常用詞“甘”、“甜”歷時演變與興替研究

?玉君(Gan Yeechin),朴敏浚(Park, Min-jun) 중국어문학연구회 2017 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.105

It is important to study the diachronic change and replacement of old words by new ones in Chinese etymology as the process does not happen and complete within a short span of time. This paper propose an in-depth study on gan (甘) and tian (甜) by investigating a number of historical documents of various registers from the Pre-Qin to the Ming and Qing dynasties. Based on the diachronic perspective, we conduct a quantitative analysis to show the lexical development and replacement process of gan (甘) and tian (甜) in its original and extended meanings. In the meantime, we also describes usage pattern and competition process of the two words in different periods, by comparing them in terms of usage frequency, semantic expression and syntactic distribution. Because gan (甘) is a polysemy with multiple meanings since the Pre-Qin dynasty, a new word tian (甜) with a single meaning of sweet taste emerged in the Western Han dynasty, which is subsequently commonly used in oral literature in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Afterwards, tian (甜) went into competition with gan (甘) in the Tang and Song dynasties, whose meaning was in turn further extended to psychological and sensory domains in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In modern Chinese, gan (甘) came to only function as a morpheme through semantic bleaching whereas tian (甜) often appeared in sentential structure. The semantic and syntactic functions of the two words remain stable and still in use.

Low Resistance and Transparent Ag/AZO Ohmic Contact to p-GaN

T. Han,T. Wang,X. W. Gan,H. Wu,Y. Shi,C. Liu 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.65 No.1

Silver (Ag)/ aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were deposited on p-GaN by using electronbeamevaporation. After the annealing process, current -voltage (I-V) measurements were carriedout to determine the characteristic of the contacts. The Ag/AZO films annealed at 600 C werefound to present an ohmic contact behavior. The specific contact resistance was calculated tobe 9.76 × 10−4cm2 and the transmittance was over 80% for visibly light. The atomic forcemicroscope was used to measure the aggregation of Ag grains which may have been the main factorin the formation of the Ag/AZO ohmic contact to p-GaN.

Cryptanalysis of a Multi-user Quantum Network System and Quantum Communication Using Χ-type Entangled States

Gan Gao 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.62 No.8

A quantum secure direct communication and quantum key distribution(QSDC-QKD) protocol based on Χ-type entangled states was recently proposed by Hong et al. [J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61, 1 (2012)]. By analyzing the protocol, we find that it is not secure; that is, the eavesdropper can eavesdrop on half of Bob’s secret messages and half of Alice’s secret keys without introducing any error.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Behavior of Cold-formed Stainless Steel Stub Columns

Gan-Ping Shu,Baofeng Zheng,Xiaoming Shen 한국강구조학회 2013 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.13 No.1

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behavior of cold-formed stainless steel stub columns under axial compression. Nineteen hollow section specimens of seven section types were tested. Geometric imperfections, material properties and full-range load-displacement curves were obtained. The test strengths were compared with the four design strengths, which are respectively calculated by using the American specification, the European specification, the design method proposed by Rasmussen in 2004, and the design method proposed by Gardner in 2008. The American specification, the European specification, and the design method proposed by Rasmussen are generally conservative. While the design method proposed by Gardner is relatively accurate. Based on the comparisons, modifications to Winter equation were derived to involve both the factors of the corner enhancement of the cold-formed members and the nonlinear property of stainless steel. The modified Winter equation can predict the strengths with low scatter.

煤低温气化废水的净化与资源化工艺研究

GAN Zhong xue(甘中学),LIU Zhen xue(刘振学),GU Jun jie(谷俊杰),SONG Qing feng(宋庆峰) 대전대학교 환경문제연구소 2015 환경문제연구소 논문집 Vol.19 No.-

A large amount of effluent water would be produced from low temperature coal catalytic gasification (LTCCG) developed by ENN Co, Ltd, which located at Langfang, Hebei Province. Many phenol homologous compounds and a large amount of other organic compounds were contained in this effluent water, but the overall concentration of the organic compounds was not very high (CODCr value was about several thousands mg/L). Too high cost would occur if treating it with a traditional liquid-liquid extraction process, and it was a waste of resources if the effluent water was directly purified with biochemical technology. In this paper, a decontaminating and recycling technique was developed for an effluent water, and a two-step technique includes flocculation-recycling and ion exchange adsorption-elution processes. By this two-step process, the CODCr value of the final outlet water was decreased to meet the related national standards, and at least 90% of the organics in the effluent water could be recovered. 正在开发的河北廊坊新奥集团煤低温气化过程中产生大量废水,其中含有多种苯酚同系物及大量其它有机物,但其有机物总浓度并不是很高(CODCr为几千mg/L)。用传统的液液萃取技术进行处理成本太高,直接用生化法处理又有些资源浪费。本文针对其特点开发的净化加资源化技术包括絮沉回收和吸附-洗脱两段工艺,使最终废水CODCr降到符合废水排放的国家标准,并可将废水中90%以上的有机物加以回收。

Emulsifying Properties of Lecithin Containing Different Fatty Acids Obtained by Immobilized Lecitase Ultra-Catalyzed Reaction

Gan, Lu-Jing,Wang, Xiang-Yu,Yang, Dan,Zhang, Hua,Shin, Jung-Ah,Hong, Soon-Taek,Park, Sang Hyun,Lee, Ki-Teak Wiley (John WileySons) 2014 Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society Vol.91 No.4

Lecitase Ultra and 6 triacylglycerol lipases (lipases PS, M, AH, AY, R, and AK) were immobilized on Amberlite XAD 7HP and used to catalyze the acidolysis reaction between lecithin and capric acid (C10:0) for comparison. The highest molar incorporation value (51.0 mol%) was observed for the immobilized Lecitase Ultra. Further, immobilized Lecitase Ultra was selected for catalyzing acidolysis between lecithin and fatty acids with different chain lengths (C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0). After reaction, free fatty acids were removed by SPE and the resultant was called modified lecithin fraction 1 (MLF1). The highest molar incorporation value was obtained for C10:0 (51.0 mol%) at 45 A degrees C with a mole ratio of 10/1 (C10:0/lecithin) for 72 h. After removal of lysophosphatidylcholine by solid-phase extraction from MLF1, the resultant modified lecithin fraction 2 (MLF2) was used to prepare an oil-in-water emulsion. All emulsions prepared with MLF2 exhibited significantly higher emulsion stability (ES) values (16.2-17.7) and smaller particle sizes (d (32) 0.40-0.49 mu m, d (43) 0.75-1.01 mu m) than the emulsion prepared with unmodified lecithin (ES 14.1, d (32) 0.76 mu m, d (43), 1.26 mu m) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, less clarification and droplet aggregation were observed in emulsions prepared with MLF2 than in lecithin-based emulsions. Overall, the MLF2s showed better emulsifying properties than lecithin.

Oxidative Comparison ofEmulsion Systems from FishOil-Based Structured Lipid versus Physically Blended Lipid with Purple-FleshedSweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Extracts

Gan, Lu-Jing,Yang, Dan,Shin, Jung-Ah,Kim, Sun-Ju,Hong, Soon-Taek,Lee, JeungHee,Sung, Chang-Keun,Lee, Ki-Teak American Chemical Society 2012 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Vol.60 No.1

<P>The effects of the purple-fleshed sweet potato extract(PFSPE)on oxidation stabilities of a model oil-in-water emulsion preparedwith enzymatically synthesized fish oil–soybean oil structuredlipid (SL) versus physically blended lipid (PBL) without modificationwere evaluated. The anthocyanins in PFSPE were analyzed and identifiedby HPLC-MS. The fatty acid composition of SL was similar to that ofPBL, except palmitic acid (1.48 in PBL and 9.61% in SL) and linoleicacid (62.47 in PBL and 49.58% in SL). Peonidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside,peonidin-3-(6′,6′-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside)-5-glucoside,peonidin-dicaffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, peonidin 3-(6′,6″-caffeoyl-<I>p</I>-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside)-5-glucoside were identifiedas the major anthocyanin compounds in PFSPE. Different levels (200,500, 1000 ppm) of PFSPE were added into both SL- and PBL-based emulsions,with 200 ppm catechin as comparison. Oxidation was monitored by measuringthe peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Theantioxidant activity of PFSPE increased with an increased concentration,the concentration of 1000 ppm showed high antioxidant ability similarto that of catechin in both PBL- and SL-based oil-in-water emulsions.It is notable that the SL-based emulsion appeared to have better oxidativestability than the PBL-based emulsion.</P>

SECURITY SITUATION IN NORTHEAST ASIA

Gan, Suqing 제주대학교 동아시아연구소 1991 東아시아硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.-

국문요약최근 동북아의 정치, 경제, 군사상황은 급격히 변화고 있다. 종래 냉전구조하의 경직된 역내안보질서가 서서히 와해되고 있으며 평화공존과 공영의 새조운 가능성이 증가되고 있 다. 그러나 이러한 새로운 사태발전에도 불구하고 일방적낙관론에 안주할 수 없다. 아직도 불확실성의 기운이 짙게 감돌고 있다. 동북아 안보환경을 정리해 보면 다음과 같은 흐름을 파악할 수 있다. 첫째. 1991년 8월 군부쿠데타미수를 계기로 소련은 더이상 동북아 지역내 큰 위협 세력으 로 등장하지 않을 것 같다 특히 최근 중소간의 관계 개선, 미소간의 대화, 그리고 소련의 대한반도정책을 감안할 때 과거 냉전체제하에서 처럼 소련이 "destabiliger"로서 역할을 수행하지는 않을 것이다. 둘째, 미국-중국관계의 약화는 역내질서와 안정을 해칠 수 있다. 소련의 팽창주의를 견제 하기 위해 미국과 중국은 일종의 동맹관계를 유지해 왔다. 그러나 천안문사태를 계기로 미 국은 중국에 대한 각양의 압력을 가하고 있다. 인권문제, 무역역조, 그리고 군수물자 판매 등을 빌미로 중국에 대한 압력을 가하고 있는데, 이는 미국의 가치와 문화를 중국에 이식시 키려는 패권주의적 움직임으로 받아들여질 수 있다. 중국에는 11억의 인구가 있고 이중 8억 5천만이 소작농들이고, 2억이 문맹자들이다. 이러한 상황하에서 미국식 가치와 문화를 받아 들이면 안정을 해친다. 중국이 불안해지면 수백만의 중국난민들이 주변국가들로 몰려들어갈 것이고 이는 동북아질서를 심각하게 해칠 것이다. 세번째, 일본과 중국관계는 1970년대이후 점진적으로 개선되어 왔다. 그러나 일본은 그 경제력에 비추어 중국을 포함한 인근국가들에 대해 편협한 태도를 취해왔다. 특히 경제대국 으로 일본의 정치, 군사적 위상 향상은 동북아지역에서 일본과 미국간에 새로운 형태의 패 권적 경쟁을 촉발할 수 있고, 이는 역내안정과 질서를 해할 수 있다. 마지막으로 탈냉전의 기류에 맞추어 한반도의 평화가능성도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 아직 도 주한미군문제와 전술핵문제가 남북한 평화협상에 장애가 되고 있다. 특히 이중에서도 주 한미군의 전술핵은 아주 결정적 장애라고 할 것이다. 따라서 전술핵 문제의 선결은 북한의 핵무기보유를 방지하고 한반도에 평화와 안정을 가져오게 하는 중요한 정책이슈라 하겠다. AbstractThere is a tendency of multipolarity in polities, economy and military in Northeast Asia, where the interests of the main political, economic and military powers in the world gather up. Japan is . newly emerging economic superpower. The Soviet Union is still a military superpower. The United States is the only superpower not only in political, economic fields , but also in military field. China is the biggest developing country and socialist country in the world. South korea is a newly industrilized nation. And North Korea is trying hard to get out of isolated situation. Therefore , the main conflicts in the world today - east-west, south-north and west-west are sharper than anywhere else. However, there appears a momentum of the end of Cold War, peaceful coexistance , cooperation and development under the detents in the whole wor1d. All of these have laid a good foundation for the 21th century to be the Asian Pacific era.

Research on C2C- to-B2C Transformation Based on the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method

Gan Xiaohong 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.10

C2C-to-B2C transformation, as the inevitable development trend of the Chinese e-commerce, involves many uncertain indexes. The Paper adopts the quantitative and qualitative method to build the index system of the C2C-to-B2C transformation, confirms indexes playing the role in the transformation, and sorts out evaluation factor set and judgement set. And the Paper ensure the weight of evaluation factors by the analytic hierarchy process, confirms the membership degree of indexes to the judgement set baseed on the questionnaire survey, build the single-factor fuzzy judgement to do the comprehensive fuzzy judgement and analysis for each index, and then supply a constructive and instructive way for the transformation-seeking and in-transformation e-commerce.

RFID Tag Dynamic Ownership Transfer Protocol based on Lagrange of Multi-owner with Different Weights

GAN Yong,YANG Zong-qin,HE Lei,DU Chao 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.9