marketing and banking business without any conflict or negative effect on each other.

3-Naphthylindoles as new promising candidate antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm agents

Sharma, K.,Baral, E. R.,Akhtar, M. S.,Lee, Y. R.,Kim, S. H.,Wee, Y. J. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Research on chemical intermediates Vol.43 No.4

<P>Indole derivatives have attracted significant attention in organic synthesis and bioactivity research owing to their substantial biological activity. In the present study, several 3-naphthylindole analogues were synthesized by direct arylation of 1-diazonaphthalene-2-(1H)-ones by rhodium(II)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction and their antioxidant and antibacterial properties evaluated. Among the analogues tested, compound 3m displayed the highest antioxidant activity [as evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests], whereas compound 3c exhibited the lowest activity. The compounds were also screened against biofilm-forming bacterial species (Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). Compounds 3b, i, j, p displayed potent antibacterial activity against E. coli. Similarly, compound 3p exhibited activity superior to quercetin (4.2 mu g/mL) by completely inhibiting biofilm formation by E. coli. Moreover, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of compounds 3e, j against B. cereus were comparable to that of standard quercetin.</P>

Photo-physics of PTB7, PCBM and ICBA based ternary solar cells

Sharma, R.,Lee, H.,Gupta, V.,Kim, H.,Kumar, M.,Sharma, C.,Chand, S.,Yoo, S.,Gupta, D. Elsevier Science 2016 Organic Electronics Vol.34 No.-

<P>Indene-C(60)bisadduct (ICBA) is one of the rare acceptors which can supersede commonly used phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM70) in enhancing the performance of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells owing to its shallower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level. However, ICBA tends to decrease the photocurrent for most of the low band-gap polymers synthesized to date. Here we examine the interaction of ICBA with the one of the popular low band-gap polymers poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thio-phenediyl]] (PTB7), at femtosecond level, to explore key dynamics governing the operation of BHJ cells involving ICBA. The photo-physics of binary and ternary systems based on PTB7 coupled with PCBM70 and/or ICBA are studied by means of transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and supported by morphology analysis. Our study suggests that both inefficient charge-separation and poor charge transport of ICBA is responsible for relatively low photocurrent generation. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Novel analogs of N-acylhydroxyethylaminomethyl-4H-chromen-4-one scaffold as IL-5 inhibitors

Yang, H.S.,Venkateswararao, E.,Boggu, P.R.,Sharma, V.K.,Kim, Y.,Jung, S.H. Pergamon 2017 Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry Vol.25 No.16

A number of N-acyl substituted hydroxyethylaminomethyl-4H-chromen-4-ones 6a-u were prepared and evaluated for their IL-5 inhibitory activity. Among them, the compound 6r (95.0% inhibition at 30@?M, IC<SUB>50</SUB>=10.0@?M, ClogP=4.1549) showed most potent inhibitory activity. The structure activity relationship revealed that the bulkier or hydrophobic substituents at urea, carbamate or amide group resulted in good inhibitory activity against IL-5. Moreover, electron donating group at phenyl ring (6g and 6s) is much more active than electron withdrawing group (6f). Finally, replacement of cyclohexylmethoxy group at 5<SUP>th</SUP> position of ring A with bulky aliphatic substituents resulted in the loss of activity.

Molecular Characterization and Expression of LDHA and LDHB mRNA in Testes of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

Singh, R.P.,Sastry, K.V.H.,Pandey, N.K.,Shit, N.G.,Agarwal, R.,Singh, R.,Sharma, S.K.,Saxena, V.K.,Jagmohan, Jagmohan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.8

The LDH isozymes are key catalysts in the glycolytic pathway of energy metabolism. It is well known that the distribution of the LDH isozymes vary in accordance with the metabolic requirements of different tissues. The substrates required for energy production change noticeably at successive stages of testes development suggesting a significant flexibility in the expression of glycolytic enzymes. Therefore, expression of LHDA and LDHB mRNAs was examined in adult and prepubertal quail testis. The mRNA of both LDHA and LDHB were expressed and no significant difference was observed in prepubertal testes. The mRNA levels of LDHB significantly increased during testicular development. In the adult testis, LDHA mRNA was not expressed. Expression studies revealed the presence of different LDH isozymes during testicular development. In contrast, electrophoresis of both testicular samples revealed only single band at a position indicative of an extreme type of LDH isozyme in quail testes. Furthermore, nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis revealed significant similarity to chicken, duck and rock pigeon. These sequence results confirmed the similarity of LDHA and LDHB subunit protein in different avian species.

Ultrasound assisted rare earth doped Wollastonite nanopowders: Labeling agent for imaging eccrine latent fingerprints and cheiloscopy applications

R.B. Basavaraj,H. Nagabhushana,G.P. Darshan,B. Daruka Prasad,S.C. Sharma,K.N. Venkatachalaiah 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.51 No.-

Nano research offered new possibilities in surface-based science includes latentfingerprints and lipsprint detection on various surfaces. CdSiO3:Dy3+ nanopowders were fabricated via modifiedsonochemical method. Eccrine prints stained by optimized composition of prepared samples exhibitedhigh sensitivity, low background hindrance on various surfaces compared to traditionalfluorescentpowders. Surface morphologies were studied with different sonication influential parameters. Theestimated average crystallites size and band gap were found to be 22 nm and 5.37 eV respectively. Photometric CIE and CCT values were close to near ultraviolet light with CP of 95% for the preparedcompounds confirms their utility in thefield of optoelectronics

Experiments on reinforced concrete beam-column joints under cyclic loads and evaluating their response by nonlinear static pushover analysis

Sharma, Akanshu,Reddy, G.R.,Eligehausen, Rolf,Vaze, K.K.,Ghosh, A.K.,Kushwaha, H.S. Techno-Press 2010 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.35 No.1

Beam-column joints are the key structural elements, which dictate the behavior of structures subjected to earthquake loading. Though large experimental work has been conducted in the past, still various issues regarding the post-yield behavior, ductility and failure modes of the joints make it a highly important research topic. This paper presents experimental results obtained for eight beam-column joints of different sizes and configuration under cyclic loads along with the analytical evaluation of their response using a simple and effective analytical procedure based on nonlinear static pushover analysis. It is shown that even the simplified analysis can predict, to a good extent, the behavior of the joints by giving the important information on both strength and ductility of the joints and can even be used for prediction of failure modes. The results for four interior and four exterior joints are presented. One confined and one unconfined joint for each configuration were tested and analyzed. The experimental and analytical results are presented in the form of load-deflection. Analytical plots are compared with envelope of experimentally obtained hysteretic loops for the joints. The behavior of various joints under cyclic loads is carefully examined and presented. It is also shown that the procedure described can be effectively utilized to analytically gather the information on behavior of joints.

Policy for planned placement of sensor nodes in large scale wireless sensor network

( Sharma Vikrant ),( Patel R. B ),( Bhadauria H S ),( Prasad D ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2016 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.10 No.7

Sensor node (SN) is a crucial part in any remote monitoring system. It is a device designed to monitor the particular changes taking place in its environs. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system formed by the set of wirelessly connected SNs placed at different geographical locations within a target region. Precise placement of SNs is appreciated, as it affects the efficiency and effectiveness of any WSN. The manual placement of SNs is only feasible for small scale regions. The task of SN placement becomes tedious, when the size of a target region is extremely large and manually unreachable. In this research article, an automated mechanism for fast and precise deployment of SNs in a large scale target region has been proposed. It uses an assembly of rotating cannons to launch the SNs from a moving carrier helicopter. The entire system is synchronized such that the launched SNs accurately land on the pre-computed desired locations (DLs). Simulation results show that the proposed model offers a simple, time efficient and effective technique to place SNs in a large scale target region.