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Shortening “arm’s length”: From the Canada Council to the SSHRC
Gregory Klages(Gregory Klages ) 한국캐나다학회 2011 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.17 No.2
The Canada Council was created in 1957, with an endowment of public funds, partial insulation from government interference in its decision-making, and a mandate to encourage the arts, humanities, and social sciences. Calls to sever responsibility for the humanities and social sciences from the Council’s responsibilities were made almost immediately. Representatives from these fields were displeased with the amount of money the Council granted to them relative to the support it provided the arts. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the government sought to enhance the political role played by culture within the nation-state, to develop a national science policy, as well as to rationalize its own spending. The Council came under increasing pressure to take government priorities into consideration. Its “arm’s length” status did not co-exist well with the gov-ernment’s policy program, eventually leading to the creation of a new federal agency, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.
Urodynamic Mechanisms Underlying Overactive Bladder Symptoms in Patients With Parkinson Disease
Gregory Vurture,Benoit Peyronnet,Jose-Alberto Palma,Rachael D. Sussman,Dominique R. Malacarne,Andrew Feigin,Ricardo Palmerola,Nirit Rosenblum,Steven Frucht,Horacio Kaufmann,Victor W. Nitti,Benjamin M. 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2019 International Neurourology Journal Vol.23 No.3
Purpose: To assess the urodynamic findings in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) with overactive bladder symptoms. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all PD patients who were seen in an outpatient clinic for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) between 2010 and 2017 in a single-institution. Only patients who complained of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and underwent a video-urodynamic study for these symptoms were included. We excluded patients with neurological disorders other than PD and patients with voiding LUTS but without OAB symptoms. Results: We included 42 patients (29 men, 13 women, 74.5±8.1 years old). Seven patients (16.7%) had a postvoid residual (PVR) bladder volume >100 mL and only one reported incomplete bladder emptying. Detrusor overactivity (DO) was found in all 42 patients (100%) and was terminal in 19 (45.2%) and phasic in 22 patients (52.4%). Eighteen patients had detrusor underactivity (DU) (42.3%). Later age of PD diagnosis was the only parameter associated with DU (P=0.02). Patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) were younger than patients without BOO (70.1 years vs. 76.5 years, P=0.004), had later first sensation of bladder filling (173.5 mL vs. 120.3 mL, P=0.02) and first involuntary detrusor contraction (226.4 mL vs. 130.4 mL, P=0.009). Conclusions: DO is almost universal in all patients with PD complaining of OAB symptoms (97.1%). However, a significant percentage of patients also had BOO (36.8%), DU (47%), and increased PVR (16.7%) indicating that neurogenic DO may not be the only cause of OAB symptoms in PD patients.