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A Study on the Minimum Paste Volume in the Design of Concrete Mixture
Fowler, David W.,Hahn, Michael De Moya,Rached, Marc,Choi, Doo-Sun,Choi, Jae-Jin Korea Concrete Institute 2008 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.2 No.2
Optimization of concrete mixing system is very important for the production of quality mixture of concrete and requires very complicated, specialized knowledge as there are a variety of variables that influence the result. One of the methods of optimizing the concrete mixing system is to minimize the volume of cement paste which, in turn, means maximizing the volume of aggregate. The purpose of this study is to determine the minimum volume of cement paste used in the design of concrete mixture and to design the optimum concrete mixing system based on the fluidity of mortar and concrete. In determining the minimum volume of cement paste, experiments of mortar and concrete were performed based on their workability, material segregation and bleeding. Type of aggregate, granularity distribution and sand percentage were used as test parameters and measurements were taken of the distribution of granularity, usage of HRWRA, minimum volume of paste and drying shrinkage and compressive strength of concrete.
Setting Foot on the Mountain : Mt. Muro as a Women's Alternative to Mt. Koya
Fowler, Sherry Ewha Womans University Press 1997 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.3 No.4
Deep in the countryside, Muroji is a Japanese temple famous for its National Treasures as well as the natural beauty of its setting on Mt. Muroji is also known by the name of Nyonin Koya (Mt. Koya for Women). This article addresses the history of this title by exploring the historical relationship of women to the Buddhist establishment of Muroji. Mt. Koya, one of the headquarters of the Shingon school of Buddhism, forbade women from entering its monasteries until early in this century, while Muroji was open to women. By considering the practices of nyonin kinsei (restriction against women) in Japan in contrast to alternatives such as Muroji, we can gain a better comprehension of the significance of the roles women played in Buddhism, a patriarchal religion which denied women access to many of its sacred sites.
Amino Acid Sequence of a Probable Amylase/Protease Inhibitor from Rice Seeds
Fowler, Audree,서세원,정진하,유연규 한국유전학회 1988 Genes & Genomics Vol.10 No.4
The primary structure of a 9-kDalton basic protein from rice seeds was determined by gas-phase sequencing of the intact protein and peptides derived from it by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and endopeptidase Lys-K. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 91 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 8909 Da. It is rich in alanine, serine, glycine, and cysteine. The eight cysteines form four disulfide bonds. There is no methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan. The sequence is highly homologous with an α-amylase inhibitor, I-2, from seeds of Indian finger millet and a 10-kDa barley seed protein, also called a probable amylase/protease inhibitor. In analogy with the barley protein, the purified protein is tentatively called a rice probable amylase/protease inhibitor (PAPI). The rice PAPI does not show inhibitory activities against proteases and amylases tested. However, it shows a thioredoxin-like activity comparable to those of purothionins and hordothionins.
John G. Fowler,윤석훈 해군대학 1982 海洋戰略 Vol.- No.16
최근에 들어와서야 전투시뮬레이션이 미 육군훈련과정에 정착하였지만 실제 전투시뮬레이션의 년원은 한 세기 이상을 거슬러 올라간다. 즉, 추측컨대 프러시아 육군이 지휘관과 참모들을 훈련시키는 실제적인 방법으로서 전쟁모의연습(War Simulation Game)을 이용한 최초의 현대식 육군이었을 것이다. 1824년 프러시아의 Reisswitz중장은 오늘날 우리가 행하고 있는 방법과 어느 정도 비슷한 양상을 띤 “Krie-gspiel”-말 그대로 번역하면 전쟁연습이 된다-을 창안하였다. 프러시아 육군참모총장 Muffling준장은 실현설명을 보고받고나서는 즉시 “이것은 결코 단순한 장난이 아닌 전쟁훈련이구나!”하고 감탄을 표하였으며 연습장비일절을 즉시 전 육군에 비치시키고, 공식적으로 전 육군으로 하여금 이를 실시하도록 고무하였다. 약 30년이 지난 후 프러시아 황태자는 이 연습을 일단의 오스트리아 장교들에게 설명하고자 한 바 있다. 그는 설명하기를 연습의 목적은 훈련이며, 이 연습에서는 승자가 나오지 않는 경우가 종종 있을 뿐만이 아니라 도박도 아니기 때문에 점수가 필요하지 않다고 하였다. 이에 오스트리아 장교 중 한명이 어깨를 으쓱거리면서 “그렇다면 이 연습이 대체 무슨 소용이 있단 말인가?”라고 중얼거리면서 밖으로 나가 버렸다. 이들 1866년 프러시아의 신속한 맹공을 받았을 때서야 비로소 이 연습의 가치를 알게 된 것이다.
Vulnerability or masculinity: Examining “Aesthetic Labor” from male fashion models’ perspective
Jie G. Fowler,Rongwei Chu,James W. Gentry,Himadri Roy Chaudhuri 한국마케팅과학회 2016 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.7 No.4
‘Masculinity’ is changing globally. We investigate the adjustments made by Chinese male models as they work in a domain that had previously belonged primarily to women. Using a liminal lens to view the models’ adjustments, the study discovered that they perceive themselves to be subordinated to other participants in the advertising industry: designers, makeup artists, directors, clients, and even female models. While the changing nature of ‘masculinity’ globally has created many more opportunities for male models, we found that the norms of the advertising industry require a major re-invention of the models’ self-perceptions of masculinity.
Deception in cosmetics advertising: Examining cosmetics advertising claims in fashion magazine ads
Jie G. Fowler,Timothy H. Reisenwitz,Les Carlson 한국마케팅과학회 2015 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.6 No.3
The FDA has only focused upon the physical safety of cosmetics and has ignored the significant reasonability of advertising claims. As such, the present article is intended to examine/ascertain the extent to which cosmetics claims contain deceptive content in fashion ads. Through a content analysis, the study reported herein revealed that cosmetics claims were not evenly distributed. To that end, the preponderance of the claims appeared to be described primarily by three categories (scientific, performance and subjective). The results also showed that more cosmetics claims were classified as deceptive than were deemed as acceptable. Close examination of these trends revealed that, for instance, most superiority claims were categorized as false, whereas scientific claims tended to be classified as vague or as omitting important information. Furthermore, performance claims were likely to be viewed as vague and endorsement claims were seen to be acceptable. The study concludes with practical and public policy suggestions that need to be addressed by advertisers and the FDA.