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Farrar, Dawnielle,Ren, Kailiang,Cheng, Derek,Kim, Sungjoo,Moon, Wonkyu,Wilson, William L.,West, James E.,Yu, S. Michael WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.23 No.34
<P><B>Poly(<I>γ</I>‐benzyl <I>α</I>, <SMALL>L</SMALL></B><B>‐glutamate) fibers</B> with high non‐linear optical activity and thermally stable piezoelectricity are fabricated by simple electrospinning methods that apply directional shear force and electric field causing parallel alignment of helical polymer chains and permanent dipoles.</P>
( Hyun Jung Yun ),( Blake Farrar ),( Amy Jasperson ) 서울대학교 미국학연구소 2016 미국학 Vol.39 No.2
This study examines the effects of televised presidential debates across different geopolitical contexts in American campaigns and elections, and echoes the series of studies that the authors examined in the previous election cycles. The geopolitical color of states filters newly incoming political information, and their partisan color enhances the tone of political messages in voters` perception within their geopolitical boundaries. The current study confirmed that voters in blue states became more distinctively favorable toward a Democrat candidate over a Republican candidate in proportion to the accumulated debate exposure, and vice versa for red states. In purple states, the distinctive favorability between two major party candidates became more apparent, and the changes were inversely related with increased debate exposures.
( Hyon Park ),( Roger P. Farrar ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2002 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.14 No.1
Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two main groups, lab chow or lab chow with 2% ß-guanidinopropionic acid(ß-GPA). Each main group was subdivided into four chronic low-frequency electrical stimulation(CLFES) groups of 0, 3, 14, or 28 days. Following this treatment the plantaris muscle was evaluated for changes in biochemical properties. There was an increase in oxidative capacity as evidenced by a 200% increase in citrate synthase(CS) and cytochrome oxidase(COX) activity. The mitochondrial RNA processing endonuclease RNA(MRP-RNA) increased by 500% with just 3 days of stimulation and remained at this level or decreased slightly over the rest of the stimulation period. Creatine depletion by feeding ß-GPA induced an 100% increase in CS and COX activity which rose to a 180% increase with CLFES. While CLFES induced a rise in CS and COX which was preceded by elevation in MRP-RNA, creatine depletion alone did not elevate MRP-RNA, yet stimulated an increase in enzyme activity. The level of mRNA for CS and COX subunit III were mainly affected by the application of electrical stimulation, not by chronic creatine depletion. CLFES induced a transformation to more oxidative fibers which was greater in magnitude than the creatine depletion alone, but less than the interaction of CLFES upon ß-GPA fed rats. These data demonstrate that specific challenges to homeostatic balance within skeletal muscle use specific alterations in pre-translational, translational, and post-translational regulation to achieve their adaptive response.
Adaptability of Skeletal Muscle to Resistance Training
Lee Sukho,Roger, P.Farrar 한국운동영양학회 2003 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.7 No.1
Skeletal muscle comprises 40-45% of the mass of the body of a health individual (Rooyacker et al., 1997). The functional demands placed upon skeletal musele vary greatly throughout the day, from repetitive tasks against very low resistance, to explosive powerful contraction against very high resistance. Training for athletic competition takes advantage of the muscle's ability to adapt to the functional demands placed upon it over weeks and years of training. Critical to the adaptation produced is the manner in which the muscle is trained, whether it be repeated contractions against relative light loads muscle mass. Due to the fact that many of the most popular sports in the world, such as soccer, basketball, baseball, and football require intermittent bursts of very powerful movements, there is a great interest in increasing muscle mass. Maximal force is directly cross sectional area of muscle and maximal power is derived from the maximal force that can be developed per unit of time, usually in terms of milliseconds. Over the years many researchers have attempted to develop models to better understand how the alterations of mechanical load and hormonal milieu might optimize increases in muscle mass and concomitant increases in power. This article will primarily focus on animal models that have been utilized to increase muscle mass. Included in this review will be models that elevated mechanical load upon skeletal muscle, either chronically or intermittently, as well as the influence of IGF-1, a hormone that has both a myogenic and mitogenic efect upon skeletal muscle.