Species-specific responses of temperate macroalgae with different photosynthetic strategies to ocean acidification: a mesocosm study

Kim, Ju-Hyoung,Kang, Eun Ju,Edwards, Matthew S.,Lee, Kitack,Jeong, Hae Jin,Kim, Kwang Young The Korean Society of Phycology 2016 ALGAE Vol.31 No.3

Concerns about how ocean acidification will impact marine organisms have steadily increased in recent years, but there is a lack of knowledge on the responses of macroalgae. Here, we adopt an outdoor continuous-flowing mesocosm system designed for ocean acidification experiment that allows high CO₂ conditions to vary with natural fluctuations in the environment. Following the establishment of the mesocosm, five species of macroalgae that are common along the coast of Korea (namely Ulva pertusa, Codium fragile, Sargassum thunbergii, S. horneri, and Prionitis cornea) were exposed to three different CO₂ concentrations: ambient (×1) and elevated CO₂ (2× and 4× ambient), over two-week period, and their ecophysiological traits were measured. Results indicated that both photosynthesis and growth exhibited species-specific responses to the different CO₂ concentrations. Most notably, photosynthesis and growth increased in S. thunbergii when exposed to elevated CO₂ conditions but decreased in P. cornea. The preference for different inorganic carbon species (CO₂ and HCO₃⁻), which were estimated by gross photosynthesis in the presence and absence of the external carbonic anhydrase (eCA) inhibitor acetazolamide, were also found to vary among species and CO₂ treatments. Specifically, the two Sargassum species exhibited decreased eCA inhibition of photosynthesis with increased growth when exposed to high CO₂ conditions. In contrast, growth of U. pertusa and C. fragile were not notably affected by increased CO₂. Together, these results suggest that the five species of macroalgae may respond differently to changes in ocean acidity, with species-specific responses based on their differentiated photosynthetic acclimation. Understanding these physiological changes might allow us to better predict future changes in macroalgal communities in a more acidic ocean.

Logistic 지원 시스템의 기본 요소

김사철,정종윤,이성용 國立 昌原大學校 産業技術硏究所 1997 産技硏論文集 Vol.11 No.-

A weapon system is a union of the primary system and its support system. It is well known that 50 to 90% of a weapons life cycle cost is due to the support cost. A support system's effectiveness is usually measured by Operational Availability (Ao) of the primary system. In this paper, Ao is analyzed in terms of the Administrative Delay Time, Active Repaire Time, Failure Frequency, and Logistic Delay Time. And then, all the elements of a support system is categorized in terms of its Ao contribution. The result points to a general strategy for maximization of Ao at a minimum support cost in support system engineering.

Effects of climate change on the physiology of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and grazing by purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Brown, Matthew B.,Edwards, Matthew S.,Kim, Kwang Young The Korean Society of Phycology 2014 ALGAE Vol.29 No.3

As global warming continues over the coming century, marine organisms will experience a warmer, more acidic ocean. Although these stressors may behave antagonistically or synergistically and will impact organisms both directly (i.e., physiologically) and indirectly (i.e., through altered species interactions), few studies have examined the complexities of these effects in combination. To address these uncertainties, we examined the independent and combined effects of elevated temperature and $pCO_2$ on the physiology of the adult sporophyte stage of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the grazing of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. While elevating $pCO_2$ alone had no effect on M. pyrifera growth or photosynthetic carbon uptake, elevating temperature alone resulted in a significant reduction in both. However, when M. pyrifera was grown under elevated temperature and $pCO_2$ together, growth and photosynthetic carbon uptake significantly increased relative to ambient conditions, suggesting an interaction of these factors on photosynthetic physiology. S. purpuratus held under future conditions generally exhibited reduced growth, and smaller gonads than urchins held under present-day conditions. However, urchins fed kelp grown under future conditions showed higher growth rates, partially ameliorating this effect. Feeding rates were variable over the course of the experiment, with only the first feeding rate experiment showing significantly lower rates for urchins held under future conditions. Together, these data suggest that M. pyrifera may benefit physiologically from a warmer, more acidic (i.e., higher $pCO_2$) ocean while S. purpuratus will likely be impacted negatively. Given that kelp-urchin interactions can be important to kelp forest structure, changes to either of these populations may have serious consequences for many coastal environments.

Effects of climate change on the physiology of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and grazing by purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Matthew B. Brown,Matthew S. Edwards,Kwang Young Kim 한국조류학회I 2014 ALGAE Vol.29 No.3

As global warming continues over the coming century, marine organisms will experience a warmer, more acidic ocean. Although these stressors may behave antagonistically or synergistically and will impact organisms both directly (i.e., physiologically) and indirectly (i.e., through altered species interactions), few studies have examined the complexities of these effects in combination. To address these uncertainties, we examined the independent and combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the physiology of the adult sporophyte stage of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the grazing of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. While elevating pCO2 alone had no effect on M. pyrifera growth or photosynthetic carbon uptake, elevating temperature alone resulted in a significant reduction in both. However, when M. pyrifera was grown under elevated temperature and pCO2 together, growth and photosynthetic carbon uptake significantly increased relative to ambient conditions, suggesting an interaction of these factors on photosynthetic physiology. S. purpuratus held under future conditions generally exhibited reduced growth, and smaller gonads than urchins held under present-day conditions. However, urchins fed kelp grown under future conditions showed higher growth rates, partially ameliorating this effect. Feeding rates were variable over the course of the experiment, with only the first feeding rate experiment showing significantly lower rates for urchins held under future conditions. Together, these data suggest that M. pyrifera may benefit physiologically from a warmer, more acidic (i.e., higher pCO2) ocean while S. purpuratus will likely be impacted negatively. Given that kelp-urchin interactions can be important to kelp forest structure, changes to either of these populations may have serious consequences for many coastal environments.

Evaluation of carbon flux in vegetative bay based on ecosystem production and CO₂ exchange driven by coastal autotrophs

Kim, Ju-Hyoung,Kang, Eun Ju,Kim, Keunyong,Jeong, Hae Jin,Lee, Kitack,Edwards, Matthew S.,Park, Myung Gil,Lee, Byeong-Gweon,Kim, Kwang Young The Korean Society of Phycology 2015 ALGAE Vol.30 No.2

Studies on carbon flux in the oceans have been highlighted in recent years due to increasing awareness about climate change, but the coastal ecosystem remains one of the unexplored fields in this regard. In this study, the dynamics of carbon flux in a vegetative coastal ecosystem were examined by an evaluation of net and gross ecosystem production (NEP and GEP) and $CO_2$ exchange rates (net ecosystem exchange, NEE). To estimate NEP and GEP, community production and respiration were measured along different habitat types (eelgrass and macroalgal beds, shallow and deep sedimentary, and deep rocky shore) at Gwangyang Bay, Korea from 20 June to 20 July 2007. Vegetative areas showed significantly higher ecosystem production than the other habitat types. Specifically, eelgrass beds had the highest daily GEP ($6.97{\pm}0.02g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$), with a large amount of biomass and high productivity of eelgrass, whereas the outer macroalgal vegetation had the lowest GEP ($0.97{\pm}0.04g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$). In addition, macroalgal vegetation showed the highest daily NEP ($3.31{\pm}0.45g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$) due to its highest P : R ratio (2.33). Furthermore, the eelgrass beds acted as a $CO_2$ sink through the air-seawater interface according to NEE data, with a carbon sink rate of $0.63mg\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Overall, ecosystem production was found to be extremely high in the vegetated systems (eelgrass and macroalgal beds), which occupy a relatively small area compared to the unvegetated systems according to our conceptual diagram of a carbon-flux box model. These results indicate that the vegetative ecosystems showed significantly high capturing efficiency of inorganic carbon through coastal primary production.

The Spectrum of SS 433 in the<i>H</i>and<i>K</i>Bands

Robinson, Edward L.,Froning, Cynthia S.,Jaffe, Daniel T.,Kaplan, Kyle F.,Kim, Hwihyun,Mace, Gregory N.,Sokal, Kimberly R.,Lee, Jae-Joon American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal Vol.841 No.2

<P>SS 433 is an X-ray binary and the source of sub-relativistic, precessing, baryonic jets. We present high-resolution spectrograms of SS. 433 in the infrared H and K bands. The spectrum is dominated by hydrogen and helium emission lines. The precession phase of the emission lines from the jet continues to be described by a constant period, P-jet = 162.375 days. The limit on any secularly changing period is |P| less than or similar to 10(-5). The He I lambda 2.0587 mu m line has complex and variable P-Cygni absorption features produced by an inhomogeneous wind with a maximum outflow velocity near 900 km s(-1). The He II emission lines in the spectrum also arise in this wind. The higher members of the hydrogen Brackett lines show a double-peaked profile with symmetric wings extending more than +/- 1500 km s(-1) from the line center. The lines display radial velocity variations in phase with the radial velocity variation expected of the compact star, and they show a distortion during disk eclipse that we interpret as a rotational distortion. We fit the line profiles with a model in which the emission comes from the surface of a symmetric, Keplerian accretion disk around the compact object. The outer edge of the disk has velocities that vary from 110 to 190 km s(-1). These comparatively low velocities place an important constraint on the mass of the compact star: its mass must be less than 2.2 M-circle dot and is probably less than 1.6 M-circle dot</P>

Prognostic impact of insulin receptor expression on survival of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer

Kim, Jin‐,Soo,Kim, Edward S.,Liu, Diane,Lee, J. Jack,Solis, Luisa,Behrens, Carmen,Lippman, Scott M.,Hong, Waun Ki,Wistuba, Ignacio I.,Lee, Ho‐,Young Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2012 Cancer Vol.118 No.9

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND:</B></P><P>The purpose of this study was to characterize insulin receptor (IR) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) expression in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).</P><P><B>METHODS:</B></P><P>A total of 459 patients who underwent curative resection of NSCLC were studied (median follow‐up duration, 4.01 years). Expression of the IR and IGF‐1R protein in tumor specimens was assessed immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays.</P><P><B>RESULTS:</B></P><P>The cytoplasmic IR score was higher in patients with adenocarcinoma (ADC) than in those with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), whereas cytoplasmic IGF‐1R score was higher in patients with SCC than those with ADC. Neither IR nor IGF‐1R expression was associated with sex, smoking history, or clinical stage. Patients with positive IR or IGF‐1R expression levels had poor recurrence‐free (RFS) (3.8 vs 3.3 years; 3.8 vs 2.0 years, respectively), but similar overall survival (OS). Patients with high expression levels of IR and IGF‐1R had shorter RFS and OS compared with those with low levels of IR and/or IGF‐1R expression. Finally, a multivariate analysis revealed the impact of IR, but not of IGF‐1R, as an independent predictive marker of NSCLC survival: hazard ratio (HR) for OS, 1.005 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001‐1.010], HR for RFS, 1.005 (95% CI, 1.001‐1.009), when IR score was tested as a continuous variable.</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS:</B></P><P>Overexpression of IR predicts a poor survival among patients with NSCLC, especially those with SCC. These results might serve as future guidance to the clinical trials involving IR or IGR‐1R targeting agents. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.</P>

Epidermal growth factor receptor and <i>K‐Ras</i> mutations and resistance of lung cancer to insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Kim, Woo‐,Young,Prudkin, Ludmila,Feng, Lei,Kim, Edward S.,Hennessy, Bryan,Lee, Ju‐,Seog,Lee, J. Jack,Glisson, Bonnie,Lippman, Scott M.,Wistuba, Ignacio I.,Hong, Waun Ki,Lee, Ho‐,Youn Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2012 Cancer Vol.118 No.16

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND:</B></P><P>Most patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have responded poorly to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The authors investigated the involvement of insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) signaling in primary resistance to EGFR TKIs and the molecular determinants of resistance to IGF‐1R TKIs.</P><P><B>METHODS:</B></P><P>Phosphorylated IGF‐1R/insulin receptor (pIGF‐1R/IR) was immunohistochemically evaluated in an NSCLC tissue microarray. The authors analyzed the antitumor effects of an IGF‐1R TKI (PQIP or OSI‐906), either alone or in combination with a small‐molecular inhibitor (PD98059 or U0126) or with siRNA targeting <I>K‐Ras</I> or mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase kinase (MEK), in vitro and in vivo in NSCLC cells with variable histologic features and <I>EGFR</I> or <I>K‐Ras</I> mutations.</P><P><B>RESULTS:</B></P><P>pIGF‐1R/IR expression in NSCLC specimens was associated with a history of tobacco smoking, squamous cell carcinoma histology, mutant <I>K‐Ras</I>, and wild‐type (WT) <I>EGFR</I>, all of which have been strongly associated with poor response to EGFR TKIs. IGF‐1R TKIs exhibited significant antitumor activity in NSCLC cells with WT EGFR and WT <I>K‐Ras</I> but not in those with mutations in these genes. Introduction of mutant <I>K‐Ras</I> attenuated the effects of IGF‐1R TKIs on NSCLC cells expressing WT <I>K‐Ras</I>. Conversely, inactivation of MEK restored sensitivity to IGF‐TKIs in cells carrying mutant <I>K‐Ras</I>.</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS:</B></P><P>The mutation status of both <I>EGFR</I> and <I>K‐Ras</I> could be a predictive marker of response to IGF‐1R TKIs. Also, MEK antagonism can abrogate primary resistance of NSCLC cells to IGF‐1R TKIs. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.</P>

CXCL12-CXCR4 signalling plays an essential role in proper patterning of aortic arch and pulmonary arteries

Kim, Bo-Gyeong,Kim, Yong Hwan,Stanley, Edward L.,Garrido-Martin, Eva M.,Lee, Young Jae,Oh, S. Paul Oxford University Press 2017 Cardiovascular research Vol.113 No.13

Banquet

Kim Kwang-s?p,Edward D. Rockstein(번역자) The Academy of Korean Studies 1976 Korea Journal Vol.16 No.2